Complex Character Research Articles

Coupled Human and Natural Systems: A Novel Framework for Complexity Management

Coupled human and natural systems (CHANS) represent dialectic interaction between human and nature subsystems. This dynamic interaction involves a prominent level of complexity stemming from the uncertain interrelation between the systems and the incorporated subsystems. The complexity within CHANS includes reciprocal effects, nonlinearity, uncertainties, and heterogeneity. Although many researchers have highlighted the significance of understanding the nature of the coupling effect, most of the prevailing literature emphasises either human or natural systems separately, while considering the other as exogenous, despite evaluating the reciprocal and complex interrelations. The current review utilises the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). It focuses on synthesising the prevailing literature on the CHANS framework in several disciplines, focusing on the approach, findings, limitations, and implications. The review comprises 56 relevant articles, found through Endnote and Covidence database searches. The findings identify the dominant complexity character as reciprocal effects and feedback loops, confirming the complex interactions between human and natural systems. Furthermore, the review provides evidence surrounding the significance of developing an analytical framework that can better explain the complex connections between humans and nature, as it provides a comprehensive understanding of CHANS and their potential impacts.

Electrostatic Confinement‐Induced Excited Charge Transfer in Ionic Covalent Organic Framework Promoting CO2 Reduction

We demonstrate an electrostatic confinement‐induced charge transfer pathway in a supramolecular photocatalyst comprising of an ionic covalent organic framework (COF) and cationic metal complexes. The dynamic electrostatic interactions not only attract cations around the COF to accept photogenerated electrons, but also allows for a retention of homogeneous catalytic characters of complexes, making a subtle balance. Accordingly, the electrostatic confinement effect facilitates the forward electron transfer from a photoexcited COF to cationic Co complex, realizing a remarkable photocatalytic CO2 reduction performance. Its catalytic efficiency is far superior to the supramolecular counterparts with Van‐der‐Waals or hydrogen bonding interactions. This work presents an insight for enhancing charge transfer in supramolecular systems, and provides an effective approach for construction of highly efficient photocatalysts.

A Brief Analysis of Symbolic Metaphors in Korean Drama Squid Game

In the US TV series dominate the Netflix platform today, Squid Game as the first Korean series to top the 2021 Netflix platform US series list, has won a high reputation around the world experience is worth in-depth analysis, there are many domestic and foreign scholars on Squid Game this popular Korean drama analysis. The purpose of this study is to briefly explore what symbolic metaphors are used in the Squid Game and the role they play in the series, as well as to analyze what role symbolic metaphors play in the communication of the series. Using the research method of questionnaire survey, this research concluded that the Squid Game uses symbolic metaphor to simplify complex metaphors, mechanisms, characters, and social realities, and uses symbols to show them. Such setting “smoothing” the cultural differences of the series “decoded” by audiences from different countries, and promoted the plot development in narrative. The multiple functions of revealing characters’ hearts and reflecting the theme of the series have promoted the global spread of the TV series Squid Game.

Rub-impact investigation of a bolted joint rotor-bearing system considering hysteresis behavior at mating interface

Hysteresis behavior at the mating interface can induce nonlinear stiffness and frictional dissipation, which may lead to a complex vibration character, self-excited vibration, and even the rubbing fault for the bolted joint rotor system. The present work aims to investigate the effect mechanism of hysteresis behavior on the rotor dynamics and the mechanism of bolted joint performance change induced by a rubbing fault. Firstly, the bolted joint model considering the hysteresis behavior at the mating interface is proposed based on the Iwan model. Then, a non-dimensional dynamic model of the bolted joint rotor system with rubbing fault is established by combining the lumped-mass method and fixed-point rub-impact force model. After that, the nonlinear response of the bolted joint rotor system considering the hysteresis behavior at the mating interface and the effect of rubbing fault on the dynamic performance of such a rotor system is explored. Finally, an experimental verification is carried out by adopting a rotor system test rig with a different stiffness rubbing device. The result shows that the rubbing fault will reduce the critical speed by changing the equivalent average stiffness of the bolted joint and aggravate the self-excited vibration of the system, leading to a stronger nonlinear performance of the rotor system. The outcome of the present work can provide valuable insights into vibration prediction, health detection, and rubbing fault diagnosis for a rotor system with a bolted joint.

An Account of Clarissa’s Instabilities in Virginia Woolf’s Mrs. Dalloway

This study investigates Virginia Woolf’s Mrs. Dalloway and the reasons behind the character Clarissa’s instabilities by applying the narrative technique of stream of consciousness. On the surface, the novel narrates one day in the life of the popular yet introspective Clarissa. Yet it seems as though the novel takes place over a lifetime, as there are several flashbacks and memories of Clarissa’s past. She is certainly a busy individual and an “in demand” member of upper-class society. Clarissa appears collected and in control, as she hurries around her house and the city of London on a lovely day in June. However, she reveals herself as an extremely self-criticizing woman, questioning the choices she has made throughout her life. This study examines the stream-of-consciousness method to explore the hidden reasons for Clarissa’s instabilities. The reasons identified in this analysis were World War I, Clarissa’s troubled marriage life, and her inability to make up her mind. Clarissa proves to be the most complex character in the novel. Virginia Woolf compares Clarissa with all the other major characters, and she analyzes Clarissa’s appearance versus her reality. Throughout the novel, Clarissa questions the choices she has made throughout her life that have landed her in her current troubled situation.

Problems of legal regulation of land tax under martial law in Ukraine

The article analyzes the peculiarities of land tax administration during the martial law regime. It is emphasized that in today's conditions, the payment of land tax has a significant role in forecasting and forming the revenue side of local budgets. In this article, the author reviews and analyzes such type of local budget revenues as land tax. Special attention is paid to the changes in tax legislation implemented during the martial law. The article emphasizes the complex character of the issues related to the calculation and payment of land tax under martial law, and the need for rational approaches of the legislature to resolve contradictory manifestations of legislative provisions.

