Complex Facets Research Articles

Emotion regulation in leader–follower relationships

This study investigates the extent to which leaders and followers express, suppress or fake their emotions during interaction, using a sample of 135 leaders and 207 followers. The respondents completed questionnaires on emotion regulation, the relationship quality between leaders and followers (LMX), job satisfaction, and health complaints. The data indicate that negative emotions such as disappointment, uncertainty, and annoyance are typically suppressed, while positive emotions such as enthusiasm, interest, and calmness are typically expressed or faked. The reported level of emotion regulation was higher for leaders than for followers. Suppressing and faking emotions correlated negatively with the LMX and job satisfaction, and positively with health complaints among both groups. Emotion regulation is thus a prominent and complex facet of leader – follower relationships with possible negative effects for both leaders and followers.

Consuming bodies: Mall walking and the possibilities of consumption

In popular, academic and policy discourses it is taken for granted that consumption plays a vital role in the obesity epidemic. Mass consumption, associated changes to ‘lifestyle’ and the emergence of ‘obesogenic’ environments are viewed as underpinning the dramatic rise in the prevalence of overweight and obesity. As a result, excess body weight has transitioned from risk factor to ‘disease’ status, with overconsumption identified as the principal culprit. Using mall walking as a case study, this paper aims to critique the way in which consumption is understood within the obesity literature. Rather than view consumption within a dualist framework of either ‘neoliberal choice’ or ‘modern evil’, we seek to establish a theoretical foundation for consumption in obesity literature. Mall walking provides a unique opportunity to examine the multiple, complex and contradictory facets of consumption, of how bodies and spaces are reappropriated and transformed by people who are located in an environment that is characterised as ‘obesogenic’. In addition to the generation of identities and social relations, mall walking highlights the inherent paradoxes of consumption: of how consumption is positioned as the problem, and at the same time, as the solution to excess. It is via the ethnographic examination of bodies engaged in consumer spaces that new possibilities for thinking about the analytical relationship between obesity and consumption are opened up.

Innovation and Disability

Innovation and Disability

Religiousness and Infidelity: Attendance, but not Faith and Prayer, Predict Marital Fidelity

High religiousness has been consistently linked with a decreased likelihood of past infidelity but has been solely defined by religious service attendance, a limited assessment of a complex facet of life. The current study developed nine religiousness subscales using items from the 1998 General Social Survey to more fully explore the association between religiousness and infidelity. Interestingly, logistic regressions using currently married participants (N= 1,439) demonstrated that attendance, but not faith, nearness to God, prayer, and other religious attributes, was related to infidelity. Exploratory analyses also found that individuals with high religious importance but low attendance were more likely to have had an affair and weak evidence that marital happiness moderated the association between religiousness and infidelity.

Editorial: Decision Making By Patients: Who Gains?

Therapeutic alliance between the patient and the treating clinician is essential if treatment – be it psychological or pharmacological or a mixture of the two – is to succeed. Basic pathways into care determine how and when help is sought and accepted. Between 70–90% of all illness episodes are treated in personal, social or folk sectors (Klienman 1980). The relationship between patient’s explanatory models and acceptance of treatment is well described (see Bhui & Bhugra 2002 for a discussion). Of late, an increased emphasis is being placed on patients’ decision making (Redelmeier 2001a, b). It is of course understandable that patients and their carers are involved in making appropriate decisions. However, decision making for treatment may be easier for physical conditions than for psychiatric conditions. Apart from specifi c issues of mental capacity in making decisions, there are broader questions of decision making by patients with mental illness which need to be understood. First, the question of co-morbid psychiatric conditions needs to be resolved. If a clear case of appendicitis needs appendectomy, then the choice and the decision is straightforward. If the patient has a depressive disorder, then either cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) or antidepressants can be offered, and appropriate clinical data shared. However, if it is depression combined with anxiety and panic disorder, then the treatment choices will become more complex and both the patient and the clinician need to be certain what the condition being treated is, and what the therapeutic outcome is likely to be. Secondly, missed and delayed diagnosis will add another complex facet to the therapeutic alliance. Co-morbidity may complicate diagnosis, as will any delay in seeking help. In physical conditions nearly one-third of cases have delayed diagnosis and in only one-third of cases is no diagnostic error involved (Gandhi et al., 2006). Failure to order appropriate tests and organise a follow-up make this more likely. In psychiatry with a limited number of pathognomonic tests this is a bigger issue. The question of misdiagnosis must be laid to rest. Even in physical conditions, false negatives have been reported in a quarter to one-third of patients (Wilhelm & Schaffi 1996), whereas in psychiatry this is likely to be higher. Gandhi et al. (2006) showed that diagnosis was missed in 59% of cases of cancer. If the diagnosis is missed or made in error, then the decision making on behalf of the patient is likely to be affected. Communication by the patient, the language used, comprehension and recall will all affect history taking and history giving. The context of diagnosis and patient decision making is signifi cant too. Cognitive diagnostic errors made by the clinician will also infl uence therapeutic alliance. Diagnostic errors are manifestations of a fallacy in clinical cognition or clinical reasoning (Kassirer & Kopelman 1989). These errors are often a result of triggering one or more erroneous hypotheses,

