Complex Electric Power Research Articles

EXPORT POTENTIAL EVALUATION OF THE ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Introduction. The article is devoted to the export potential analysis of the electric power industry in the Russian Federation during the convergence period of the electric power complex into the Common Electricity Market of the Eurasian Economic Union.Materials and methods. The authors review the main indicators of the electricity sectors of the Eurasian Economic Union State Members. As a result of the analysis, it is revealed that the Russian electric power industry is the most large-scale and diversified industry in comparison with other Union state members. It is substantiated that the electric power complex of the Russian Federation could be fully provided with Russian fuel and energy resources, which give additional stability and competitiveness. Results. The evaluation of the electric power industry export potential of the Russian Federation couldn’t be made without determining the electric energy competitiveness, in which, according to the authors, it is advisable to include indicators of specific reference fuel consumption, loss in grids and cost of electric energy, both on the territory of the Eurasian Economic Union State Members and in the overseas market. As a result of the competitiveness analysis, it was revealed that Russian electrical energy may have certain competitive advantages in the common market and in foreign electricity markets.Discussion and conclusions. The main conclusions about the research results are made by the authors.

Повышение информационной безопасности автоматизированных систем диспетчерского управления в электроэнергетических системах

The main trends in the development of automated dispatch control systems (also known as SCADA — supervisory control and data acquisition systems) in the electric power industry are considered, and the shift to the concept of remotely controlled unattended substations is analyzed. It is shown that the introduction of smart computerized control systems in the electric power industry results in that the matters concerned with ensuring cybersecurity of power facilities are coming at the forefront. Possible information-related impacts and cyber- attacks on electric power system facilities can upset the operation of not only automated systems and secondary intelligent equipment, but also the main power equipment of power plants and substations. Unauthorized control of digital substation equipment, failures and malfunctions of primary and secondary substation equipment caused by cyber attacks are the main challenges and threats arising from the fitting of the electric power industry with information technologies. These new challenges determine the relevance of assessing the risks of upsetting the operation of automated dispatch control systems in the electric power industry. It is proposed to assess the risks of upsetting the automated dispatch control system operation in addition to evaluating the reliability of electric power systems and their components. The relevance of developing the above-mentioned risk assessment methodology is shown, and one of possible versions of its practical implementation is proposed. The proposed version implies application of the real-time power system simulation method with connecting the secondary equipment (relay protection and automatic control terminals, controllers and intelligent devices) into the simulation loop. The rest part of the system (primary substation equipment) can be represented by a numerical model implemented on an RTDS simulator (this approach is called hardware-in-the-loop simulation). Simulation of an electric power system area with the relay protection, automatic, and process control system devices connected in the simulation loop will make it possible to estimate the consequences for various scenarios of disturbing the operation of a complex electric power system, also as a result of possible unauthorized information attacks. The developed methodology for assessing the risks of disturbing the operation of an automated dispatch control system makes it possible to obtain the integral risk values for the considered plant or system. The analysis results can be used for taking management decisions, and a correct and timely choice of measures for managing the identified makes it possible to ensure the reliability and safety of both individual electric power industry facilities and the electric power system as a whole.

СИСТЕМА КОНТРОЛІНГУ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ ЕНЕРГЕТИЧНОГО КОМПЛЕКСУ

The questions of the relevance of the use of control by enterprises in modern economic conditions are studied.  Numerous approaches to determining the essence of controlling are analyzed.  The author's interpretation of the concept of «controlling» is given.  The question of the relation between the concept of «controlling» and «managerial accounting» is being studied.  The main controlling functions are listed.  The emphasis is on the content of the control system.  The content of the concept «control system» is revealed.  The list of the main elements of the control system is given.  Three stages of formation of the control system at the enterprise are presented.  The strategic importance and specific features of the energy complex enterprises are analyzed.  It is emphasized that reliable functioning of energy companies is a factor of competitiveness and energy security of each state.  The list of normative acts regulating the activity of enterprises of the energy complex of Ukraine is given.  The issue of interconnection and interdependence of enterprises of the electric power complex is revealed.  Attention is concentrated on the consideration of the consistent operation of electric power enterprises under the scheme «production, transportation, transmission and distribution of electricity».  Emphasizes the importance of reliable and sustainable operation of the entire complex of energy enterprises.  After all, the crisis of one enterprise can potentially cause the activities of related enterprises and extend to the scale of the whole complex.  The current state of enterprises in the energy sector is characterized by a significant increase in the magnitude of emergency and crisis situations and the volume of losses of energy resources during their transfer.  The article emphasizes the necessity, importance and urgency of the introduction of a control system at energy enterprises.  The authors emphasize that the introduction of a controlling system is a mechanism that can detect, prevent and minimize crisis phenomena, help to eliminate the consequences of their manifestation and restore the stable functioning of energy sector enterprises.  The focus is on aspects of the control system for energy companies.  The authors proposed tools and levers of control system depending on the function of the power company.  Controlling tools are developed for the generating company, for the transmission company and for distributive and marketing companies.  The authors of the article emphasize that the widespread use of control system tools for the enterprises of the electric power industry is an important strategic direction for increasing the efficiency of the entire energy market of the country.

