Micromycete Complexes Research Articles

Effects of tillage technologies and application of biopreparations on micromycetes in the rhizosphere and rhizoplane of spring wheat

The population density and structure of complexes of soil microscopic fungi in the rhizosphere and rhizoplane of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), plant damage by root rot and leaf diseases, and crop yield were determined in a stationary field experiment on a silty loamy soddy-podzolic soil (Albic Retisol (Loamic, Aric)) in dependence on the soil tillage technique: (a) moldboard plowing to 20–22 cm and (b) non-inversive tillage to 14–16 cm. The results were treated with the two-way ANOVA method. It was shown that the number of fungal propagules in the rhizosphere and rhizoplane of plants in the variant with non-inversive tillage was significantly smaller than that in the variant with plowing. Minimization of the impact on the soil during five years led to insignificant changes in the structure of micromycete complexes in the rhizosphere of wheat. The damage of the plants with root rot and leaf diseases upon non-inversive tillage did not increase in comparison with that upon plowing. Wheat yield in the variant with non-inversive tillage was insignificantly lower than that in the variant with moldboard plowing. The application of biopreparations based on the Streptomyces hygroscopicus А4 and Pseudomonas aureofaciens BS 1393 resulted in a significant decrease of plant damage with leaf rust.

THE COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTIC OF MYCOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF TECHNOGENIC TERRITORIES OF SULFURIC QUARRIES IN LVIV REGION

The largest technogenic territories in Western Ukraine were formed during mining of native sulfur in the Carpathian sulfur pool. Posttechnogenic landscapes have appeared on site of mining complexes. Mining was accompanied by a number of negative environmental consequences: pollution hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, sulfur dust; withdrawal from economic use of thousands of hectares of land; discharging mineral waters into rivers; depletion of drinking water; activation of karst processes; landslides near settlements; flooding, accumulation of waste. Therefore, after the close of quarry the main task was to eliminate existing negative processes in this area and restore degraded lands, by technical and biological reclamation. This scheme of dumps reclamation system is the basis for phytomeliorative activities for landscaping areas and improves soil fertility. So, our study aims at conducting a comparative analysis of the impact of generated in different parts technogenic soils of mycological complexes on reproduction of devastated land within Podorozhne, Yavoriv and Novoyavoriv sulfur quarries. Our study has revealed that soil fungal complexes actively interact with roots of higher plants, bacteria, and help speed up the process of destruction of organic matter in the surface layers of technogenic soils, contributing to strengthening the stability of plant communities to the impact of various negative factors, which creates favourable conditions for the implementation of important plant phytomeliorative functions. Furthermore, the analysis of similarity in species composition of micobiota at Sorensa-Czekanowski rate shows that the greatest similarity of species of fungi is recorded between edafotop of Yavoriv sulfur quarry (II) and Novyj Rozdil sulfur quarry (III) – S = 1,92. The greatest difference in species composition between micobiota is found in edafotop in Podorozhne sulfur quarry (I) and Novyj Rozdil sulfur quarry – S = 1,11. In this case quite different microassociations are formed. Indices of species diversity of micromycetes confirm that the most diverse species composition of micobiota is characterised by edafotop of Novyj Rozdil sulfur quarry (III) – H = 3.12, and the most simplified species composition was edafotop of Podorozhne sulfur quarry (I) – N = 1.47. Shannon ratio is quite low in all variants except edafotop III, indicating that the recovery and enrichment of micromycetes composition of soils on experimental plots of Novyj Rozdil sulfur quarry. To summarise, the results of correlation analysis of micromycetes biota in every research facility during three growing season (2014-2016) showed that in areas within Novyj Rozdil and Yavoriv sulfur quarries had formed highly organized complex of soil micromycetes compared to Podorozhne sulfur quarry that differ by structural types due to the different stages of succession. It should be also noted that in Novyj Rozdil sulfur quarry territories formed highly organized complex of soil micromycetes. Group similarity dendrogram described in the case of Yavoriv sulfur quarry showed strong correlation between species, forming clusters of 3-5 species.

