Complex DP Research Articles

The gifted mathematician that you claim to be: Equational intensional ‘reconstruction’ relatives

This paper investigates relative constructions as in The gifted mathematician that you claim to be should be able to solve this equation, in which the head noun (gifted mathematician) is semantically dependent on an intensional operator in the relative clause (claim), even though it is not c-commanded by it. This is the kind of situation that has led, within models of linguistic description that assume a syntactic level of Logical Form, to analyses in which the head noun is interpreted within the CP-internal gap by reconstruction or interpretation of a lower element of a chain. We offer a solution that views surface representation as the input to semantics. The apparent inverted scope effects are traced back to the interpretation of the head nominal gifted mathematician as applying to individual concepts, and of the relative clause that you claim to be as including an equational statement. According to this view, the complex DP in question refers to the individual concept that exists just in the worlds that are compatible with what is generally supposed to be the case, is a gifted mathematician in those worlds, and is identical to you in those worlds. Our solution is related to the nonreconstructionist analysis of binding of pronouns that do not stand in a c-command relationship to their binder, as in The woman that every man hugged was his mother in Jacobson (in: Harvey, Santelmann (eds.) Proceedings of Semantics and Linguistic Theory IV:161–178, 1994) and Sharvit (in: Galloway, Spence (eds.) Proceedings of Semantics and Linguistic Theory VI:227–244, 1996), and allows us to capture both similarities with and differences from the latter type of construction. We point out and offer explanations for a number of properties of such relative clauses—in particular their need for an internal intensional operator, their incompatibility with any determiner other than the definite article, and the fact that some of their properties are shared by demonstrably distinct kinds of relative clauses.

Binding by Phase: (Non-)Complementarity in German

This paper explores areas of reflexive and pronominal noncomplementarity in German Accusativus cum Infinitivo (AcI)-constructions and other configurations that involve embedding of a subclausal (smaller than IP) constituent. The main empirical finding is that there are several non-complementarity-inducing contexts that have not been noticed before. In examples with embedded AcIs or complex DPs, a reflexive may be bound across an intervening subject, and a pronominal may be free even if its antecedent is only a vP-, DP-, or PPboundary away. The proposed account of these facts is based on the claim that vP, DP, and PP are all potentially phase-defining categories (Chomsky 2000). The expected “regular” cases of complementarity are accounted for by postulating as the relevant binding domain for both reflexive and pronominal the minimal phase containing the anaphoric element. Newly discovered cases of non-complementarity that exist at least for some speakers stem from the ability of reflexives, but not pronominals, to covertly raise to the edge of their phase (Safir 2004). Finally, well known cases of non-complementarity in AcIs where the anaphoric element is embedded in a PP can be explained if θ-independent (that is, internally saturated) PPs are adjoined high, to the AcI (vP)-phase-edge. This then achieves a unified account of both the well established binding facts documented in the literature and the surprising long-distance binding of reflexives reported as acceptable for some speakers.My thanks to Judith Aissen, Jorge Hankamer, and especially Jim McCloskey, who have helped me with and greatly contributed to the various drafts of this paper. Thanks also to my JGL reviewers for their helpful feedback. (Any remaining errors are my own.) Finally, I am indebted to all my native speaker consultants.

Persian Complex DPs: How Mysterious Are They?

AbstractPersian complex DPs exhibit structural peculiarities with respect to the placement of the object marker for specific DPs and the position of embedded CPs. This article discusses these peculiarities as well as the internal structure of Persian complex DPs and the distribution of clitic pronouns in this language. It is argued that a base generation approach accounts more adequately for Persian and other languages that exhibit the following properties: lack of a wh-relative pronoun, presence of an invariant relative complementizer, and alternation between a gap and a pronoun representing the relativized head. Regarding the postverbal position of the embedded CP, it is argued that extraposition and VP-remnant face theoretical and empirical problems, while V-raising and XP movement, as instances of scrambling triggered by focus in this language, provide an adequate explanation for Persian data.

Directed polymers in Hartree-Fock approximation

A replica trick is used to map the problem of directed polymers into a quantum mechanics problem ofn-body bound states. This bound-state problem is then treated using a self-consistent method of Hartree-Fock. Ford=2, the exact result of the DP exponents is reproduced; and for complex DP, the ground-state energyEn∼ n2 is found, confirming previous numerical results.

Expression of MHC Class II antigens (HLA DR, DP and DQ) by keratinocytes in oral lichen planus

The incidence and distribution of keratinocytes expressing the major histocompatability complex antigens HLA DR, DP and DQ and their relationship to the density of the inflammatory infiltrate was determined in lesions of oral lichen planus and normal mucosa using an immunoalkaline phosphatase technique. Seven of eight biopsies of lichen planus showed evidence of keratinocyte HLA DR expression but the pattern was variable both within and between biopsies. A significant increase in density of lymphocytes was found beneath those areas showing HLA DR expression throughout the prickle cell layer compared with those areas showing patchy or no expression. No evidence for keratinocyte expression of HLA DP or DQ was found. These results suggest that expression of HLA DR by keratinocytes in lichen planus may be induced by the lymphocytic infiltrate perhaps as a result of interferon gamma production. The functional significance of such MHC Class II expression remains unknown.

Anatomic, clinical, surgical, and radiographic correlation of the zygomatic complex fracture

Understanding the mechanisms by which clinical signs and symptoms are produced is a prerequisite to the correct appreciation of radiographic features. Radiographs of facial trauma are no different in this respect. This paper describes the specific clinical findings associated with each displaced bony fragment of the zygomatic complex fracture. Limitation of jaw movement and flattening of the cheek are produced by depressed fractures of the temporal process or zygomatic arch; unilateral epistaxis is a result of fractures of the zygomatic process of the maxilla or the floor of the orbit; paresthesia or anesthesia of the cheek results from fractures of the infraorbital process or orbital floor; unequal pupil heights is associated with fracture of the frontal process; and decreased extraocular muscle function with diplopia is caused by fractures of the orbital process, frontal process, or orbital floor. The clinical and radiographic findings are correlated with surgical management.