Complex Mechanization Research Articles

ОЦІНКА КОНКУРЕНТОСПРОМОЖНОСТІ АГРАРНИХ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ ВІННИЦЬКОГО РЕГІОНУ В УМОВАХ СТАЛОГО РОЗВИТКУ

The article assesses the competitiveness of agricultural enterprises of the Vinnitsa region in conditions of sustainable development. It was determined that the competitiveness of agricultural enterprises expresses the ability and efficiency of adaptation to the conditions of the competitive environment. Various approaches to the interpretation of the essence of the competitiveness of an agricultural enterprise are given. Summarizing the views of scientists, it is worth noting that the competitiveness of an agricultural enterprise is a quantitative and measurable characteristic that reflects a relative indicator of the enterprise's ability to withstand competitive pressure on the agricultural market during a certain time period. An assessment of the competitiveness of the following agro-industrial enterprises of the Vinnitsa region, operating in various branches of agriculture and selling grown (manufactured or processed) products through various sales channels, was carried out. The assessment of the competitiveness of agricultural enterprises was carried out on the basis of the method of comparative advantages, the theory of effective competition and benchmarking. The research established that during 2020-2022, the most competitive agricultural enterprise is "Organic-D" LLC, which took first place among the selected enterprises. It has been established that the optimal direction for increasing the competitiveness of production in agriculture is its intensive modernization, including technical and technological improvement through the introduction of a system of machines for complex mechanization of all technological processes. In order to increase the competitiveness of agricultural production, a system of state support for the agricultural sector should be implemented, including preferential taxation, price regulation to achieve parity development, preferential lending, production subsidies, innovation support, optimal price formation, etc. It was determined that the introduction of a system of state support can contribute to the sustainable development of the agricultural sector and ensure its competitiveness in the markets.

Методика планирования экскаваторных работ в карьере на основе компьютерного моделирования

Introduction. In-pit excavators, which provide removal and loading of muck piles, are one of the main process links in the system of complex mechanization of open-pit mines. The level of mining operation intensity is determined by the arrangement of excavators in the open pit. Research objective. The research aims to develop a method of automated positioning of excavators at the production benches of the open pit mine. Methodology. Arrangement of in-pit excavators excavators at the production benches of the open pit mine is based on calculations, computer modeling and ia made with account of technical and operational parameters of the excavators, as well as estimation of the active front of mining operations. The main stage of solving the formulated problem is the construction of block models of the ore body, modeling of mining operations, and building a model of the open pit mine by the stages of the deposit development. Based on the results of block modeling, the optimal length of the excavator block at the production bench for the selected model of the face excavator is determined. Results. The article proposes a methodology for planning excavator operations in the open pit mine and positioning of the face excavators based on computer modeling of the mining operations progress with due account of the volume of rock mass handling on the open pit bench, the length of the active front, the mineral grade, the given rate of development, the accepted models of excavators and other attributive computer data. Based on the block model, the excavators are positioned on the production benches of the open pit mine. The proposed approach allows a prompt consideration of many options to arrange face excavators in the open pit ore mine in a semi-automatic mode and select the best option to increase the mining efficiency. Conclusions. The proposed methodology allows to promptly solve in a semi-automatic mode the issues of opening the lower levels of deep pits, to consider many options for placing face excavators in the ore pit and choose the best option, contributes to minimizing the operational risks in the development of complex-structured deposits and complex extraction of raw materials.

Краткосрочное планирование открытых горных работ в горно-геологической информационной системе MINEFRAME

One of the levels in planning of surface mining operations is short-term planning during the mining phase of the deposit reserves. Algorithms and software tools for the module of automated planning of surface mining operations have been developed as part of the task to enhance the efficiency of short-term planning in the MINEFRAME mining and geological information system. This module allows to make a comparative analysis of the selected structure of complex mechanization, as well as to optimize the operation of the in-pit transport based on simulation modeling of technological processes in surface mining. The module for planning of surface mining operations increases efficiency, timeliness and accuracy of planning based on input data and limitations that characterize the operation of the enterprise. Selection of the optimal structure for complex mechanization is made based on the analysis of the received reporting data of each planning scenario according to the performance indicators of the machinery and equipment. This approach fully corresponds to the trends of digital transformation declared by the government of the Russian Federation and represents a new stage of automation and informatization of economic activities and transition to digital technologies.