Количественный состав комплексов микромицетов в почвах агроценозов

Количественный состав комплексов микромицетов в почвах агроценозов

МИКРОСКОПИЧЕСКИЕ ГРИБЫ В ПОЧВАХ И ГРУНТАХ АРКТИЧЕСКИХ ГОРНЫХ СИСТЕМ

Изучено распространение микроскопических грибов в первичных почвах и грунтах арктических горных систем. Отмечено, что изменение интегральных показателей происходит на региональном уровне, когда для различных горных систем в почвах прослеживается снижение численности микроскопических грибов, связанное с широтной зональностью, и на локальном уровне, например, тенденция снижения мозаичности в пределах растительных сообществ в ряду почв от разреженных к климаксовым растительным сообществам. В пределах одной локальной горной системы интегральные показатели зависят в первую очередь от растительных сообществ, которые могут рассматриваться еще и как стадии сукцессии. В разреженных растительных сообществах эти показатели коррелируют с площадью проективного покрытия, а в климаксовых интразональных сообществах на первое место по значимости выходят экологические условия. В пределах одного растительного сообщества особую значимость приобретают микрониши. При сравнении комплексов микроскопических грибов на контрастных горных породах не отмечено существенного влияния подстилающей горной породы на интегральные показатели. Если сравнивать изменение интегральных показателей на высотном градиенте в горах и зональном градиенте в равнинных высокоширотных ландшафтах (зоны полярных пустынь, арктические тундры – типичные тундры – южные тундры), то увеличение в ряду каменистые пустыни – травянистые–кустарничковые – кустарниковые растительные сообщества в пределах одной горной системы происходит строго монотонно, в отличие от наблюдаемого в зональных плакорах, и менее похоже на «экспоненциальное». Видовой состав микроскопических грибов горных систем северных территорий имеет сходство с таковыми как в альпийских, так и в тундровых местообитаниях. На контрастных горных породах влияние материнской породы прослеживается на уровне комплексов микромицетов на начальных стадиях сукцессии. В отличие от наблюдаемого в зонах полярных пустынь, для комплексов микроскопических грибов разреженных растительных группировок и каменистых горных пустынь не показано наличие явления субдоминирования видов. В данных сообществах отмечена внутрибиогеоценотическая горизонтальная неоднородность комплексов почвенных микромицетов. Таким образом, в отличие от зональных растительных сообществ Арктики, комплексы микроскопических грибов в горных системах не демонстрируют правило компенсации.

Micromycetes in podzolic and bog-podzolic soils in the middle taiga subzone of northeastern European Russia

The qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the mycobiota in podzolic and bog-podzolic soils were studied in the middle taiga subzone (the Republic of Komi). The complex of micromycetes was found to include 73 species of 18 genera from the Zygomycota and Ascomycota orders and from the formal class of anamorphic fungi. The latter has the following specific features: many forms of sterile mycelium, the predominance of Penicillium species (25), the constant presence of Mucor and Trichoderma species, and single Aspergillus species. With increasing moisture in the sequence of the podzolic, surface-gleyic podzolic, peaty podzolic-gleyic, and peat podzolic-gley soils, the dominant soil fungi are preserved, but the species composition of the micromycete complexes becomes poorer due to the removal of rare species. In the podzolic and bog-podzolic soils, fungi absolutely predominate in the microbial biomass. They accounted for more than 99% of the total biomass, 1–6% of the latter is the biomass of spores, and more than 94% falls on mycelium. In these soils, the reserves of bacterial biomass, as compared to those of fungi, are lower by two orders of magnitude.

Concerning regularities in the structure of pathogenic micromycetes on leaves of woody plants in urban ecosystems of Siberia

Pathogenic micromycetes developing on leaves of woody plants from urban ecosystems in the south of Western Siberia have been analyzed in the article. In all, 101 pathogenic species have been found. General regularities in the structure of micromycete complexes have been obtained for five cities in Siberia and various landscaped areas.

Dynamics of zoomicrobial complexes upon decomposition of plant litter in spruce forests of the southern taiga

Comparative studies of the composition and abundance of soil-dwelling invertebrates (microarthropods, nematodes, and testate amoebas) and micromycetes in the course of leaf and needle litter decomposition were conducted in two types of spruce forests on white-podzolic and brown forest soils in a field experiment. The analysis of the destruction dynamics has revealed a correlation between the rate of the litter mass loss and the abundance of microarthropods and testate amoebas in the decomposing plant residues. The highest amplitude of the seasonal fluctuations in the number of invertebrates was found for the micromycetes and nematodes as compared to that for the testate amoebas and microarthropods. In the complexes of micromycetes and invertebrates, changes in the dominants were revealed at the different stages of the decomposition. The litter’s composition was found to be the main factor affecting the composition and abundance of the zoomicrobial complex of the destroyers. The type of biogeocenosis less influenced the abundance of pedobionts, but it determined their taxonomic composition to a greater extent. A significant inverse correlation was revealed between the number of micromycetes and that of small soil invertebrates.

The structure of micromycete complexes in permafrost and cryopegs of the arctic

A comparative study of the structure of micromycete complexes has been performed. The samples of micromycetes were taken by boring from unique habitats: cryopegs (lenses of non-freezing hypersaline water in ancient permafrost horizons) and permafrost Arctic sediments of different age enclosing these cryopegs. The possibility of characterizing the above habitats by the structure of specific complexes of microscopic fungi using qualitative and quantitative indices at extremely low numbers of these organisms was demonstrated.

Evaluation of the effect of various methods of oil-polluted soil bioremediation on micromycete complexes

The influence of remediation of oil-contaminated gray forest, dark gray forest, and black soils by biological preparations Bacispecin, Devoroil, and Belvitamil on the population of opportunistic and phytotoxic fungi was studied. It was found that this population increased after oil pollution and decreased after three months of remediation. The latter is a sign of gradual recovery of soil microbiota.