Simulation of Complex Electric Power Systems

Iron birds of power facilities allow solving various functional tasks. The interaction with the hardware of these simulation benches relies on the computer model of an electric power system (EPS). This article considers the main aspects of computer-aided simulation of complex electric power systems. The dynamic mode calculation is presented as a sequential calculation of static modes at each sampling interval. The developed mathematical model of the system consists of mathematical models of its elements and a model of their interaction. The models of the elements are differential equation systems in the (d, q) frame of reference. The algorithms for calculating dynamic and static modes actively use the T-list and allow performing these computations in an optimal manner. The developed software has an expandable and flexible graphical shell. Java programming allows doing without integrative modules for full-scale and half-sized models and ensures high performance and the fulfillment of the cross-platformity requirement. The module for mathematically simulating electric power systems can be used not only as part of subsystems for testing gas turbine power plants, but also for other functional tasks of half-sized sectional simulation of electric power systems.

Assessment of the effects of climate change on the safety and reliability of the functioning of the electric power complex in Moscow

The article is dedicated to the study of the problem of the influence of climate change on the reliability and safety of the power complex of the Moscow metropolis. The analysis of climatic change in the Moscow region shows the number of dangerous climatic events that have intensified over the past ten years, leading to economic damage. In the paper, the observed manifestations of climate change have been analyzed, isolated and ranked according to the effect on the reliability of the power supply system. The vulnerability of the electric power industry to unfavorable climatic events is considered. The analysis is presented of accident rate, economic damage in some basic elements of the power system.The power supply system of the Moscow energy center is characterized by high reliability and saturation with devices for converting, distributing and transmitting electrical energy. Based on the official statistics of local power outages in the Moscow metropolis, analysis is performed of the intensity of failures of overhead power transmission lines. Correlation analysis of their interrelation with the intensity of occurrence of dangerous climatic events is performed. It is shown that the most intensive effects are not only produced by individual climatic events, but also by some of their combinations: "strong wind" and "ice"; "high humidity" and "a high number of temperature transitions through 0 °C", etc. Based on the dependencies obtained, regularities have been revealed that allow predicting the key parameters of damage from the most frequent unfavorable climatic events, which have become more frequent with climate change. Through the application of regression methods of analysis, the functions of the dependence of the occurrence of wire breaks in high-voltage distribution networks with a voltage up to 110 kV and wire breaks in backbone networks with a voltage over 110 kV on climatic factors are substantiated.An estimation of the total economic damage to the power grid complex in Moscow from the most influential climatic events has been performed. Some low-cost oportunities for adaptation of existing power transmission networks to the change in the Moscow metropolis are considered.

FORMATION OF THE SUSTAINABILITY MODEL OF THE ELECTRIC POWER COMPLEX

Introduction. The article is devoted to the issue of ensuring the stability of the electric power complex in modern Russia.Materials and methods. The conducted research devoted to the capacities condition of the electro power complex shows that the equipment and the basic means on power objects have undergone to moral and physical deterioration. In addition to the state of the main production capacities, the stability of electric power enterprises is influenced by other internal and external factors, among which are organizational and managerial, environmental, production structure and other determinants as well as climatic, geographical, socio-economic conditions, etc. Therefore, the modern electric power complex in the nearest future would not be able to ensure the reliability of electricity supply, which requires the formation of the model to ensure the electricity complex stability.Results. The sustainability could be formed by two components, such as sustainable functioning and sustainable development, which include three fundamental factors: the exports share, the provision of financial resources and the fixed assets state.Discussion and conclusion. The authors concluded that the electric power complex sustainability should be carried out both by increasing the amount of generated electricity, that would be supplied to the world energy markets, and by reducing production costs by updating fixed assets and using innovative technologies.