Generalized clique family inequalities for claw-free graphs

Abstract Providing a complete description of the stable set polytopes of claw-free graphs is a long-standing open problem [M. Grotschel, L. Lovasz, A. Schrijver, Geometric Algorithms and Combinatorial Optimization, Springer-Verlag, 1988]. For the subclass of quasi-line graphs, Ben Rebea conjectured and Eisenbrandt et al. [F. Eisenbrand, G. Oriolo, G. Stauffer, P. Ventura, Circular Ones Matrices and the Stable Set Polytope of Quasi-Line Graphs, in: Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 3509, 2005, pp. 291–305] recently proved that all non-trivial facets belong to only one class, the so-called clique family inequalities. For general claw-free graphs, however, more complex facets are required to describe the stable set polytope. We introduce a generalization of clique family inequalities, and prove that several facet-defining inequalities for general claw-free graphs are of this type.

The instrumentality of emotion in leader-subordinate relationships

This study investigates emotion work in leader-subordinate relationships. The data were collected through semi-structured, in depth interviews of eight leaders and eight subordinates. All subjects reported suppressing, exaggerating or faking emotions during interactions. The motives for regulating emotions fell into four different categories: obeying emotional display rules; strategic use of emotions with intention of reaching specific goals; consideration of the work environment; and avoiding possible discomfort associated with the expression of inner feelings. The leaders referred to all four categories, while the subordinates explained their emotion work primarily as means of obtaining specific goals. The majority of the subordinates, but only one leader, reported that emotional dissonance negatively influenced job satisfaction, work performance and health, or increased the tendency towards withdrawal behaviour. The study has shown the importance of focusing on both parties involved in this particular relationship. Emotional regulation seems to be a prominent and complex facet of leader–subordinate relationships.

Experienced affects in leader–subordinate relationships

This study explores the affects that leaders and subordinates experience during interaction. Two hundred and seventy leaders and five hundred and forty two subordinates recruited from the private and public sectors participated in the study. The data reveals that leader–subordinate relationships are strongly coloured by positive and negative moods, emotions and emotion-laden judgments, with four basic affective factors for both leaders and subordinates: recognition, frustration, violation and uncertainty. These factors correlate strongly with subordinates’ job satisfaction and the quality that they experienced in interaction with their immediate superiors. Correlations between these factors and subordinates’ life satisfaction were weak, suggesting that the affects are specific to the leader–subordinate relationship. Leaders’ affective experiences during interaction with subordinates seem to be less important. Correlations between the quality experienced by leaders in relationships with their subordinates, their job- and life satisfaction and their reported affects were weak or almost non-existent. The results underline the importance of focusing on both parties involved in leader–subordinate relationships, and suggest the need for a social interactionistic perspective in order to understand the leadership process. Experienced affects constitute prominent and complex facets of leader–subordinate relationships and should be studied in greater detail than has hitherto.

Atomic structure of O/Ir(2 1 0) nanofacets

A study of faceting of the O/Ir(2 1 0) surface has been conducted using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Three-sided nanometer-scale pyramids with {3 1 1} and (1 1 0) facets are found to cover the surface uniformly in the entire range of facet formation and growth temperatures. The {3 1 1} facets are smooth and unreconstructed. The (1 1 0) facets consist of unreconstructed terraces and restructured areas that exhibit a complex faceting pattern on the atomic level. The tilt angles of pyramid facets and distances between surface atoms for the facets and for the (1 1 0) superstructure are consistent with predictions based on truncated bulk iridium crystal properties. STM image simulations, based on electronic band structure calculations, have been used to validate the proposed surface terminations for the complex (1 1 0) facet superstructure.

