Complex Composition Research Articles

Nōṭṭusvara: A Pedagogical Tool

Nōṭṭusvara are a novel compositional form in Carnatic classical music that emerged in the colonial period in south India, where vernacular lyrics were set to the popular Celtic/Baroque melodies. Muttuswāmi Dīkṣitar is attributed for the creation of the genre of Nōṭṭusvara. The present study questions the very intent of the conception of these specific compositions by Dīkṣitar, and explores beyond the conventional idea of him composing these pieces due to his exposure to the band music in Madras. Citing personal interviews, indepth archival findings and referencing existing literature, the author provides corroborative evidence to suggest that the objective behind the creation of Nōṭṭusvara perhaps was to aid his brother Bāluswāmi Dīkṣitar, the basics of playing the violin. Once the basics were learnt, the brother could replicate complex Carnatic compositions on the violin. This article explores the possibility that Nōṭṭusvara compositions were a pedagogical tool used for the facilitation of the violin in the Carnatic music milieu.

Protein structure and interactions elucidated with in-cell NMR for different cell cycle phases and in 3D human tissue models

Most of our knowledge of protein structure and function originates from experiments performed with purified proteins resuspended in dilute, buffered solutions. However, most proteins function in crowded intracellular environments with complex compositions. Significant efforts have been made to develop tools to study proteins in their native cellular settings. Among these tools, in-cell NMR spectroscopy has been the sole technique for characterizing proteins in the intracellular space of living cells at atomic resolution and physiological temperature. Nevertheless, due to technological constraints, in-cell NMR studies have been limited to asynchronous single-cell suspensions, precluding obtaining information on protein behavior in different cellular states. In this study, we present a methodology that allows for obtaining an atomically resolved NMR readout of protein structure and interactions in living human cells synchronized in specific cell cycle phases and within 3D models of human tissue. The described approach opens avenues for investigating how protein structure or drug recognition responds to cell-cell communication or changes in intracellular space composition during transitions among cell cycle phases.

Increasing the concentration of plasma molecules improves the biological activity of platelet-rich plasma for tissue regeneration

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has emerged as a promising therapy in a variety of medical fields. However, it is crucial to go beyond simple platelet concentration and examine the complex molecular composition both inside and outside platelets. The present work studies the effectiveness of a novel type of PRP named ‘balanced protein-concentrate plasma’ (BPCP). Different growth factor (GF) levels were measured using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), and in addition to the increase in intra-platelet GFs found in standard PRP (sPRP), BPCP also showed a higher concentration of plasmatic protein. Furthermore, extracellular vesicle (EV) concentration was significantly higher in BPCP. Cell proliferation was higher in cells incubated with lysates derived from BPCP compared to those cultured with sPRP. Regarding cell migration capacity, it was found that the process is platelet-dependent. Finally, the anti-inflammatory effect of BPCP was evaluated by inducing an inflammatory environment in M1-type macrophages. Cytokine levels were measured by ELISA following BPCP administration, showing a significant decrease in pro-inflammatory IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α. In summary, although further preclinical and clinical studies are needed in order to determine the therapeutic potential of BPCP, this PRP with unique characteristics demonstrates encouraging in vitro results that could potentially enhance tissue regeneration capacity.

Chemical Composition of Essential Oils and Their Potential Applications in Postharvest Storage of Cereal Grains

Insect infestation and microbial, particularly mold contamination, are the major causes of stored grain deterioration during postharvest storage, which results in a significant loss in grain quality and quantity, and the formation of toxic chemicals such as mycotoxins. Pesticides, together with physical protection strategies, have been widely used to control insects and molds in stored grains, but their uses present significant environmental and health problems. This has led to the exploration of safer pesticide alternatives. Essential oils (EOs) are highly concentrated materials extracted from leaves, stems, flowers, seeds, roots, fruit rinds, resins, or barks. They are multifunctional due to their complex chemical composition. Thus, EOs are frequently used for their therapeutic, antimicrobial, odoriferous, and flavor properties in a wide range of products like medicine, cosmetics, and foods. This review provides comprehensive information on the chemical compositions of EOs commonly used in the food industry, factors influencing EO composition, and recent studies on the potential of EOs as alternatives to synthetic pesticides and fungicides for stored grain protection. The relationship between chemical compositions of EOs and their anti-insects and antimicrobial potentials, as well as current approaches/technologies of using EOs for food preservation, are also covered. However, this review also highlights the need for research on the development of feasible and affordable methodologies to apply effective EOs or encapsulated EOs in grain storage settings, particularly for organic grain protection.