On the Issue of Building a Power Supply Complex-Electric Power Consumption of Aircraft

The article deals with the features of construction of combined airborne power supply of aircraft with the use of renewable energy sources. It has been established that the introduction of renewable energy sources into airborne electrical supply systems of aircraft takes place, however, the issue of their introduction into the structure of the primary and emergency power supply of airborne aircraft complexes remains promising and topical.Thus, due to the complex specific operating conditions, it is necessary to monitor the state of aircraft battery-operated batteries, the authors propose to implement monitoring of the status online of on-board batteries in the block, which will also perform the functions of the charger.From the onboard generators, all the electronics are powered on board aircraft, so if the generators stop working, then all the onboard equipment of the electric system of the aircraft will be blown away. In this case, in some types of aircraft, manufacturers install retractable wind power plants. In the meantime, solar cells are another of the most persistent alternative sources of electric energy in aircraft.Thus, according to the recommended variant of the system of power supply of aircraft, the unit of storage batteries has a capacity sufficient to supply in an emergency during the flight not only responsible consumers (control and navigation), but also the power supply of electromechanical complexes of the power system of electric motors.Proceeding from the fact that the modern concept of the development of aircraft put forward the requirements related to the miniaturization of onboard systems of energy and electronics, as well as requirements for the use of advanced technologies for the manufacture of aircraft design, the implementation is also relevant, if possible, (depending on the design aircraft) as an additional source of the main on-board power supply system for solar panels at level with retractable wind power plants.The article presents the version recommended by the authors of the system of airborne electrical supply of the aircraft using renewable energy sources. The authors propose the introduction of additional power sources into the structure of the main power supply system on the basis of renewable energy sources and additional, electric motors, installed in parallel with aircraft engines, with the purpose of safety-free landing of the aircraft, in the event of failure of aircraft engines and extension of its flight time.Ref. 13, fig. 3.

Electrical energy demand management in Russia

One of the modern and effective tools for energy efficiency improvement at the level of national economies is management of the demand for electrical energy consumption. The mechanism of management of the demand for electrical energy consumption has a significant potential for energy efficiency improvement for the Russian economy, but due to structural features of the Unified Energy System of Russia, the Electrical Energy Demand Management Program is at the stage of concept development. A model of management of the demand for electrical energy consumption for Unified Energy System of Russia has been developed taking into account structural features of the electric power system. Peculiarities of the economic structure of Russia, which influence the formation of the structure of the country’s electric power complex, have been revealed. They were taken into account when developing requirements for the electrical energy demand management system in the Unified Energy System of Russia. The basic features are the multilevel form and hierarchy of the structure; they have been investigated in the process of developing the demand management model. The classification of electric power industry entities, related to processes of electric energy circulation and the influence on the management of the demand for electrical energy consumption, has been developed with economic interests of each entity within the framework of the demand management model. The electrical energy demand management model, which is based on the hierarchical structure of demand management, has been developed and covers the whole complex of management functions and takes into account features of demand management at each management level. The model allows to significantly improve the efficiency of management of the demand for electrical energy consumption, to ensure the quality of management.

Radioecological State of the Agrosphere in the 30-km Zone of the Siberian Chemical Combine During the Pre-Startup Period of a Prototype Power Complex

The results of radioecological monitoring of agricultural activities within the 30-km impact zone of the Siberian Chemical Combine are examined. The surface activity of 137Cs in soil and the specific activity of 137Cs in plants with similar indicators characteristic for NPP sites are analyzed and compared. The obtained data make it possible to evaluate the impact of a prototype electric power complex (PEPC) on the soil-and-vegetation cover and the products of agricultural activity, since the data make it possible to differentiate information on two basic parts – that associated with the activity of the Combine, on the one hand, and the other with the possible contribution of PEPC, on the other.

Автоматизированные системы диспетчерского управления в электросетевом комплексе

Автоматизированные системы диспетчерского управления в электросетевом комплексе

Analysis of Small Oscillations in Complex Electric Power Systems

In this article the mathematical model of complex regulated electric system in matrix form is developed. This mathematical model makes it possible to study the steady-state stability of a complex electrical system by determining the eigenvalues of the dynamics matrix. The model of an electrical system that reflects transient processes for small deviations is convenient, both algorithmically and computationally, in particular, in cases of their joint solution with steady-state equations—the equations of nodal voltages. The obtained results in the form of the eigenvalues of the matrix spectrum are qualitatively the same as the results of classical studies, which is a consequence of the adequacy of the proposed model and the correct reflection of the dynamic processes occurring in a real electrical system. In addition, the equations obtained are of independent importance for the analysis of various modes, including transient, electrical systems of any complexity.