Use of antagonistic bacilli for biocontrol of fungi degrading fresh wood

The species composition of micromycete complexes colonizing aspen, birch, and pine wood was studied. Calculation of the Sorens-Tchekanovsky similarity coefficients showed that these complexes shared a high degree of similarity. They were dominated by representatives of the genera Penicillium, Paecilomyces, Trichoderma, and Rhizopus. Some antagonistic bacilli inhibited growth and development of wood-decay fungi in vitro and led to the formation of spheroplasts on growing hyphae. A study of possible involvement of bacillary mycolytic enzymes in the inhibition of wood-decay fungi demonstrated selectivity of their lytic effect, which was determined by the genus and species of micromycetes and did not correlate with their relative resistance to antagonists.

Soil micromycete diversity in the hypersaline Dead Sea coastal area, Israel

In the present study, a soil microfungal community was examined over a one-year period (1999–2000) at the western shore of the Dead Sea. A total of 78 species from 40 genera were isolated. The most prominent features of mycobiota of the territory studied were: (i) the prevailing number of melanin-containing micromycetes (46 species, 65.5 % of the total isolate number); (ii) a large share of teleomorphic Ascomyceta (26 species, 18.5 % of isolates); (iii) combination of true soil and plant surface inhabiting species; (iv) spatial and temporal variation of the mycobiota composition; (v) very low fungal density (nearly 500-fold lower than in the Judean Desert soil). These features are formed under the extremely stressful xeric and oligotrophic conditions in which the Dead Sea coastal micromycete community exists. Nine species (Alternaria alternata, A. raphani, Aspergillus niger, Aureobasidium pullulans, Chaetomium globosum, Ch. murorum, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Penicillium aurantiogriseum, and Stachybotrys chartarum) were considered a characteristic micromycete complex for the Dead Sea coastal habitat based on the spatial and temporal occurrence of these species. Many of the micromycetes isolated, including almost all the species listed above, are known to be distributed worldwide occurring in different soil types. This confirms the conclusion of many mycologists working in areas with saline and arid soils that there is no halo-and thermophilous mycobiota characteristic for those soils.

The quantity and structure of the root-associated microbial complexes of two greenhouse rose cultivars

The study of the root-associated microbial complexes of affected and healthy rose plants of two cultivars (Grand gala and Royal velvet) grown in a greenhouse showed that the biomass of eukaryotic microorganisms in the rhizoplane and rhizosphere of healthy rose plants and in the surrounding soil was considerably lower than in the same loci of affected plants. In contrast, the biomass of root-associated prokaryotic microorganisms was higher in the case of healthy than in the case of affected rose plants. The root-associated bacterial complexes of both affected and healthy rose plants were dominated by the genera Arthrobacter, Rhodococcus, and Myxobacterium and did not contain phytopathogenic bacteria. The root-associated fungal complex of healthy roses was dominated by fungi of the genus Trichoderma, whereas that of the affected rose plants was dominated by the species Aureobasidium microstictum. The affected cane cuttings and cankers occurring on affected canes were found to contain Coniothyrium fuckelii (the causal fungus of rose stem canker) and sclerotia of Botrytis cinerea (the causal fungus of gray rot). The micromycete complex of healthy rose plants was not so diverse as was the micromycete complex of affected rose plants.

The structure of the micromycete complexes of oligotrophic peat deposits in the southern taiga subzone of West Siberia

The analysis of the micromycete complexes of oligotrophic peat deposits in the Vasyugan Marsh by direct count and culture methods showed that the micromycete carbon comprises no more than 3% of the total peat carbon and that the microscopic fungal biomass varies from 2 to 13 tons/hectare, depending on the season and the peat deposit thickness. Fungal spores were found in all layers of the peat deposits, whereas the mycelium was found only in the active peat layer. The high abundance of eukaryotic cells in the peats was due to the presence of yeastlike cells rather than fungal spores. Analyses by culture methods showed that micromycetes were present in all peat layers and that their abundance tended to decrease with depth, except for yeasts, which were uniformly distributed in a vertical direction. The micromycete complexes of the peat deposits were similar in the diversity and abundance of dominant species but differed in the composition of minor species. Peat yeasts were dominated by ascomycetes.

Effect of Oil on the Population, Biomass, and Viability of Fungi in Highmoor Peats

Some microbiological parameters, such as the fungal mycelium length, the number of fungal spores, the distribution profiles of micromycetes, the viability of fungal propagules, the length distribution of micromycete hyphae, and the ratio between fungal spores and yeastlike cells, can be used to determine the degree of soil contamination with oil and the concentration that is inhibitory to micromycete complexes of highmoor peats.

Effect of oil on the size of number, biomass, and viability of fungi in highmoor peats

Some microbiological parameters, such as the fungal mycelium length, the number of fungal spores, the distribution profiles of micromycetes, the viability of fungal propagules, the length distribution of micromycete hyphae, and the proportion between fungal spores and yeastlike cells, can be used to determine the degree of soil contamination with oil and the concentration that is inhibitory to the micromycete complexes of highmoor peats.