The Effect of the Premixed Stagnation Flame Method for the Synthesis of YMnO3 based on Precursor Species on the Gas-Sensitive Performance of H2S

Abstract Premixed stagnation flame method was used to synthesize Yttrium manganate (YMnO3) nanoparticles to investigate the precursor species' effect on the resulting products' physical phase formation. In addition, the sensitivity of sensors constructed with the most efficient combination of precursors for detecting hydrogen sulfide (H2S) was evaluated. Based on thermal breakdown and infrared spectra analysis, Y(NO3)3·6H2O and (CH3COO)2Mn·4H2O have been shown to be the best precursors. The resulting YMnO3 phase exhibited the highest purity, with numerous small tetrahedral particles averaging 20 nm in size attached to the surface of larger spherical particles. The assembled particles displayed a uniform size distribution ranging from 400 to 600 nm. The YMnO3 sensors showed the most favorable response to 30 ppm H2S gas at 220℃, achieving a response value of 2.94. It demonstrates excellent selectivity, repeatability, and long-term stability. The premixed stagnation flame method can be used to fabricate nanoparticles with complex composition or structure at low cost, such as hollow structure, core-shell structure or multivariate metal oxide. The porous structure of the synthesized spherical YMnO3 nanoparticles has the advantages of small particle size and large specific surface area, showing excellent gas sensitive properties.

Tumor microenvironment: obstacles and opportunities for T-cell based tumor immunotherapies.

The complex composition and dynamic change of the tumor microenvironment (TME), mainly consisting of tumor cells, immune cells, stromal cells and extracellular components, significantly impedes the effector function of cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) and thus represents a major obstacle for tumor immunotherapies. In this review, we summarize and discuss the impacts and underlying mechanisms of major elements in the TME (different cell types, extracellular matrix, nutrients and metabolites, etc.) on the infiltration, survival and effector functions of T cells, mainly CD8+ CTLs. Moreover, we also highlight recent advances that may potentiate endogenous anti-tumor immunity and improve the efficacy of T-cell based immunotherapies in cancer patients by manipulating components inside/outside of the TME. A deeper understanding of the effects and action mechanisms of TME components on the tumor-eradicating ability of CTLs may pave the way for discovering new targets to augment endogenous anti-tumor immunity and for designing combinational therapeutic regimens to enhance the efficacy of tumor immunotherapies in clinic.

Determination of alkali metal elements in solid biomass fuel by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy: Analysis and reduction of chemical matrix effects.

Rapid and accurate detection of the biomass potassium (K) content in biomass is crucial for mitigating ash deposition and fouling issues in biomass fuel combustion processes. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) offers a promising approach for rapid analysis of biomass elemental. However, the accuracy of LIBS detection is susceptible to chemical matrix effects. Particularly in the case of biomass, characterized by its complex composition, the absence of pertinent studies on effect mechanisms impedes the enhancement of analytical accuracy. In this study, we investigated and compared two types of matrix effects related to chemical properties in biomass samples (analyte forms and matrix composition). Firstly, the inconsistency of K spectral response among different chemical properties samples and the performance of univariate models were analyzed. The results indicate that, compared to the chemical forms, differences in composition are the dominant factor of chemical matrix effects. Moreover, the compositional content of biomass samples is analyzed to correlate the matrix effect in LIBS measurements to a chemical property of the specimen. It is indicated that differences in volatile and ash content may lead to variations in the plasma excitation process, resulting in distinct spectra. Finally, a knowledge-based regression approach was employed to attenuate chemical matrix effects, the main influencing factors identified were analyzed as a priori knowledge for variable selection and inputting them into a partial least squares model. And 13 real solid biomass fuels were measured, resulting in root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP), R2, and average standard deviation (ASD) of 0.99, 0.050%, and 0.001%, respectively. This study investigated the influence of matrix effects related to biomass chemical properties on LIBS measurements, achieving rapid measurement of K. It promotes the application of LIBS in solid fuels and provides a methodological reference for LIBS analysis of complex matrix materials.