Особенности применения матриц преобразования и уравнений связи при анализе несимметричных повреждений

Kron’s tensor-topological method being advanced by many Russian and foreign researchers opens wide opportunities for solving applied problems in complex electric power systems by means of tensor analysis and diakoptics. Its application to the analysis and calculation of asymmetric and complex types of faults occurring in power supply systems has its own peculiarities which are due to the need for transformations of variables (coordinate systems). In addition to the problems of defining transformation matrices and constraint equations, there are problems of combining individual parts of the system represented in different coordinates. Difficulties arise from the need to transform these matrices when constructing equivalent circuits. The paper discusses simplest examples to show some features of how coordinate transformation matrices, coupling matrices and constraint equations can be jointly applied, as well as how they can be differentiated when modeling and analyzing non-symmetric faults in power supply systems.

Прогнозирование состояния производственного травматизма в электроэнергетическом комплексе Российской Федерации на основе анализа динамических свойств математической модели производственного коллектива

The article considers a method of mathematical modeling of the production team (operational teams) based on the theory of information chains aimed at studying and evaluating the indicators of occupational injuries and work-related morbidity in the electric power complex of the Russian Federation. The article presents a developed hypothesis on the low frequency nature of external factors impacting the work team. It is suggested to consider injury provoking factors, factors resulting in work-related morbidity information, and educational flows as the input variables, with industrial injuries and work-related morbidity regarded as output values.

Magnetic Actuation of Drops and Liquid Marbles Using a Deformable Paramagnetic Liquid Substrate.

The magnetic actuation of deposited drops has mainly relied on volume forces exerted on the liquid to be transported, which is poorly efficient with conventional diamagnetic liquids such as water and oil, unless magnetosensitive particles are added. Herein, we describe a new and additive‐free way to magnetically control the motion of discrete liquid entities. Our strategy consists of using a paramagnetic liquid as a deformable substrate to direct, using a magnet, the motion of various floating liquid entities, ranging from naked drops to liquid marbles. A broad variety of liquids, including diamagnetic (water, oil) and nonmagnetic ones, can be efficiently transported using the moderate magnetic field (ca. 50 mT) produced by a small permanent magnet. Complex trajectories can be achieved in a reliable manner and multiplexing potential is demonstrated through on‐demand drop fusion. Our paramagnetofluidic method advantageously works without any complex equipment or electric power, in phase with the necessary development of robust and low‐cost analytical and diagnostic fluidic devices.

Magnetic Actuation of Drops and Liquid Marbles Using a Deformable Paramagnetic Liquid Substrate

AbstractThe magnetic actuation of deposited drops has mainly relied on volume forces exerted on the liquid to be transported, which is poorly efficient with conventional diamagnetic liquids such as water and oil, unless magnetosensitive particles are added. Herein, we describe a new and additive‐free way to magnetically control the motion of discrete liquid entities. Our strategy consists of using a paramagnetic liquid as a deformable substrate to direct, using a magnet, the motion of various floating liquid entities, ranging from naked drops to liquid marbles. A broad variety of liquids, including diamagnetic (water, oil) and nonmagnetic ones, can be efficiently transported using the moderate magnetic field (ca. 50 mT) produced by a small permanent magnet. Complex trajectories can be achieved in a reliable manner and multiplexing potential is demonstrated through on‐demand drop fusion. Our paramagnetofluidic method advantageously works without any complex equipment or electric power, in phase with the necessary development of robust and low‐cost analytical and diagnostic fluidic devices.

Distributed Software Emulator for Cyber-Physical Analysis in Smart Grid

A smart grid is a highly complex cyber-physical electrical power system that uses two-way digital communication and intelligent embedded devices to achieve sensing, control, computation, and communication within power network. To validate the functionality, security, and reliability of such a system requires the modeling and emulation of both communication network and power network, as well as the interactions between them. In this paper, we present smart-grid common open research emulator (SCORE), a distributed software emulator for cyber-physical analysis in smart grid. SCORE integrates the emulations of both power network and communication network, and it is highlighted by the following features. First, SCORE is the first software emulation platform for smart grid, which means that the same application program running in SCORE can be directly ported to embedded devices with little or no migration issues. Second, for one smart grid instance, SCORE supports distributed emulation when the instance is in very large scale. Third, for multiple smart grid emulation instances running on different networked computers, SCORE allows them to dynamically connect or disconnect with each other in run time, such that each instance can capture its own interior system dynamics even without a prior knowledge of the entire smart grid topology.

