Complex Organization Research Articles

Quantum logic automata generalizing the edge of chaos in complex systems

BackgroundHistorically, although researchers in the science of complex systems proposed the idea of the edge of chaos and/or self-organized criticality as the essential feature of complex organization, they were not able to generalize this concept. Complex organization is regarded at the edge of chaos between the order phase and the chaos phase and a very rare case. Additionally, in cellular automata, the critical property is class IV, which is also rarely found. Therefore, there can be overestimation for natural selection. More recently, developments in cognitive and brain science have led to the free energy principle based on Bayesian inference, while quantum cognition has been established to explain various cognitive phenomena. Since Bayesian inference results in the perspective of a steady state, it can be described in Boolean logic. Considering that quantum logic consists of multiple Boolean logic in terms of lattice theory, the perspective of the free energy principle is the perspective of order, and the perspective of quantum logic might be the perspective of multiple worlds, which is strongly relevant for the edge of chaos.ProblemThe next question arises whether the perspective derived from quantum logic can be generalized for the complex behavior consisting of both order and chaos, instead of the edge of chaos or self-organized criticality, to reveal the property of critical behavior such as a power-law distribution.SolutionIn this study, we define quantum logic automata, which entail quantum logic (orthomodular lattice) in terms of lattice theory and have the features of a dynamical system. Because quantum logic automata are applied to a binary sequence, one can estimate the behavior of those automata with respect to patterns and a time series. Here, we show that most of a group of quantum logic automata display class IV-like behavior, in which oscillatory traveling waves collide with each other, leading to complex behavior; moreover, a time series of binary sequences displays 1/f noise. Therefore, one can see that quantum logic automata generalize and expand the idea of the edge of chaos.

A Standard Approach to Project-Based Learning in a Clinical Informatics Fellowship.

The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education suggests that Clinical Informatics (CI) fellowship programs foster broad skills, which include collaboration and project management. However, they do not dictate how to best accomplish these learning objectives. This study aimed to describe a standard approach to project-based learning for CI, to share its implementation, and to discuss lessons learned. We created a standard approach to project-based learning based on concepts from adult learning theory, the project life cycle framework, the Toyota Production System, and Improvement Science. With this standard approach in place, we learned how best to support fellows in its use. In addition to this approach to supporting needs assessment, risk/change management, implementation, and evaluation/improvement skills, we found the need to develop fellow skills in collaboration, leadership, and time management/managing up. Supported by project-based learning using this standard approach, and with targeted project selection to meet topic-based learning objectives, fellows reached the ability to practice independently in 15 to 21 months. Fellows are uniquely positioned to ensure the success of projects due to their increased availability and protected time compared with attendings. They are readily available for project teams to draw upon their expertise with clinical workflows and understanding of technological solutions. Project-based learning addressing organizational priorities complements fellow project management coursework and improves fellows' ability to function successfully in large, complex, and dynamic organizations. Exposing fellows to contemporary problems, then addressing them through projects, provides fellows with up-to-date applied informatics knowledge. Project-based learning can ensure that many general CI learning objectives are supported inherently. It reinforces project management teachings, while providing fellows with a marketable project portfolio to aid with future job applications. Having projects tightly aligned with organizational priorities supports ongoing investment in fellowship programs.

Organisation design in megaprojects: A systematic literature review and research agenda

Megaprojects have a complex and evolving web of organisations arranged in a multilevel and multiphase structure, with intra- and inter-organisational boundaries evolving during the life cycle. This systematic review explores organisation design in megaprojects, identifying the processes for designing temporary megaproject organisational systems. The review analyses 141 full articles from a sample of 10,078 papers and presents three main contributions: the main theoretical lenses used to develop organisation design research in megaprojects, eight decision dimensions influencing organisation design choices, and the most common organisational capabilities. We present the Megaproject Organisation Design (MegaOD) Framework, as a structure to design organisational boundaries, and to identify the organisational dynamics (design, development, and redesign). We suggest four research streams to advance the design of complex organisations: 1. Design of megaproject ecosystems, 2. Degree of organisational interdependence, 3. Design for integration of product and organisational architectures, and 4. The role of organisational designers.