Разработка мощного пологого пласта с выпуском угля подкровельной толщи роботизированным комплексом

Introduction. When developing coal deposits using underground method, the greatest success was achieved for the seams with the thickness of up to 7 m by means of complex mechanization in one layer. The productivity of a cleared face reaches 6–8 thousand tons per day. A method of coal extraction from the top coal layer is used to mine seams of greater thickness. The limiting factor is the inability to control of the extraction process and, as a result, significant operational losses. Objective. The research aims to develop promising technologies for efficient and safe mining of thick flat coal seams using a robotic complex with controlled extraction from the top coal layer. Methods. The research is based on the analogy method. Results. By closing the gates installed on the extended sides of the line conveyor sections during the operation of the coal cutterloader and opening them during the release of coal, penetration of the loosened coal into the “pockets” of the support sections is eliminated. This reduces the operational loss of coal, the likelihood of “floating” sections of the support, as well as risks of emergencies. Due to the presence of an additional bunker on the side of the mined-out space, the coal from the top layer is collected, temporarily withheld, and then gravity fed into the outlet opening. Elimination of the advance preparation of the top coal layer in the area above the planned break-down chamber prevents man-induced discontinuities inside the rock mass above the breakdown chamber, which increases its stability. Construction of the break-down chamber with an inclination against the working face provides a sequential introduction of the support sections into the break-down chamber, one at a time, which allows timely preparation and release of coal.

Improving the mechanism of port handling complexes

The issue of modernization of cargo flow mechanization schemes, while optimizing logistics costs with the aim of increasing port capacity, was considered. The process of cargo transshipment using various lifting and transport machines is studied, the schemes of complex mechanization of port terminals are presented. The main schemes of complex mechanization in the port are analyzed on the example of transportation of artificial cargo - slab. The leading link of these schemes is the gantry crane, for which a dynamic 3D model has been developed, which allows you to create a scenario of the transport operation using simulation systems. With the help of the simulator, it is possible to evaluate indicators of performance and reliability of the crane. The results of the calculations of the characteristics of the warehouse, its capacity and the layout of the slabs are given. To build a logistics algorithm for cargo transportation operations, input data (structure of freight traffic, energy costs, logistics costs), objects (lifting and transport equipment, ships, railway transport) and output information in the form of a report with simulation results are determined. The paper proposes an algorithm for the simulation model of the port transshipment complex, which allows you to visualize the technological process of transshipment operations and optimize the parameters according to the specified quality criteria. The materials of the article can be useful to specialists of the mechanization services of sea and river ports, as well as used in the educational process as tasks for laboratory, practical and course work

FEATURES OF CONSTRUCTIVE, ORGANIZATIONAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS FOR THE RESTORATION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BRIDGE STRUCTURES

The article provides information on effective structural and organizational-technological solutions for surveying, designing and restoring the bridge structure, which was partially destroyed as a result of the armed aggression of the Russian Federation. It was established that information from scientific and regulatory sources does not sufficiently reflect the situation with bridges, where a part of the load-bearing structures has been completely lost and it is necessary to carry out work on the construction of new structures with the possible use of a part of the old (undamaged) ones. The current operating condition of the main elements of the structure (bridge web, span structure, supports and support parts, foundations, approaches) is determined. When predicting the term of accident-free operation, it was established that the remaining resource of the bridge, taking into account the actual technical condition of the main elements at the time of the inspection (destruction), which is determined from the equation of element degradation, is completely exhausted. The obtained data made it possible to predict the technical condition of the bridge in accordance with regulatory requirements and to prescribe operational and restoration measures. The use of undamaged underground structures for the construction of new reinforced concrete supports is substantiated, where preparatory work is provided with the use of complex mechanization tools. When concreting the bodies of the supports, the rationality of the new fastening of the braces of the formwork blocks was confirmed, which ensured increased rigidity and stability of the assembled formwork, for which it was proposed to install one plate between the supports on a rigid metal frame structure with a height of corresponds to the lower limit of the concreting massif, with the possibility of attaching braces working in different planes to it. It is proposed not to change the position of the two slabs intended for braces along the axis of the bridge, while they were also placed on similar metal frames. Placing the plates for fastening the braces at the mentioned height made it possible to reduce the length of the braces and ensure their working angles within the most effective limits.