Metagenomic insights into the assembly, function, and key taxa of bacterial community in full-scale pesticide wastewater treatment processes.

Pesticide wastewater emerges as a typical refractory wastewater, characterized by complex composition and high toxicity, posing significant treatment challenges. Bacterial communities are responsible for biological treatment of refractory wastewater in full-scale pesticide wastewater treatment plants (PWWTPs), providing important implications for optimizing system performance and improving management strategies. However, the knowledge of their composition, diversity, function, assembly patterns, and biological interactions remains limited. Therefore, this study applied high-throughput sequencing, machine learning models, and statistical analysis to investigate key features of bacterial communities in eight PWWTPs. We found that Proteobacteria and Bacteroidota were the most abundant phyla, with Pseudomonas, Hyphomicrobium, Comamonas, and Thauera being dominant genera. Bacterial community distribution and diversity varied significantly among influents, sludges, and effluents, with sludges and effluents exhibiting higher diversity, richness, and evenness compared to influents. Deterministic processes primarily shaped the bacterial communities, accounting for 77.12%, 61.44%, and 64.05% of variation in influents, sludges, and effluents, respectively. Homogeneous selection explained 47.71%, 31.37%, and 31.37% of variation across these communities. Key modules (Module 1 in influents, Modules 3 and 4 in sludges, and Module 1 in effluents) were significantly associated with various metabolic and degradative functions (p < 0.05). Core taxa identified by Random Forest analysis were strongly linked to key metabolic and degradation functions, such as the metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, carbohydrates, and amino acids as well as the degradation of benzoate, aminobenzoate, nitrotoluene, chloroalkane, and chloroalkene. This study deepens our understanding of bacterial community dynamics and key features in pesticide wastewater treatment systems, offering scientific guidance for process optimization, efficiency improvement, and system stability assessment.

Assessment of Planktonic Community Diversity and Stability in Lakes and Reservoirs Based on eDNA Metabarcoding--A Case Study of Minghu National Wetland Park, China.

To evaluate the potential differences in plankton diversity and stability within freshwater lake and reservoir ecosystems, this study employed eDNA metabarcoding to analyze the diversity, assembly mechanisms, stability, and environmental drivers of plankton communities in natural water (Y region) and artificial lake water (M region) at Liupanshui Minghu National Wetland Park, Guizhou Province, China. The study revealed notable regional variations in plankton diversity and assembly mechanisms. Specifically, Shannon, Simpson, and Pielou's evenness indices were higher in the M region, suggesting a more complex species composition compared to the Y region. Analysis of community assembly mechanisms indicated that both regions were influenced by a combination of stochastic and deterministic processes, with stochastic processes serving as the dominant driver. Through LEfSe analysis, Random Forest predictions, and molecular ecological network evaluations, certain OTUs identified as "dual-characteristic" species were consistently highlighted. These species may play a critical role in shaping community composition and contributing to stability. Environmental drivers further clarified these differences. Redundancy analysis (RDA) demonstrated that TDS was the primary factor driving regional differences in key zooplankton species, while EC and DO were significant factors influencing the distribution of key phytoplankton species. Stability assessments, which combined molecular ecological network analysis and the coefficient of variation in species population density, revealed higher stability in the Y region. This indicates that the natural water system (Y region) has a greater resistance to disturbances compared to the artificial system in the M region. The findings provide fundamental support for assessing the health of aquatic ecosystems, as well as for the effective monitoring and biodiversity conservation of lake and reservoir ecosystems.

Characteristics and Treatment of Effluent from a Ceramic Fiber Products Manufacturing Factory

Abstract: Wastewater generated from Ceramic Fiber industry poses serious environmental pollution due to its high chemical load and complex composition. This study investigates the wastewater generated from the production of various ceramic fiber products, such as ceramic fiber paper, board, and vacuum formed shapes. As ceramic fiber products provide excellent thermal insulation and are helpful in energy savings, growth of this industry in future is obvious. Though ceramic fiber production uses water in a considerable amount, comprehensive wastewater treatment is a necessity to reduce environmental footprint of this industry. The primary objective of this study was to analyze and characterize wastewater parameters such as Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS). In this study, the chemical treatment utilizes poly aluminum chloride as a coagulant and poly electrolyte as a flocculant. Chemical treatment yields BOD and COD removal by 70.12% and 73.9% respectively. Further, the aerobic biological treatment provides a reduction of BOD by 77.1% and COD by 63.21%. An advanced oxidation process, ozonation trial was also employed for the evaluation of further reduction of pollutants to bring them within regulatory limits. The ozonation trail yields BOD and COD reduction by 75.2% and 55.8% respectively.