The coevolution of corporate capabilities in intellectual property management and technological innovation

PurposeIn this study, we investigate how capability in managing intellectual property may be treated as a type of “dynamic capability,” and we seek to understand how, when it is linked to the new technology development capability of a complex technological organization, these two types of dynamic capabilities may coevolve.Design/methodology/approachWe conducted a longitudinal empirical case study of Airbus, incorporating an abductive research methodology that required investigating theory and empirical data concurrently and iteratively. The data, ranging over a period of two decades from 2000 to 2021, was collected from four different sources, including interviews, internal company documents, publicly available information and patent data.FindingsOur main findings are that the capabilities and roles of the Intellectual Property function in Airbus and their interaction with the company's Technology function have indeed influenced the overall innovation strategy of the organization, and that three coevolutionary phases may be identified in the interactive development of the two functions.Research limitations/implicationsOur investigation into how new technology development and intellectual property (IP) management capabilities coevolve within complex technological organizations, exemplified by Airbus, provides significant theoretical and practical implications. Theoretically, it enhances understanding of capability co-development dynamics in complex organizations, particularly in strategic IP management. Practically, it suggests aligning IP strategy with overall corporate objectives and optimizing organizational structures to promote collaboration and efficiency across IP and technology teams. This alignment may foster innovation, maximize the value of intellectual assets and strengthen collaborations, positioning organizations for long-term success in competitive landscapes.Originality/valueThis study makes a fresh contribution to the innovation studies literature by showing how if intellectual property management is treated as a core function of a complex technological organization – rather than simply as a vehicle for protecting new inventions and products after the fact or simply as a constituent part of the organization's legal function – it may contribute proactively to the organization's technological innovation performance. We also address the current gap in the academic literature for a clear understanding of the processes by which different function-specific dynamic capabilities may coevolve in a complex organization operating as part of a dynamic and complex adaptive system.

Model of Arteriovenous Malformation Created in Human Placenta for Training in Vascular Microneurosurgery.

Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are congenital lesions, and because of their structure, complexity, flow, size, and location organization, they are lesions that require extensive anatomic knowledge and mastery of microsurgical skills and techniques. Human placentas as a training model for AVM surgery are promising alternatives. This article aims to describe the technique for forming an AVM-type lesion in human placentas and its usefulness in the training of microsurgical treatment techniques. In this study, 15 fresh human placental models were treated. A nidus was created using synthetic material, and dynamic flow was evaluated with intravascular injection of Indocyanine Green. The catheter system was connected to a continuous flow infusion pump. For simulation purposes, 4 vascular neurosurgeons and 4 vascular neurosurgery fellows used the same techniques and instruments used in real surgery to simulate the resection of AVM lesions. Subjective assessments were conducted, evaluating the validity and structured content on a 5-point Likert scale. Evaluation criteria included the execution of technical maneuvers and the model's expression and structural aspects. We describe the step-by-step creation of an AVM in a placental biological model for the performance of vascular microsurgery training in the laboratory. We created in the human placenta a lesion with the characteristics of an AVM for microsurgical training in the laboratory, which presents key features realistic to a real AVM, such as 1 or more feeder arteries, nidus (synthetic), draining vein(s), continuous and pulsatile flow, and 3-dimensional configuration. Furthermore, it demonstrates the applicability of microsurgical techniques to the model compared with performing surgery on a patient. Considering it an effective method for laboratory training, the creation of arteriovenous malformations in human placentas enables students to replicate, comprehend the structure, and master microsurgical techniques in a realistic model.

Assessment Norms Development of the Subjective Work Environment Battery “B-SWE” for Chilean Organizations

The objective of this research was to generate evaluation norms for the scores of the Subjective Work Environment Battery "B-SWE" from a base of 1,413 valid response protocols of workers belonging to 11 complex organizations in the central-south region of Chile. The B-SWE seeks to identify and analyze the subjective factors of work climate, understood as the result of the interrelation of the dimensions of organizational climate and culture, professional burnout, psychosomatic symptomatology, and coping strategies in specific socio-occupational contexts, which reflect the human dimension of the productive processes of an organization. Scales were obtained according to administrative dependency (public or private) and gender. The B-SWE comprises 136 Likert-type items with a five-option scaling, presenting adequate evidence of internal structure in the Chilean context. The results showed the existence of "differentiating dimensions" according to gender and dependency of the organizations, from which centile norms are constructed for the raw scores of the 15 dimensions of the B-SWE. Once the norms were obtained, differentiated and specific interpretations were presented for each dimension. In conclusion, the workers in public organizations showed higher levels of Organizational Trust, Job Satisfaction, Reflective Action, and Personal Fulfillment. In contrast, female workers presented higher levels of Affective Seeking, Spiritual Support, and Psychosomatic Symptoms and lower levels of Affective Hardening.