Shielding Effectiveness Measurement Method for Planar Nanomaterial Samples Based on CNT Materials up to 18 GHz

The study and measurement of the shielding effectiveness (SE) of planar materials is required to predict the suitability of a certain material to form an enclosed electromagnetic shield. One of the most widely used standards for measuring the SE of planar materials is ASMT D4935-18. It is based on a coaxial sample holder (CSH) that operates up to 1.5 GHz. Due to this standard’s frequency limitations, new variants with higher frequency limits have been developed by decreasing the size of the CSH conductors and the samples. However, this method and its high-frequency variants require two types of samples with very specific geometries and sizes. This method is unsuitable for certain types of nanomaterials due to their complex mechanization at such undersized scales. This contribution proposes an alternative SE measurement method based on an absorber box that mitigates the problems presented by the ASTM D4935-18 standard. The SE of rigid nanomaterial samples based on several concentrations of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and two different fiber reinforcements have been obtained.

Enhancement of Agricultural Materials Separation Efficiency Using a Multi-Purpose Screw Conveyor-Separator

The technological process of agricultural production is inextricably linked to the movement of a large number of goods, ranging from the supply of raw materials to their conversion and delivery of finished products. In the implementation of freight flows at the enterprises of agro-industrial complexes and the complex mechanization of raw material conversion processes, the main role is played by systems of transport and technological machines, which include screw conveyors with the ability to convert materials. For this purpose, the simultaneous performance of transportation and separation processes has been studied. The results of the investigation include the construction and study of the mathematical model of the system «a screw of the screw conveyor—grain mixture and separation process» involving further experimental research. The study of the effectiveness of separating agricultural materials with a multifunctional screw conveyor-separator showed that for effective sifting, the selected rational values of the parameters lie within the following limits: angle of inclination of the sieve was 0–14°, and frequency of rotation of the working body was 300–700 rpm. Some rational parameters were obtained during the grain mixture separation process on the basis of an experimental study, namely: n = 380 rpm; q = 0.9–4.7 kg/h·cm2, γ = 0–14°; P = 0.22–0.7 kW, depending on the size of the working sieve (100 × 200 mm). These rational parameters will make it possible to increase the efficiency of agricultural materials separation by a screw conveyor separator, to achieve maximum productivity, and to reduce energy consumption compared to other sorting devices.

The justification for using mobile crushing and screening plants in quarrying industrial minerals

Purpose. Industrial minerals mining technology justification using mobile crushing and screening plants. Methodology. Analytical, statistical, graph analytical methods and experimental research were used on working quarries. Findings. The research made it possible to establish the influence of the migmatites mining technology by mobile equipment on the capacity of the extraction-loading and transport equipment. The following conclusions can be made based on the studies of the complex influence of the factors of the industrial minerals mining technology by mobile equipment on the example of the Odarivsky deposit of migmatites. Using mobile crushing and screening equipment located in the quarry allows for increasing Excavator Productivity for loading crushers' hopper at 16.7% compared to the loading in haulers and increases the productivity of haulers at an average of 25% compared to the cyclic technology in which the crushing and screening equipment is located on the surface, and haulers carry out the transportation of raw material from the quarry. The increase in the productivity of mining transport equipment is achieved due to the absence of downtime of the excavator while waiting for haulers and the maximum use of the vehicle's load when transporting finished crushed stone products with a high bulk density. Originality consists in establishing the peculiarities of industrial minerals mining and establishing the dependences of changes in the productivity of mining transport equipment when using mobile crushing and screening equipment directly on the working sites of the quarry. Practical value. The results of the research made it possible to justify the complex mechanization of the cyclic technology of raw material extraction with the use of mobile crushing and screening equipment for the application in Odarivsk migmatite deposit, which increases the efficiency of the use of extraction and loading equipment and haulers, which ultimately reduces the need for transport equipment and improves the efficiency of the mining as a whole during the industrial minerals mining for the production of aggregates.