Reliability of AI Chatbots in Categorising Foods by Oxalate Content /Yapay Zeka Araçlarının Gıdaları Oksalat İçeriğine Göre Sınıflandırmadaki Güvenilirliği

Aim: AI chatbots have shown promise in food classification tasks, but their accuracy in categorising foods based on specific nutritional content, such as oxalates, has not been thoroughly evaluated in the Turkish language. This study assesses the performance of three AI chatbots—ChatGPT 4.0, Gemini, and Microsoft Copilot—in classifying foods according to their oxalate content. Materials and Methods: A dataset of 63 diverse food items, including commonly consumed Turkish foods, was used to evaluate the chatbots’ accuracy across five oxalate categories: little or none, low, moderate, high, and very high. The performance of each model was analysed, and commonly correct and incorrect classifications were identified. Results: ChatGPT 4.0 demonstrated the highest overall accuracy (69.8%), significantly outperforming Gemini (36.5%) and Microsoft Copilot (26.9%). Foods such as spinach and cocoa were consistently classified correctly, while foods like carrot and walnut were commonly misclassified. Statistical analysis using Cochran’s Q test revealed significant differences in accuracy among the chatbots (p-value &lt;0.05). Conclusion: This study highlights the potential of AI chatbots in dietary management, particularly in supporting clinicians who recommend low oxalate diets for patients with conditions such as hyperoxaluria or kidney disease stones. However, it emphasises the need for further refinement to improve accuracy, especially in classifying foods with regional variations or complex compositions commonly encountered in clinical settings.

Diabetes mellitus, vaginal microbiome and sexual function: Outcomes in postmenopausal women.

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease and a public health challenge worldwide, associated with numerous complications, including genitourinary infections and sexual dysfunction in women, particularly in menopause. The vaginal microbiome, which comprises beneficial and pathogenic bacteria, their genomes, and the surrounding environment, plays a crucial role in maintaining genitourinary health. Chronic hyperglycemia disrupts immune functions, exacerbates oxidative stress, and alters the vaginal microbiome, increasing the risk of genitourinary infections. Recent advances in microbial analysis, including 16S rRNA sequencing, have provided insights into the complex composition of the vaginal microbiome and its dysbiosis in diabetes mellitus. Some glucose-lowering drugs, such as sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, may increase the risk of genitourinary infections. Additionally, psychological distress, hormonal imbalances, and diabetes-related genitourinary symptoms contribute to sexual dysfunction in diabetic women. Healthcare for diabetic women requires a multidisciplinary approach, including not only glycemic control but also vaginal and sexual health assessment. A holistic approach is essential to advance personalized strategies, including medications and psychological support.

Complete Polar Lipid Profile of Kefir Beverage by Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography with HRMS and Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Kefir, a fermented milk product produced using kefir grains, is a symbiotic consortium of bacteria and yeasts responsible for driving the fermentation process. In this study, an in-depth analysis of kefir’s lipid profile was conducted, with a focus on its phospholipid (PL) content, employing liquid chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Nearly 300 distinct polar lipids were identified through hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) coupled with electrospray ionization (ESI) and Fourier-transform orbital-trap MS and linear ion-trap tandem MS/MS. The identified lipids included phosphatidylcholines (PCs), lyso-phosphatidylcholines (LPCs), phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs) and lyso-phosphatidylethanolamines (LPEs), phosphatidylserines (PSs), phosphatidylglycerols (PGs), and phosphatidylinositols (PIs). The presence of lysyl-phosphatidylglycerols (LyPGs) was identified as a key finding, marking a lipid class characteristic of Gram-positive bacterial membranes. This discovery highlights the role of viable bacteria in kefir and underscores its probiotic potential. The structural details of minor glycolipids (GLs) and glycosphingolipids (GSLs) were further elucidated, enriching the understanding of kefir’s lipid complexity. Fatty acyl (FA) composition was characterized using reversed-phase LC coupled with tandem MS. A mild epoxidation reaction with meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (m-CPBA) was performed to pinpoint double-bond positions in FAs. The dominant fatty acids were identified as C18:3, C18:2, C18:1, C18:0 (stearic acid), C16:0 (palmitic acid), and significant levels of C14:0 (myristic acid). Additionally, two isomers of FA 18:1 were distinguished: ∆9-cis (oleic acid) and ∆11-trans (vaccenic acid). These isomers were identified using diagnostic ion pairs, retention times, and accurate m/z values. This study provides an unprecedented level of detail on the lipid profile of kefir, shedding light on its complex composition and potential nutritional benefits.