Exploring the Relationship between Surface Acting, Job Stress, and Emotional Exhaustion in Health Professionals: The Moderating Role of LMX.

Rapid organizational changes due to technological advancements, high-efficiency expectations, and uncertainties, particularly in healthcare, have led to a global stress epidemic among em-ployees. This has been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic and evolving workplace practices. Surface acting, or the suppression and faking of emotions, significantly contributes to this stress and burnout, impacting not only individual healthcare professionals but also healthcare systems' overall effectiveness and sustainability. Providing adequate resources in high-demand work environments is, thus, essential to mitigate these negative experiences. Leader-member exchange (LMX) can play a pivotal role in understanding and addressing the needs and expectations of healthcare professionals. Drawing on Conservation of Resources (COR), Job Demands-Resources (JD-R), Social Exchange theories, and Grandey's Emotional Regulation Model, this study analyzed data from a convenience sample of 350 healthcare professionals. The results reveal that surface acting intensifies healthcare professionals' experiences of job stress and emotional exhaustion. Notably, the study empirically demonstrated that high levels of LMX in healthcare professionals' relationships with their leaders can mitigate the impact of surface acting on job stress and emotional exhaustion. These findings offer valuable insights for managers and policymakers, highlighting the importance of LMX in maintaining sustainable management practices in complex and stressful healthcare organizations.

Understanding the diversity of Community Supported Agriculture: a transdisciplinary framework with empirical evidence from Germany

IntroductionCommunity Supported Agriculture (CSA) is an emerging model within alternative food networks (AFNs). It shapes close relationships between food producers and consumers, thereby contributing to food sovereignty and agri-food system transformations. Despite rapid growth from about 10 to over 500 CSAs in just over a decade, the model in Germany still remains niche. We argue that further and faster scaling up requires better understanding of its diversity, yet a comprehensive conceptualization of CSA types is lacking, with insufficient differentiation in research and practice.MethodsThis study employs a transdisciplinary mixed-methods approach (literature, qualitative, and quantitative data) in cooperation with the German CSA Network. By integrating organizational perspectives, we found that CSAs are highly complex and diverse organizations. Therefore, we firstly aimed at identifying characteristics that we summarized in a CSA framework. In a second stage, we used this framework as guiding structure for co-developing a survey with the Network covering 70 participating CSAs.ResultsAs the defining characteristic within the CSA framework, community financing (domain A) clarifies the uniqueness of the CSA model, thus enables delimitation from other AFN forms. Then differentiation characteristics (domain B) encompass the diversity of CSA configurations. CSA governance (domain B1), regarding the predominant characteristic of organizational governance, distinguish between Producer-led, Consumer-led, and Integrated (all-in-one) CSA types. Varying characteristics (domain B2) specify CSA configurations and enable additional distinction between CSAs. Based on the developed CSA framework, the survey results verify the applicability of governance types in particular, while confirming a high level of diversity of differentiating characteristics in general.DiscussionThis study can be used to reveal existing generalizations about CSAs, providing a starting point for more nuanced and critical views in research and practice. When seen against the background of AFN and food sovereignty discourses in particular, CSA is an alternative production-distribution model, but not every CSA is governed or structured in alternative ways. CSAs can simultaneously contain both more conventional, traditional elements, as well as more alternative elements. Moreover, the framework provides easy-to-access differentiation criteria for matching members with their most suitable CSAs and vice versa. Overall, this study illustrates that CSA cannot be considered as homogeneous AFN type but be rather marked as a diverse field of its own.

Single-cell multi-omic and spatial profiling of human kidneys implicates the fibrotic microenvironment in kidney disease progression.

Kidneys are intricate three-dimensional structures in the body, yet the spatial and molecular principles of kidney health and disease remain inadequately understood. We generated high-quality datasets for 81 samples, including single-cell, single-nuclear, spot-level (Visium) and single-cell resolution (CosMx) spatial-RNA expression and single-nuclear open chromatin, capturing cells from healthy, diabetic and hypertensive diseased human kidneys. Combining these data, we identify cell types and map them to their locations within the tissue. Unbiased deconvolution of the spatial data identifies the following four distinct microenvironments: glomerular, immune, tubule and fibrotic. We describe the complex organization of microenvironments in health and disease and find that the fibrotic microenvironment is able to molecularly classify human kidneys and offers an improved prognosis compared to traditional histopathology. We provide a comprehensive spatially resolved molecular roadmap of the human kidney and the fibrotic process, demonstrating the clinical utility of spatial transcriptomics.