Ինչո՞ւ է դանդաղել Հայաստանի գյուղատնտեսության աճը. խնդիրներ և լուծումներ / LICY WHY DID THE GROWTH OF AGRICULTURE SLOW DOWN IN ARMENIA? PROBLEMS & SOLUTIONS

The economic growth of agriculture in Armenia has been very low for a long time. Even comprehensive measures of state support do not give the expected results. There are many reasons for this phenomenon, but the main reason is the small size of farms and the fragmentation of plots. As a result, the possibilities of digitalization, complex mechanization, the introduction of efficient irrigation systems and intensive agricultural technologies are limited. The absence of the Ministry of Agriculture and the weakening of service infrastructures also have a negative impact on the production activities of the sector. As a result, even if the year is favorable, the producer regularly faces sharp fluctuations in the financial market, difficulties in selling the crop, lack of irrigation water, the spread of diseases and pests, and other problems. The geopolitical tensions and conflicts of recent years also affect the development of agriculture, foreign trade in food products and means of production and aggravate the problem of food security. This article presents the state of agriculture in Armenia in recent years, assesses the reasons for the slowdown in economic growth and proposes measures to overcome them.

Prospects for the use of cyclic-flow technology for the transportation of rocks at the “Yoshlik-1” quarry of JSC Almalyk mining and metallurgical combine

The paper substantiates and proposes a method for selecting mechanization tools for crushing and conveyor complexes as part of cyclic-flow technology in open-pit mining. The proposed methodology justifies the types of means of mechanization of the crushing and conveyor complex used at the Yoshlik-1 quarry of JSC “Almalyk mining and metallurgical combine”. The task of developing a methodology for selecting optimal technological parameters of crushing and conveyor complexes equipment for the conditions of the Yoshlik-1 quarry is formulated. Optimal parameters of equipment were selected using complex research methods, including analysis and generalization of research in the field of quarry design, technology and complex mechanization, generalization of production and design practice.

Analysis of technological approaches and development experience of Kryvbass tailings

Purpose. Complication of the conditions of conducting open-pit mining operations and complex external factors will certainly lead to the deterioration of technical and economic indicators of deposit development in the future. The complex development of deposits is one of the promising options for correcting this situation, and the purposeful formation and development of man-made deposits is the main way of expanding the mineral and raw material base of Kryvbas. The purpose of this work is to generalize the experience of developing Kryvbas tailings and theoretical approaches to the formation of schemes for complex mechanization of their processing for the further creation of a scientific basis for the expansion of the raw material base of the Kryvorizka mining complex. Methodology. The work uses the methods of analysis and synthesis of literary sources of information when assessing the state of complex development of deposits in the Kryvyi Rih region, retrospective analysis of project decisions regarding PRJSC "Central GZK", engineering analysis - when assessing the schemes of complex mechanization of tailings storage facility. Results. The analysis of scientific sources was carried out and the state of complex development of deposits of Kryvbas was assessed. Accumulated volumes of magnetite quartzite dressing waste have been determined. The experience of the development of man-made deposits of the alluvial type was analyzed, during the design analysis the most appropriate schemes of complex mechanization and the parameters of the tailings storage development system were identified. Scientific novelty. The conducted retrospective and engineering analysis of design solutions made it possible to identify the most effective schemes for complex mechanization of tailings disposal. As the most expedient in the conditions of PRSC "Central GZK" was chosen a scheme using a dredger with subsequent transportation of man-made raw materials to the pulp farm. Practical significance. The results of the performed research can be used by design organizations and mining enterprises when designing the formation and development of tailings storage facilities.

ЭФФЕКТИВНОЕ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ ГЕОРЕСУРСНОГО ПОТЕНЦИАЛА ГЛУБОКИХ РУДНЫХ КАРЬЕРОВ И ОБОСНОВАНИЕ ВЫБОРА СРЕДСТВ МЕХАНИЗАЦИИ ПО ПРИРОДНО-ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИМ ЗОНАМ МЕСТОРОЖДЕНИЯ

The scientific paper reviews operation and operating conditions of deep pits. The division of the quarry field into natural-technological areas and their classification have been made. The work also provides schemes of division of the open pit field into conventional natural-technological zones and of complex mechanization of natural-technological zone by the cyclic action equipment. The dependence of the rate of mining decline on the width of the working site has been maintained. Strategic technical solutions to help manage mining manufacture and complex continuous planning and design of mining operations as well as division of working space into pit zones, have been elaborated. A nomogram for determining the parameters of excavation blocks based on the rate of decline of mining works for different sizes of excavators and a structural scheme of complex mechanization of natural and technological zones by cyclic-flow technology have been provided.