Intelligent Transport Systems: Problems of Defining the Civil Law Regime

Intelligent transport systems (ITS) combine modern information, communication and telematics technologies, are designed for automated search and adoption of effective scenarios for managing a transport complex, a specific vehicle or a group of them. The intelligent transport system has a complex composition, a multi-level structure, while ITS work is based on processing large amounts of information in real time. In this regard, the intelligent transport system, according to its characteristics, falls more under the definition of a complex result of intellectual activity. However, if we consider ITS as an information system, then the latter also includes technical means, which include equipment, devices, devices, etc., necessary for storing and processing information. Today, the legal regime of ITS is not clearly defined, although work is already underway on their implementation and further development, in connection with which the solution of this issue is relevant, including in connection with the need to determine the structure of contractual relations, as well as the responsibility of participants arising from ITS or in connection with its use of legal relations.

Study of the thermolysis process of copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate by thermovolumometric method

When studying mixtures of minerals, composites of complex composition, and selecting powder catalysts, problems often arise for which the small masses of samples used in thermogravimetry do not provide sample representativeness. This requires the use of other methods of analysis that allow the use of samples ten times larger in mass. The paper presents the results of a study of the thermolysis process of copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate using a thermovolumometric method. During the tests, a sealed container with the analyzed substance and a thermoelectric converter was placed in a tubular furnace. The gas released during thermolysis entered the bubbling tank through the capillary. SoundForge13 and TableCurve 2D programs were used to process experimental data. The sources of error in the thermovolumometric analysis technique are analyzed. Dependencies that can be used to improve its accuracy are given. It was revealed that the value of the repeatability index obtained as a result of assessing the repeatability of the method is 3 °C; in the range of densities of the evolved gases 1. 25 – 1. 43 kg/m3, the resolution of the method in terms of the mass of the substance is 12 – 13 μg. The results obtained can be used to determine the temperatures of phase transitions when studying processes occurring during heating of mineral compositions, as well as the temperatures of decomposition reactions of substances. The accuracy of measurements can be increased by careful sample preparation, reducing the heating rate of the sample and introducing corrections to the measurement result based on the obtained dependencies.

Recyclability and recovery of carbon from waste printed circuit boards within a circular economy perspective: A review.

Waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs) are a significant component of electronic waste (e-waste) and are among the fastest-generating waste flows. The potentially negative impacts caused by e-waste on the environment and human health pose an increasingly apparent threat to people's everyday lives and well-being. The nonmetallic fraction (predominantly carbon) of WPCBs is characterized by heavy weight, low resource value, and complex composition, and these characteristics significantly restrict the recycling of the WPCBs to achieve a circular economy. To bring more attention and better guidance to carbon recycling in printed circuit boards, this study utilizes a recyclability model to analyze the potential carbon recycling in WPCBs. It also utilizes existing life cycle assessment results to evaluate the carbon emissions of WPCBs in waste management systems and to identify potential opportunities for carbon recovery within the entire system. In addition, this study reviews the latest technological advances in recovering carbon from WPCBs, including separation, oxidation, and activation. The properties of recycled carbon, such as porosity, adsorption, and electrochemical characteristics, are also a key focus of this review. The application of recycled carbon plays a crucial role in shaping the future direction of e-waste carbon recycling and its potential contribution to achieving a circular economy. The research results are expected to guide future carbon recycling processes and provide a reference for industrial development.

Antiviral Activity of Water–Alcoholic Extract of Cistus incanus L.