Parametric method of information transfer in energy resources expenditure control systems

The article examines the justification of the parametric method of information transmission for the construction of energy resource consumption control systems. It is shown that the system of accounting for energy resources should be a distributed multi-level system of measurements, processing, storage and transmission of commercial accounting data and should be built on the principles of open architecture and distributed functioning. It is shown that the organization of hierarchical complexes for solving control tasks depends to a large extent on the issues of effective information transmission and that the creation of information networks is the most difficult task. sensors, into a voltage proportional to it and the corresponding binary code. The structural diagram of the device implementing the specified principle is presented. A method of calculating the parameters of the device for transmitting information from two-position sensors is proposed and an example of calculating the parameters of such a device is given

Teaching Chinese grammar through International Chinese Language Education micro-lectures: negotiating mass and presence through multimodal pedagogic discourse

Abstract Micro-lectures have become a prevailing resource for teaching Chinese grammar in International Chinese Language Education (ICLE). One crucial feature of these lectures is that they are inherently multimodal and the design of multimodal pedagogic discourse in these lectures is vital for the teaching of Chinese grammar. Based on this background, this paper investigates teaching Chinese grammar through multimodal pedagogic discourse in ICLE micro-lectures, focusing on the organization of complexity and abstraction of meaning for knowledge-building. Drawing on Systemic Functional Linguistics’ genre theory and ideational mass and presence, this paper views the organization as a dynamic negotiation of mass and presence across generic stages. Analyzing a representative ICLE micro-lecture on grammar, it scrutinizes the distribution of mass and presence across stages, along with multimodal pedagogic discourse features. The findings show that Presenting Scenarios, Example Extraction, and Grammar Explanation are pivotal stages for grammar instruction, each characterized by distinct mass and presence. Presenting Scenarios, featuring relatively weak mass and strong presence, employs non-technical and concrete multimodal texts to depict everyday scenarios, while Example Extraction with similar mass but weaker presence recontextualizes these scenarios into linguistic phenomena through non-technical linguistic text. Grammar Explanation characterized by relatively strong mass and weak presence distills grammatical knowledge from example sentences through technical and abstract linguistic text. Overall, the weakening of presence across the stages allows for recontextualizing scenario-based sentences as linguistic phenomena and generalizing these sentences into abstract grammatical concepts, while the strengthening of mass enables distilling meaning from example sentences and builds the complexity of grammatical concepts. The findings hold potential implications for the design of ICLE micro-lectures on Chinese grammar, which aims to facilitate the teaching of Chinese grammar through multimodal pedagogical discourse.

Transformational Leadership and Career Development on Hospital Nurse Performance

The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between transformational leadership and career development on the performance of hospital employees. Hospitals are complex organizations that require effective leadership and appropriate career development to achieve optimal performance. This research focuses on the role of transformational leadership in improving hospital employee performance and how career development mediates the relationship between transformational leadership and hospital employee performance. This study involved 150 respondents who were nurses in hospitals. The research method used is a quantitative method with data collection through questionnaire distribution. The respondents of this study are hospital employees at various levels, ranging from medical staff to senior management. The results of this study make practical and theoretical contributions to the development of hospital management and provide recommendations to practitioners and policymakers to optimize the performance of hospital staff through the application of transformational leadership and effective career development.

New insights of glycoprotein Ib-IX-V complex organization and glycoprotein Ibα in platelet biogenesis.

Glycoprotein (GP) Ib-IX-V, a platelet surface receptor that plays a critical role in platelet adhesion and platelet-mediated immune responses, consists of GPIbα, GPIbβ, GPIX, and GPV in a stoichiometry of 2 : 4 : 2 : 1. Forming a complex is essential for GPIb-IX-V to function. GPIb-IX-V also plays an important role in platelet biogenesis by regulating the number and size of platelets. Yet how GPIb-IX-V regulates platelet biogenesis remains elusive. This review will summarize recent findings in the complex organization of GPIb-IX-V and its role in platelet biogenesis. Proteomics studies suggest that GPIbα, GPIbβ, GPIX, and GPV form the complex in a ratio of 1 : 2 : 1 : 1, which is supported by analysis of molecular weight of GPIb-IX-V and GPIb-IX and the structure of entire GPIb-IX-V. To activate platelets, GPIbα requires binding of CLEC-2 to trigger signals. Furthermore, disrupting the GPIbα anchorage to filamin A causes defects in platelet budding away from proplatelets leading to giant platelets and a low platelet count. New studies challenge the traditional model for the organization of GPIb-IX-V as a complex and indicate the role of GPIb-IX-V in platelet production. Those studies provide insights for GPIb-IX-V in the regulation of platelet activation and platelet biogenesis.