Roughness of two-dimensional surfaces with global constraints

We study dynamical scaling properties of the two-dimensional surface growth models with global constraints. These include the growth model from a partition function Z = sigma{(h(r)Pi(h = h)(min) (h(max)) 1/2 (1 + z (n(h))), multiparticle-correlated surface growth models and dissociative Q-mer growth models. The equilibrium surfaces of all the models except the dimer model show the same dynamical scaling behavior W2 (L,t) = (1/2piK(G)) ln [L g (t/L(z(W)))] with z(W) = 2.5 and K(G) = 0.916 , whereas the surface in the dimer model has a correction to the scaling. The growing (eroding) surfaces have two phases. The models with z > or = 0 show the normal Kardar-Parisi-Zhang scaling behavior. In contrast the models with -1 < or = z < 0 and multiparticle-correlated growth model manifest grooved surface structures with alpha = 1. The growing surfaces of Q -mer models form rather complex facets.

The Grassroots Reconfiguration of U.S. Immigration Policy

Despite the increasing constriction of immigrants’ rights at the federal level, local responses have been much more varied, countering, compensating for, even transforming policies originating from the national core. This article attributes this divergence in part to the multi-layered, ambiguous, and contradictory structure of the U.S. nation-state in the context of a transnational economy and society. It shows how three facets of state structural complexity – its multiple levels, diverse administrative branches, and decentralized agencies – have created openings for local actors, deploying normative arguments as to the issues at stake, to reshape the outcomes of U.S. immigration policy on the ground.

Many ways of telling: expanding conceptualizations of child sexual abuse disclosure

Objective: The aim of this study was to explore influences that inhibit or promote child sexual abuse (CSA) disclosure. Method: Face-to-face in-depth interviews of 24 female and male survivors of CSA were conducted, using the Long-Interview method to trace disclosure processes. Verbatim transcriptions of the interviews were analyzed by hand and by using a computerized data analysis system (N*Vivo). The results of this investigation identified several patterns of disclosure. Prolonged engagement, persistent observation, negative case analysis, and peer debriefing were among the techniques used to ensure the trustworthiness of data. Results: Through analysis of the interview data, previously undefined dimensions of disclosure emerged. First, three frequently used categories of ‘accidental, purposeful, and prompted/elicited’ disclosure types accounted for 42% of disclosure patterns in the study sample. However, over half the disclosure patterns described by research participants did not fit these previously established definitions. Results of the study facilitated expanding conceptualization of additional disclosure patterns to include behavioral and indirect verbal attempts, disclosures intentionally withheld, and disclosures triggered by recovered memories. Conclusions: The author concludes that these supplementary definitions integrate complex facets of disclosure derived within the context of human development, memory and environmental influences. This expanded conceptualization provides professionals with a broader framework to understand and respond to child victims and adult survivor's disclosures more effectively.

The Foreign Missionary Enterprise at Home: Explorations in North American Cultural History. Ed. by Daniel H. Bays and Grant Wacker. (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2003. xii, 332 pp. $60.00, isbn 0-8173-1245-5.)

Dependent on thousands of individual churchgoers for recruits and funds, the foreign missionary enterprise needed to cultivate its audiences at home as much as they needed to reach their audiences overseas. Although the literature that poured forth from mission presses was typically formulaic, the best essays in this collection reveal surprising and complex facets of the missionary enterprise's promotional work. They achieve this by looking beyond the self-referential texts of mission propaganda to real-world contexts, thereby demonstrating a dynamic interplay between missions and larger forces of social and cultural change. With one very fine exception, the essays in this collection were drawn from papers presented at a 1998 conference at Wheaton College, part of a major project on the “Missionary Impulse in North American History” undertaken by the Institute for the Study of American Evangelicals with funding from the Pew Charitable Trusts. The editors, two highly respected scholars, have organized the volume chronologically into three parts. The first part is remarkably coherent, with a general emphasis on the tension between egalitarian and hierarchical impulses during the nineteenth century. Essays by John Saillant, Laurie F. Maffly-Kipp, and Jay Riley Case specifically explore the connections between missions and race relations in the United States. They demonstrate that the missionary enterprise challenged prevailing racism through its conviction that African Americans were capable of acting as effective representatives of Christian civilization or of profiting from opportunities for higher education, but that challenge was premised on a high degree of acculturation that substituted a cultural hierarchy for a racial one and alienated African American protégés from the cultures of the African diaspora.