Recently, previously known viruses have changed their pathogenicity and encompassed new types of host populations. An example of such an infection is that caused by SARS-CoV, belonging to the “well-known” coronavirus family. Another group of viruses that are of great importance to the human population are the herpes viruses. Due to increasing viral resistance to existing antiviral drugs, plant extracts are attracting increasing interest due to their complex composition and their simultaneous attack of different viral targets. Based on the above, we tested the antiviral potential of water–alcoholic extract obtained from a commercial sample of the plant Cistus incanus L. against the enveloped viruses SvHA1, SvHA2 (ACV resistant) and HCoV 229E. The results showed both complete inhibition of the intracellular stages of the viral replication and a strong effect on extracellular virions in the three viral models. In a study of the effect on the replication of SvHA 2, the calculated selectivity index was over 10. From the experiments on the virucidal effects on the two herpes viruses, it was found that the viral titer of the samples decreased by about 4 lg compared to the control sample. The extract is of interest for introduction into practice.

Profiling of Australian Stingless Bee Honey Using Multivariate Data Analysis of High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography Fingerprints

The complex chemical composition of honey presents significant challenges for its analysis with variations influenced by factors such as botanical source, geographical location, bee species, harvest time, and storage conditions. This study aimed to employ high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) fingerprinting, coupled with multivariate data analysis, to characterise the chemical profiles of Australian stingless bee honey samples from two distinct bee species, Tetragonula carbonaria and Tetragonula hockingsi. Using a mobile phase composed of toluene:ethyl acetate:formic acid (6:5:1) and two derivatisation reagents, vanillin–sulfuric acid and natural product reagent/PEG, HPTLC fingerprints were developed to reveal characteristic patterns within the samples. Multivariate data analysis was employed to explore the similarities in the fingerprints and identify underlying patterns. The results demonstrated that the chemical profiles were more closely related to harvest time rather than bee species, as samples collected within the same month clustered together. The quality of the clustering results was assessed using silhouette scores. The study highlights the value of combining HPTLC fingerprinting with multivariate data analysis to produce valuable data that can aid in blending strategies and the creation of reference standards for future quality control analyses.

Simple and Robust Approach for Determination of Total Protein Content in Plant Samples

The determination of total protein in plant samples is a difficult task, as classical nitrogen-based methods are not selective for the nature of nitrogen, and the results of biochemical methods are influenced by both associated compounds and the complex composition of the protein matrix. Using electrophoretic separation of three commercial sunflower protein samples, it was determined that the studied proteins are a mixture of salt-soluble globulins and water-soluble albumins of different molecular weights. The total protein content of the studied samples was determined using five spectrophotometric methods: direct spectrophotometry, bicinchoninic acid assay, and Benedict’s, Bradford’s, and Lowry’s methods. After comparing the results obtained, it was concluded that, for the determination of protein in these plant materials, the use of the Dumas nitrogen-based method in tandem with Lowry’s spectrophotometric method is the most suitable.

Structure and properties of polysaccharides from tetrasporophytes of Mazzaella parksii.

The structure and anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of sulfated polysaccharides (Mzpt) obtained in high yield (60 %) from tetrasporophytes of Mazzaella parksii were studied. Stepwise fractionation with KCl showed that Mzpt consisted of eight (MzptF1-MzptF8) carrageenans fractions, differing in structure and molecular weight. The yield of non-gelling MzptF8 was 58.1 % of the original Mzpt. According to IR and NMR spectroscopies, gelling MzptF1 and MzptF2 were mainly kappa/iota/nu-carrageenans. MzptF7 included mainly lambda-carrageenan and in smaller quantities kappa-, iota-, mu- and nu-carrageenans. MzptF8 had a complex composition and included gamma-carrageenan, unsulfated carrageenan, probably, delta-carrageenan and also structural elements of xi-, psi- and omicron-carrageenans. According to atomic force microscopy data, MzptF8 involved several polymer chains associated with each other in a disordered structure, in contrast to MzptF2, which formed three-dimensional networks. Unlike ribavirin and remdesivir, Mzpt was not cytotoxic to Vero E6 cells at concentrations >2000 μg mL-1. Mzpt was shown to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication in a dose-dependent manner in CPE inhibition and RT-PCR assays. IC50 was 92.0 μg mL-1, SI - 22. At concentration 250 μg mL-1, Mzpt caused the highest reduction in viral RNA levels with an inhibition coefficient of 31.1 % and exhibited significant inhibition of the early stages of virus-cell interaction.