Dry milling experiments were conducted using five types of milling inserts with various groove profiles in order to investigate the dust distribution characteristics during the dry milling process. Firstly, the experimental scheme and testing system were designed. Secondly, dry milling experiments were carried out based upon orthogonal and single factor experimental methods, and the experimental data was collected. Next, the experimental results were analyzed, and the influence rule and action mechanism of insert geometrical parameters and milling factors on the dust concentration during the dry milling process were studied with the goal of targeting the profiles of inserts that produced less dust. MATLAB was used to interpolate and simulate the experimental data so as to further investigate the spatial distribution characteristics of dust particles around the machine tool. Finally, a dust capacity prediction model was established and validated. Our research findings will aid in improving the environmental quality of dry milling using inserts with complex groove profiles as well as provide theoretical and experimental basis for an in-depth study on the development technology of groove profiles.