Orientation Dependence of Photochemical Reduction Reactions on SrTiO3 Surfaces

ABSTRACTPolished and annealed surfaces of randomly oriented crystallites were used to study the orientation dependence of the photochemical activity of SrTiO3 surfaces. Silver cations reduced from an aqueous solution produce solid silver metal at the reaction site. The amounts of silver produced by a fixed exposure were used as a relative measure of each grain's activity. The surface structure of the grains was observed using atomic force microscopy and the surface orientation of each grain was determined by electron backscattered diffraction. Surfaces annealed in air for 6h at 1200° C were bound by some combination of the following three planes: {110}, {111}, and a complex facet inclined approximately 24° from {100}. By correlating the orientations of individual grains to the amount of deposited silver, we conclude that surfaces with the complex {100} facet are the most active.

Development, Education and the Teachers Union Movement in South Korea, 1989‐1999

The passing of legislation in July 1999 to legalise Chunkyojo, the Korean Teachers and Educational Workers Union signalled the culmination of ten‐year struggle by teachers to form a representative organisation that could represent them in industrial matters and push forward their agenda for educational reforms in South Korean schools. However the gains, as this article points out, were substantially less than the original goals of the movement. These goals, as this article discusses, were founded on grievances of the movement located in complex facets of South Korean education at its intersection with history, politics and development. The article examines some of the core grievances of the movement emanating from issues of teachers' identities, the role of education in national development, the dominance of the examination system and the industrial relations contexts of school teachers. The analysis confirms that the systemic features which the teachers union movement challenged reside in the social and historical foundations and political constructions of school education in South Korea and indicates that the recent developments are not likely to address these but, instead, signal the emergence of a new phase of conflict between reform‐minded teachers and the South Korean government.

Fatigue in advanced cancer — meaning before measurement?

The fatigue experienced by patients with advanced cancer has received little attention either in clinical practice or amongst researchers. To date, attention has been directed at the fatigue experienced by patients receiving chemotherapy or radiotherapy, with little being directed at the experiences of patients with advanced cancer within the context of a rapidly declining health status. In light of the paucity of information available to inform practice a study was undertaken to explore the nature and impact of fatigue as experienced by 15 patients with advanced cancer, a relative or friend of their choice, and health care professionals involved with their care. The aims were threefold: (i) to gain further understanding of this debilitating problem from divergent perspectives; (ii) to identify potential intervention strategies to be evaluated in future studies; and (iii) to attempt to inform palliative care research methodology where previously poorly understood and inadequately articulated symptoms, such as the fatigue of advanced cancer, are addressed. This paper focuses on issues relating to the third of the three study aims. Seven men and eight women with a variety of cancers, predominantly breast, ovarian, lung and prostate cancer were interviewed. Demographic data, disease history, biochemical markers, weight, nutritional status and medication profile were also recorded. Patients completed visual analogue scales (VAS) recording perceptions of severity of fatigue and pain, and distress caused by the fatigue, during the previous week. Each patient also completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Following verbatim transcription, taped interviews were subject to processes derived from thematic content analysis, and Glaser and Strauss’ constant comparative method. Case note data, VAS and HADS were subject to descriptive statistics. Each participant within this study articulated the importance of addressing the struggle of finding meaning in something as inherently disabling as the fatigue experienced. This led to the conclusion that valid and reliable measurement of complex facets of terminal illness is dependent on extrapolating meaning before undertaking measurement. This paper, drawing on patient focused data, sets out to support that assertion.

FATIGUE IN CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME: A DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF WOMEN'S EXPERIENTIAL NARRATIVES

Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a debilitating condition. Approximately 75% of sufferers are women. The etiology of CFS is debated, but remains inconclusive. "Fatigue" is ill defined and conceptually problematic. The international multidisciplinary literature on CFS reveals a paucity of studies on women. Qualitative research to analyze women's discourses on CFS is virtually absent. Eleven New Zealand women of European descent with experience of CFS were interviewed in depth. Within the complex facets of CFS, this article reports specifically on an analysis of discourses on "fatigue". The predominant theme that emerged was that fatigue is articulated as "lack" or absence, which is not representable as an identifiable entity in biomedical terms. Parallels with chronic pain are briefly drawn. We conclude that approaches to CFS must respond to the diverse and complex constructions of the experience of fatigue evident in women's narratives.