Optimization of the main parameters of a mixing box in a periodic mode of operation in the preparation of liquid lumps in animal husbandry

The article discusses the problem of developing means that can increase the efficiency of mechanization of the process of preparing liquid feed in animal husbandry. Design bureaus, research and technological institutes for mechanization and electrification of agriculture have developed new progressive technologies, as well as kits, units, machines and apparatus for animal husbandry and fodder production. On the basis of this technique, complex mechanization of farms is being introduced and livestock complexes with industrial production technology are being created. But recently, the widespread use of domestic machines for the preparation of liquid feed mixtures has not been presented. Therefore, an experimental setup is proposed that combines three functions: a batcher, a pump and a mixer, which ultimately allows to obtain a mixture of good quality. The article provides a program and research methodology for the installation. For this, a special stand has been developed, which makes it possible to determine the parameters of the mixture quality. As a search for the optimal combination of factors for the optimization criteria: the degree of homogeneity and, plan 33 was chosen. Experimental studies have shown the range of the installation feed at different speeds of rotation of the impeller shaft. Mixing studies have confirmed the effectiveness of the design of the plant and its components: dispenser, pump and mixer. With the help of experimental planning methods, the main factors influencing the mixing process are identified, and the optimal parameters of the mixture quality are determined.

Application of gear hydraulic machines in the composition of hydrostatic transmissions

Hydraulic machines serve either to impart energy to the fluid flowing through them, or to obtain energy from the fluid for its further useful use. The number of hydraulic machines used in the national economy is increasing annually, due to the fact that, in comparison with electric motors, they have smaller overall dimensions and weight, and also have a higher ratio of torque on the output shaft to the moment of inertia of the rotor. In agriculture, hydraulic machines are widely used in crop production. Through the use of hydraulics and automation, the development of complex mechanization of production processes is carried out, which provides for the development of machines of increased power and reliability. Also, the use of hydraulic machines allows you to relieve the structure of rigid mechanical connections and allows a wide range of adjustment of the unit operation. The most widely used today are two types of hydraulic machines - piston and gear. The use of hydraulic piston machines places high demands on the degree of purification and quality of transmission oil, as well as on the qualifications of technical personnel to ensure quality maintenance. Gear hydraulic machines are less demanding on the purity of the working fluid, as well as simplicity in design, are quite reliable, have a low cost price and a wide range of rotational speeds, in addition, they are able to create a relatively high pressure with low weight. The overall efficiency of gear hydraulic machines, which is 90%, is slightly inferior to that of piston hydraulic machines, which reaches 93%, respectively. The given characteristics of gear hydraulic machines allow us to consider them, taking into account modern design features, as a power basis for a hydrostatic transmission, with a limitation in power of application.

Operation description and creating an analog VGA output on the debugging board when making programs for CNC machines

The priority task of the development of mechanical engineering is complex mechanization and automation of technological processes of mechanical processing. This problem can be solved by the introduction of machine tools and machine complexes with numerical control. CNC equipment combines the flexibility of universal and high performance of special automatic equipment, which significantly changes the nature of production and makes it mobile, meeting the requirements for continuous improvement and updating of mechanical engineering products. However, such equipment is quite complex, and its acquisition is associated with large financial costs, therefore, the problem of efficient use of CNC machines is a priority for most mechanical engineering enterprises and is inextricably linked with the need to create various programs. The article presents a theoretical analysis of the VGA interface, as well as a practical implementation of this interface, written in the Verilog programming language, on the Terasic DE10-Lite debugging board, with the MAX10 10M50DAF484C7G programmable logic integrated circuit and other peripheral modules. The practical significance of the work is familiarizing with programmable logic integrated circuits of the Intel FPGA family, obtaining basic knowledge in working with the Quartus Lite computer-aided design system (CAD), and learning the basics of programming programmable logic integrated circuits in the Verilog language. In the course of the work, the algorithm for writing code in the Verilog programming language for implementing the VGA interface on the DE10-Lite debugging board was described in detail. The software and mathematical excerpts used in the work are publicly available on the Internet, which allows anyone to carry out similar work and make sure that the written codes and the obtained conclusions are correct. This work can be used not only for writing programs for machine tools, but also for teaching students in the field of developing electronic devices in terms of their algorithmization and for organizing laboratory work, as well as for creating and designing real devices both in production and within a higher educational institution, for example, for developing laboratory work using specialized CAD. Familiarization and study of this programming language are conducted within the walls of one of the leading engineering universities of the Russian Federation, the Bauman Moscow State Technical University.