Methodological aspects of the procedure for calculating wages and insurance premiums, as well as other settlements with the staff of an agricultural organization

Wages are the main source of income for agricultural workers. Since labor is a socially significant category, its legal regulation is carried out at all levels of the legislative power of the Russian Federation, which not only fix regulatory requirements, but also contain basic social guarantees and legal norms that protect the remuneration of residents and non-residents. However, each company has a certain freedom in choosing the method of payroll and employee incentives. The global social and economic importance of work and its remuneration consists in the following main functions: reproductive, stimulating and regulating. The employee performs an industrial function, the employer performs a stimulating one, and the state performs a regulatory one. The article discusses the methodological aspects of the procedure for calculating wages and insurance premiums, as well as other settlements with the staff of an agricultural organization. The subject of the study is the methodological aspects of payroll and insurance premiums, as well as the implementation of other settlements with the staff of agricultural organizations. The information base was the forms of accounting and tax reporting of agro-industrial complex organizations of the Stavropol Territory. The scientific novelty of the research consists in the development and implementation of various accounting and analytical aspects of the procedure for calculating wages and insurance premiums, as well as other settlements with the staff of an agricultural organization.

Acid corrosion inhibition of mild steel by 8-hydroxyquinoline derivatives: organic synthesis, characterization, chemical, electrochemical investigation and theoretical calculations

In this study, two 8-hydroxyquinoline derivatives, HAPAQ and EAPAQ, were first synthesized, and their molecular structures were confirmed by 1H and 13C NMR. The effects of HAPAQ and EAPAQ on corrosion processes were investigated using weight loss, electrochemical, and theoretical methods. Overall, the data unmistakably demonstrate that the inhibition performance (η %) increases with an increase as HAPAQ and EAPAQ concentrations rise, peaking at 96.08% (HAPAQ) and 94.37% (EAPAQ) at the optimal concentration (10−3 M) for PPD technology. The two 8-hydroxyquinoline derivatives exhibit inhibitory behavior, as seen by the polarization curve impedance tests; however, they demonstrate that adsorption promotes protective action on metal surfaces, creating a geometric blocking effect and a protective coating that impedes metal breakdown. HAPAQ and EAPAQ's inhibitory efficacy may be reduced by the rising temperature. Furthermore, it adheres to Langmuir’s single-layer adsorption isotherm, and the physisorption and chemisorption mechanisms are linked to the corresponding value of the adsorption energy (ΔG ads). Additionally, the MS scanning electron microscope (SEM) has been studied and discussed. The possibility of complex organization between the inhibitor molecules, 8-hydroxyquinoline derivatives (HAPAQ and HAPAQ), and the Fe2+ ions generated during the oxidation process was established by examining the test solutions using UV–visible spectroscopy. Consequently, it is evident from DFT simulations that the surface recovery is dependent on the local reactivity descriptors. The theoretical outcomes derived from DFT are aligned with the findings of the experimental studies.

Endoplasmic reticulum exit sites are segregated for secretion based on cargo size

TANGO1, TANGO1-Short, and cTAGE5 form stable complexes at the endoplasmic reticulum exit sites (ERES) to preferably export bulky cargoes. Their C-terminal proline-rich domain (PRD) binds Sec23A and affects COPII assembly. The PRD in TANGO1-Short was replaced with light-responsive domains to control its binding to Sec23A in U2OS cells (human osteosarcoma). TANGO1-ShortΔPRD was dispersed in the ER membrane but relocated rapidly, reversibly, to pre-existing ERES by binding to Sec23A upon light activation. Prolonged binding between the two, concentrated ERES in the juxtanuclear region, blocked cargo export and relocated ERGIC53 into the ER, minimally impacting the Golgi complex organization. Bulky collagen VII and endogenous collagen I were collected at less than 47% of the stalled ERES, whereas small cargo molecules were retained uniformly at almost all the ERES. We suggest that ERES are segregated to handle cargoes based on their size, permitting cells to traffic them simultaneously for optimal secretion.

The WAVE complex forms linear arrays at negative membrane curvature to instruct lamellipodia formation.