SAMPLING OF THE PLAN OF REPAIRS OF THE MAIN EQUIPMENT IN THE ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM

The main aspects of creation of the formal-and-functional mathematical models supporting a system for prompt resolution of repair requires in a complex electric power system are considered in the article. In accordance with the standards of repairs, inspections, replacement of elements of the main equipment or devices of a system of automation, inclusion of spare capacity, various switches, as well as with the frequency of outages adopted in practice, the decisionmaking process is formalized and automated as the problem of scheduling optimal daily schedules of blackouts, functioning as a part of automated system of dispatching management of electric power system. The main problems that hinder mathematical modeling of decision-making concerning operational applications for the repair of the main power equipment of power system are: the need for a coherent account of a large number of limiting factors and indicators of effectiveness of the solutions; the need of information and algorithmic trade-offs with the objectives of adjacent levels of spatial, temporal and functional hierarchy; the lack of developments in the standardization of information structures that adequately reflect the process of finding solutions; the computational complexity of several restrictions of the optimization problem subject to mandatory registration.

Modeling and Simulation of Microgrid

Complex computer systems and electric power grids share many properties of how they behave and how they are structured. A microgrid is a smaller electric grid that contains several homes, energy storage units, and distributed generators. The main idea behind microgrids is the ability to work even if the main grid is not supplying power. That is, the energy storage unit and distributed generation will supply power in that case, and if there is excess in power production from renewable energy sources, it will go to the energy storage unit. Therefore, the electric grid becomes decentralized in terms of control and production. To deal with this change, one needs to interpret the electrical grid as a system of systems (SoS) and build new models that capture the dynamic behavior of the microgrid. In this paper, different models of electric components in a microgrid are presented. These models use complex system modeling techniques such as agent-based methods and system dynamics, or a combination of different methods to represent various electric elements. Examples show the simulation of the solar microgrid is presented to show the emergent properties of the interconnected system. Results and waveforms are discussed.

Работа комбинированного устройства управления перетоком активной мощности на изолированную нагрузку

At present, the Unified National Energy System of Russia and power systems around the world are witnessing a growth of transit flows both inside power systems and between individual elements; however, the transmission capacity of existing ties lags behind this growth. A combined active power flow control device based on an asynchronized electromechanical frequency converter (AEMFC) can be used as a measure for eliminating overloads. This converter, which is constructed on the basis of an asynchronized synchronous machine, can be used to decrease the power flow through the overloaded power grid element and increase the power flows through weakly loaded power lines. However, the question of how an AEMFC influences the course of transients and power system behavior in emergency modes of its operation is still poorly understood. This research work is aimed at studying that influence and estimating the possibility of improving the quality of transients in a complex inhomogeneous power grid through control by means of an AEMFC. The analysis was performed using the basic principles of the theory of electromechanical transients, mathematical modeling techniques, methods for solving systems of linear and nonlinear equations, and the theory of differential equations. Calculations of electromechanical transients have been carried out taking into account the use of an AEMFC-based power flow control device. The AEMFC control algorithm was proposed, and the effect the AEMFC device with the proposed control algorithm has on the transient stability of machines and load in a complex inhomogeneous electric power system during its operation in an isolated area has been estimated. It has been shown that the combined power flow control device with the proposed control algorithm makes it possible to maintain power supply of loads in the power grid's normal and repair operation modes, also in case of supplying power directly from the combined device.

Reliability and cost optimisation of complex electric power networks using ant colony algorithm

The article presents a new approach towards reducing an overall cost of electric power network with maintaining its reliability. Goals are achieved by implementing an ant colony algorithm with a cut-set method as a method for reliability evaluation. The algorithm solves the problem of multi-objective optimisation, where both the network cost and network reliability index, known as unavailability, should be minimalised. The network cost is considered as a linear function of overall length of network’s connections. For reliability evaluation in the cut-set method, real empiric data of hazard rate for overhead power lines are used. Parallel-series network structure, equivalent by means of reliability to analysed network, is generated through the cut-set method to compute unavailability of trial solutions. Sections of the structure are generated on the basis of minimum cut set, found by the algorithm for finding one- and two- minimum cuts. As used algorithm for finding minimum cuts has linear complexity, the evaluation of trial solutions is computationally effective. An example, presented in this article, provides figure of optimal network configurations found by the algorithm.