ФОРМУВАННЯ РЕСУРСНОГО ПОТЕНЦІАЛУ СУБ'ЄКТІВ АГРАРНОГО БІЗНЕСУ В УМОВАХ ІНКЛЮЗИВНОЇ ЕКОНОМІКИ

The purpose of the article is to consider the scientific and methodological foundations of the formation of the resource potential of agrarian business entities in the conditions of inclusive development. The study is dedicated to the comprehensive study of the formation of the resource potential of enterprises of the agroindustrial complex in the conditions of an inclusive economy as one of the factors of sustainable development. Solving the task of stabilizing and further increasing production in the agricultural sector requires improving the use of the resource potential of agricultural enterprises, since the real possibilities of increasing the industry's resources are far from unlimited. The principles of interdisciplinarity and systematicity were the methodological basis, which made it possible to consider the phenomena studied from different angles as a single whole consisting of interdependent components. It was determined that the resources of agricultural production are a complex, integrated system that connects groups of material and non-material resources that differ in their characteristics, allowing to obtain results through the creation of agricultural products. It was established that not only material, but also non-material resources determine the capabilities of agrarian business entities and have a significant impact on the efficiency of their functioning. The structure of the enterprise's resource potential is revealed, the factors that determine the formation and functioning of resource provision in the conditions of inclusive development are established. In this regard, complexity and systematicity are leading characteristics of resource potential. It has been established that several main components of the resource potential can be identified as the basis of the inclusive development of the economy: natural resource potential, labor, entrepreneurial, material, investment, financial, informational, scientific and technological potential. The formation of the resource potential of agrarian business entities takes place in accordance with certain principles: environmental friendliness and environmental security, technology, reliability, universality and comfort of technical means, economy and energy saving, complex mechanization, automation and computerization.

DUCK MEAT PRODUCTION TRENDS IN THE WORLD AND IN UKRAINE

In the article, according to international statistics (FAOSTAT), the dynamics of the duck population and the production of duck meat in the world, in Ukraine and in certain countries in the period 2016-2020 are given. It is established that in 2020 the duck population in the world slightly decreased (by 0.75%). At the same time, the largest number of ducks is concentrated in China – 62.7 and 60.6% of the world's population, respectively, in 2016 and 2020. Ukraine took tenth place in this ranking in 2020. With a slight fluctuation in the number of ducks in the world, a tendency to its increase was noted in the production of meat – by 37.8% compared to 2016. However, in Asian countries, ducks are bred not only for meat, but also for eggs, which are used as food. Duck egg consumption is about 10-30% of total egg consumption in China and Southeast Asia. Among the population of South-East Asian countries, such a product as "balyut" is popular, which is prepared using a duck egg with an embryo about 18 days old. Based on the analysis of data from various literary sources, the issue of duck keeping systems in different countries of the world and Ukraine is highlighted. Since ducks belong to waterfowl, along with the intensive technology of keeping them (in closed rooms with a microclimate that is controlled and regulated), extensive technology is also used – using walks, including water ones. In Ukraine, 97.5% of the duck population is kept in public farms, and therefore the main system of their keeping is extensive. The importance of complete feeding of ducks is also indicated, recommendations are given regarding the nutritional value of rations depending on the age of the bird. In Ukraine, the largest farm engaged in the industrial production of duck meat is the Poultry Brood Plant “Korobivskyi” JLLC of the Zolotonosha district of the Cherkasy region. The production of duck meat using intensive technology involves the use of high-production crosses, the keeping of poultry in poultry houses with a regulated microclimate and complex mechanization and automation of technological processes, and the feeding of poultry with complete ration compound feed.