Cells generate a wide range of actin-based membrane protrusions for various cell behaviors. These protrusions are organized by different actin nucleation promoting factors. For example, N-WASP controls finger-like filopodia, whereas the WAVE complex controls sheet-like lamellipodia. These different membrane morphologies likely reflect different patterns of nucleator self-organization. N-WASP phase separation has been successfully studied through biochemical reconstitutions, but how the WAVE complex self-organizes to instruct lamellipodia is unknown. Because WAVE complex self-organization has proven refractory to cell-free studies, we leverage in vivo biochemical approaches to investigate WAVE complex organization within its native cellular context. With single molecule tracking and molecular counting, we show that the WAVE complex forms highly regular multilayered linear arrays at the plasma membrane that are reminiscent of a microtubule-like organization. Similar to the organization of microtubule protofilaments in a curved array, membrane curvature is both necessary and sufficient for formation of these WAVE complex linear arrays, though actin polymerization is not. This dependency on negative membrane curvature could explain both the templating of lamellipodia and their emergent behaviors, including barrier avoidance. Our data uncover the key biophysical properties of mesoscale WAVE complex patterning and highlight an integral relationship between NPF self-organization and cell morphogenesis.

O-119 Architecture and in situ arrangement of the CatSper-channel complex in the sperm flagellum

Abstract The sperm calcium channel CatSper plays a central role in successful fertilization as a primary Ca2+ gateway. Here, we applied cryo-electron tomography to visualize the higher-order organization of the native CatSper complex in intact mammalian sperm. The repeating CatSper units form long zigzag-rows along mouse and human sperm flagella. Above each tetrameric channel pore, most of the extracellular domains form a canopy that interconnects to a zigzag-shaped roof. Murine CatSper contains an additional wing-structure connected to the tetrameric channel. The intracellular domains link two neighboring channels to a diagonal array, suggesting a dimer formation. Fitting of an atomic model of isolated monomeric CatSper to the in situ map reveals supramolecular interactions and assembly of the CatSper complex. Loss of EFCAB9-CATSPERζ alters the architecture and interactions of the channels, resulting in fragmentation and misalignment of the zigzag-rows and disruption of flagellar movement in Efcab9−/− sperm. This work offers unique insights into the structural basis for understanding CatSper regulation of sperm motility.

3D embedded bioprinting of large-scale intestine with complex structural organization and blood capillaries

Accurate reproduction of human intestinal structure and function in vitro is of great significance for understanding the development and disease occurrence of the gut. However, most in vitro studies are often confined to 2D models, 2.5D organ chips or 3D organoids, which cannot fully recapitulate the tissue architecture, microenvironment and cell compartmentalization found in vivo. Herein, a centimeter-scale intestine tissue that contains intestinal features, such as hollow tubular structure, capillaries and tightly connected epithelium with in vivo-like ring folds, crypt-villi, and microvilli is constructed by 3D embedding bioprinting. In our strategy, a novel photocurable bioink composed of methacrylated gelatin, methacrylated sodium alginate and poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate is developed for the fabrication of intestinal model. The Caco-2 cells implanted in the lumen are induced by the topological structures of the model to derive microvilli, crypt-villi, and tight junctions, simulating the intestinal epithelial barrier. The human umbilical vein endothelial cells encapsulated within the model gradually form microvessels, mimicking the dense capillary network in the intestine. This intestine-like tissue, which closely resembles the structure and cell arrangement of the human gut, can act as a platform to predict the therapeutic and toxic side effects of new drugs on the intestine.

Changing the location of proteins on the cell surface is a promising strategy for modulating T cell functions.

Targeting immune receptors on T cells is a common strategy to treat cancer and autoimmunity. Frequently, this is accomplished through monoclonal antibodies targeting the ligand binding sites of stimulatory or inhibitory co-receptors. Blocking ligand binding prevents downstream signalling and modulates specific T cell functions. Since 1985, the FDA has approved over 100 monoclonal antibodies against immune receptors. This therapeutic approach significantly improved the care of patients with numerous immune-related conditions; however, many patients are unresponsive, and some develop immune-related adverse events. One reason for that is the lack of consideration for the localization of these receptors on the cell surface of the immune cells in the context of the immune synapse. In addition to blocking ligand binding, changing the location of these receptors on the cell surface within the different compartments of the immunological synapse could serve as an alternative, efficient, and safer approach to treating these patients. This review discusses the potential therapeutic advantages of altering proteins' localization within the immune synapse and summarizes published work in this field. It also discusses the novel use of bispecific antibodies to induce the clustering of receptors on the cell surface. It presents the rationale for developing novel antibodies, targeting the organization of signalling receptor complexes on the cell surface. This approach offers an innovative and emerging technology to treat cancer patients resistant to current immunotherapies.