The Influence of Environment on the Star Formation Rates of Galaxies

We have used a sample of 15,749 galaxies taken from the Las Campanas Redshift Survey to investigate the effects of environment on the rate of star formation in galaxies. For each galaxy, we derive a measure of the star formation rate (SFR) based on the strength of the [O II] emission line and a measure of galactic structure based on the central concentration of the galaxy's light, which is used to decouple the effect of morphology-environment relation from the SFR. Galactic environment is characterized both by the three-space local density of galaxies and by membership in groups and clusters. The size and homogeneity of this data set allows us to sample, for the first time, the entire range of galactic environments, from the lowest density voids to the richest clusters, in a uniform manner. Thus, we could expand our research from the conventional cluster versus field comparison to a new environmental investigation by decoupling the local galaxy density from the membership in associations. This decoupling is crucial for constraining the physical processes responsible for the observed environmental dependencies of star formation. On the other hand, the use of an automatic measure of galactic structure (concentration index) rather than Hubble type, which is a subjective and star formation-contaminated estimate of galactic morphology, allows us to separate cleanly the morphological component from the SFR-environment relationship. We find that, when a cluster/field comparison is made, cluster galaxies exhibit reduced star formation for the same concentration index. This result supports several previous studies based on Hubble type reporting similar suppression of star formation among cluster galaxies for the same Hubble type. We did not find any qualitatively different responses to environments between early- and late-type spirals, which were also previously reported. On the other hand, a further division of clusters by richness reveals a new possible excitation of starbursts in groups and poor clusters. Meanwhile, a more general environmental investigation shows that the star formation rate of galaxies with a given concentration index is sensitive to local galaxy density and shows a continuous correlation with the local density, in such a way that galaxies show higher levels of star formation in lower density environments. Interestingly, this trend is also observed both inside and outside of clusters, implying that physical processes responsible for this correlation might not operate intrinsically in the cluster environment. Furthermore, a more complex facet of the dependence of SFR on local density is also revealed; galaxies with differing levels of star formation appear to respond differently to the local density. Low levels of star formation, corresponding to those expected in normal members of the Hubble sequence, are more sensitive to environment inside than outside of clusters. In contrast, high levels of star formation, identified as starbursts, are at least as sensitive to local density in the field as in clusters. We conclude that at least two separate processes are responsible for the environmental sensitivity of the SFR and tentatively identify gas removal processes as responsible for the variation with density of the SFR of normal galaxies and galaxy-galaxy interactions as responsible for the prevalence of starbursts in intermediate density environments.

Andrew Wyeth: a secret life

This biography of the American artist, Andrew Wyeth, covers the complex facets of his personal and professional life. It tracks his childhood of personal home tutors and the nuturing of his artistic talent under the watchful eye of his father, the children's book illustrator, N.C. Wyeth. Andrew Wyeth produced a substantial body of impressive works, his most famous probably being Christina's World. His paintings sold in the 1970s for millions of dollars. Each chapter in this book is chronological and creative, intertwining his artistic work with corresponding events in his personal life, including his latter years when he suddenly showed great interest in painting nudes leading him into a secret liaison with the model Helga.

Equilibrium Shapes of Pb Inclusions at 90° Tilt Grain Boundaries in Al

Ion implantation of lead in aluminum leads to spontaneous phase separation and formation of dense distributions of nanosized lead inclusions[1]. The inclusions have fee structure, and despite the large lattice mismatch (aA1 = 0.4048 nm and aPb = 0.495 nm) they grow in parallel-cube topotaxy with the matrix. Their shape is cuboctahedral with larger {111} facets and smaller {100} facets which is the minimum- energy shape for an fee crystal in equilibrium with its vapor, as calculated by considering only nearest neighbor bonds. Implantation of polycrystalline aluminum films is accompanied by preferential nucle- ation and enhanced growth of inclusions in the grain boundaries. In adapting their equilibrium shape, grain boundary inclusions will be subject to a larger number of constraints than inclusions in the bulk matrix. This may result in a variety of morphologies characteristic for different types of grain boundaries.In the present study we have used a well-defined bicrystal geometry to study the morphology and structure of lead grain boundary inclusions in mazed bicrystal aluminum films containing mainly 90°&lt;110&gt; tilt boundaries with fixed misorientation but variable inclination[2]. It was found that the shape, size and orientation of the inclusions in the grain boundaries depend on the inclination, i.e. the orientation of the grain boundary plane. Inclusions were all single crystalline and invariably faceted toward one aluminum grain and more rounded toward the other grain (fig.l). Independent of grain boundary inclination, the faceted side was a section of the cuboctahedral equilibrium shape of inclusions in parallel topotaxy with the bulk aluminum matrix. The rounded side, where the inclusions were rotated by 90° with respect to the aluminum lattice, approximated a spherical cap consisting partly of somewhat flatter segments with complex faceting, illustrating the lack of distinctly flat low-energy facets.