Дослідження процесу сумішоутворення лопатевим змішувачем для ВРХ

Dairy and meat cattle breeding of Ukraine is one of leading and most essential industries of stock-raising, that provides a production of more than 95% of cow milk and 50...60% of beef. In the world market demand is on high-quality milk, beef and products of their processing constantly grows and that is why has an important economic value for development of industry of cattle breeding in agricultural production of our country. In general process of production goods of cattle breeding a decisive role belongs to forage. They have subzero quality, in most cases, insufficient quantities are produced, and their share in cost price of milk and beef is more than half of costs. In connection with transfer of animal husbandry to market farming conditions, a long-term national program has been developed, which provides for increasing the volume of milk and beef production, reducing cost of production, improving its quality, comprehensive intensification of cattle breeding by creating a strong fodder base, increasing its efficiency and productivity of grain and fodder cultures, application of new progressive feeding technologies, preparation of fodder for feeding, preparation of highly nutritious fodder mixtures and implementation of complex mechanization and automation of production processes on farms and complexes. Realization of technical and plant-breeding progress of high-performance production of milk and beef in industry requires near-term providing of animals in a sufficient amount high-quality biologically valuable forage that can be balanced in rations of cattle by organic, mineral and biologically-active nutritives and microelements and microaddings in accordance with pre-arranged productivity with maintenance of necessary for this purpose vital functions and physiology state of animal. Generalized analysis of traditional machines and technical equipments for preparation of forage mixtures for a cattle showed that existent mixers not to a full degree provided quality indexes in relation to preparation of moist forage mixtures and have a certain list of some defects. Namely, the constructions of mobile mixers exceed norms in terms of specific metal density by1,5...2 times, while the energy consumption for the drive of working bodies is 3...4 times. Such significant disadvantages of traditional mixers limit their use on cattle farms. In the article, a systematic approach of systems is considered in relation to technological process of mixing of different components of mixture, that is presented as determined model of functioning of mixer of forage of batch-type at all stages of its operation: from loading components to receiving and unloading the finished feed mixture. On the basis of the conducted research, the technological scheme of the paddle mixer, which consists of a body with a loading neck and an unloading auger, is substantiated. Flat blades with a corresponding step are hardly installed on supports along a mixer, which are equipped by radial fingers for loosening of monolith of mixture in the corps of mixer. Blades are installed with right and angle of inclination their working surface to axis of shaft. Purpose of experimental researches was envisage study of conformities to law of influence of geometrical and kinematics parameters on quality of preparation of forage mixtures. Such important factors were: frequency of rotation of billow of mixer; width of flat blade; an angle of its inclination to axis of the shaft and duration of forage mixing. After realization of experimental researches at processing of received data we applied a mathematical application that allowed to build dependences and get rational values package. They are as follows: the rational width value of blade is 45 mm, angle of its inclination is 500, the frequency of rotation of agitator shaft should not exceed 90 rpm. with duration of process 6...8 min. According to these parameters, proposed design of mixer ensures homogeneity of mixture at level of 92%, while basic homogeneity index for cattle is 86%.

Increasing the efficiency of burning solid fuel in the layer

he main directions of increasing the efficiency of solid fuel heat generators are analyzed. It is noted that in industrial designs of heat generating installations depending on their class technological schemes of burning of solid fuel are applied at various levels on capital and operational expenses. The most expensive are the technologies of combustion of pre-prepared high-quality fuel in heat generators with complex mechanization at all stages of the combustion process, which provide high thermal and environmental performance. Cheaper combustion technologies are widespread, according to which the normative performance of heat generators is achieved due to the rational ratio of design and mode parameters of the combustion zone with the thermophysical characteristics of the burned fuel, including low-grade. Examples of realization of such technological schemes of combustion on the basis of results of theoretical and experimental researches in designs of solid propellant heat generators are resulted. The paper proposes a constructive scheme of a small-capacity heat generator with a combined technology of two-chamber solid fuel combustion, in which a layered (or shaft-layered) combustion process with combustion in volume is combined: in the primary combustion chamber above the burning fuel layer on the grate, and in the secondary cyclone chamber (or cameras). Due to the vortex motion in the lined secondary chamber of high-temperature gases containing solid particles carried by the flow from the combustion zone of the primary chamber, there is both afterburning of combustible substances and separation of ash particles with their discharge into the ash generator. This combustion technology also allows increasing the forcing of the combustion layer on the grate, increasing the stability of the process and reducing the dimensions of the structure. Improving the efficiency of a solid fuel heat generator with a two-chamber furnace is achieved by reducing heat loss with mechanical incomplete combustion of carbon particles in the exhaust gases, as well as reducing the concentration of ash particles in the gas stream at the inlet of convective heat exchange surfaces and increase their thermal efficiency. This is confirmed by the calculated dependences of the efficiency of the mechanized solid fuel heat generator under different technological schemes of solid fuel combustion