Analyses of Physical and Psychological Characteristics of "Squid Game" Characters Using East Asian Biopsychosocial Personality Theories and Body Mass Index.

Media characters' physical and psychological traits are crucial for character development and audience engagement. This study examines East Asian perspectives on the audience's perceptions of the physical appearance and personality, using Eum-Yang biopsychological Sasang theory, of five characters from the Netflix series "Squid Game". A total of 221 university students assessed the traits of five "Squid Game" characters using the Sasang Personality Questionnaire (SPQ) and a visual Body Mass Index (BMI). ANOVA and Profile Analysis revealed significant and comprehensive differences in the SPQ and its subscales (behavior, SPQ-B; cognition, SPQ-C; and emotion, SPQ-E) as well as BMI among the five drama characters. More specifically, Seong Gi-hun (SGH) and Han Mi-nyeo (HMN) were So-Yang types (high SPQ, moderate BMI), Cho Sang-woo (CSW) and Kang Sae-byeok (KSB) were So-Eum types (low SPQ, low BMI), and Jang Deok-su (JDS) was Tae-Eum type (moderate SPQ, high BMI). Psychological profiling showed two patterns: V-shaped (high SPQ-B, low SPQ-C, high SPQ-E) for SGH, HMN, and JDS, and A-shaped (low SPQ-B, high SPQ-C, low SPQ-E) for CSW and KSB. These results contribute to media psychology by highlighting the relevance of Eum-Yang and Sasang typology for creating and analyzing complex characters, thereby enhancing global understanding for East Asian biopsychosocial theories.

Articulating the ‘How’ of Social Return on Investment: Foregrounding the Plural and Pluralizing Character of Its ‘Moments of Judgment’

ABSTRACTSocial accounting practices attribute value to an organization's activities beyond traditional economic conceptions of success. In assessing the merit of such practices, we argue that it is helpful to extend our analytical focus beyond questions of what is evaluated and who evaluates to how valuations are performed. Social accounting literature has already explored a crucial aspect of the “how question,” emphasizing the need to widen stakeholder input and engage in agonistic democratic deliberation beyond applying technical expertise. We extend these insights by drawing attention to an important dimension of the how question that remains underexplored, namely, where such deliberation can or should be applied and explaining why this matters. In doing so, we disclose the complexity and messiness of social accounting processes, as well as their normative and political significance. We deploy political discourse theory to highlight the virtues of focusing on where value is constructed along the social accounting chain, illustrating our contribution with examples drawn from our experience conducting a Social Return on Investment (SROI) for a not‐for‐profit organization. We present and unpack key decision‐junctures in the SROI process, demonstrating the plural and pluralizing character of these “moments of judgment” by showing how contestability and normativity enter the valuation process, aspects that are often obfuscated by an over‐reliance on, and the rhetoric of, the technical aspects of quantification and monetization. By foregrounding the contingency and subjectivity embedded in valuation practices, we argue there is a need to navigate agonistically, deliberatively, and pragmatically their plural and complex character.

Comparison of Personality Dimension of Alexander as Depicted in the Films Alexander (2004) and Alexander the Great (1956) with Persian Poetic Iskandarnāmas, Especially Shāhnāma, Niẓāmī’s Iskandarnāma, and Āyina-yi Iskandarī

Abstract Alexander the Great, the world conqueror who brought the Achaemenid dynasty to its knees, has attracted the attention of many Iranian poets and writers. There are numerous poetic and prose works entitled Iskandarnāma (Treatise on Alexander). Ferdowsi’s Shāhnāma and Niẓāmī’s Iskandarnāma are among the most well-known poems narrating Alexander’s life. In addition, several films have been made about Alexander’s life in the West, the most famous of which are Alexander (2004) by Oliver Stone and Alexander the Great (1956) by Robert Rossen. The present descriptive study identifies different dimensions of Alexander’s character in Shāhnāma and Iskandarnāma and compares them with those portrayed in the above-said films. The results show that Alexander’s complex character is composed of four distinct dimensions. Alexander is sometimes an ordinary human being entangled with fear, prone to misjudgment, and an avid lover of love and elaborate festivities. He is an envoy and a warrior. He is also compassionate, generous, resourceful, and politically quite apt. Finally, he has at times the qualities of a prophet and is pious to no end. The films didn’t behoove Alexander’s mysticism or benevolence and focused most tersely on his pillage, murder, and plunder. The literary Alexander of Iran represents a far more dramatic persona than does the film adaptation.

Investigation of the impurity effect on the kinetics of thermal decomposition of natural gypsum at high temperatures

Natural gypsum is the most common sulfate on our planet, which is widely used in construction due to its excellent astringent properties, environmental friendliness, thermal and fire resistance, accessibility in nature and low price. Currently, the influence of modifiers, impurities and additives that can improve the strength, acoustic and thermal insulation characteristics of gypsum, which is so important in modern architecture, construction and reducing power consumption, is being increasingly studied. However, additives and impurities, controlled and uncontrolled, as in natural gypsum, can unpredictably affect the thermal stability and fire resistance of gypsum. The purpose of our work is to study the thermal characteristics of gypsum from various deposits in a wide temperature range. Our work shows that the temperature and rate of dissociation of gypsum directly depends on impurities that can change the process of its decomposition. As a result of the decomposition of natural gypsum with impurities, new phases are formed.It has been experimentally shown that the process of thermal destruction of gypsum with impurities has a complex multistage character, which is described by successive reactions of the nth order of the Avrami-Erofeev equation. It can be assumed that the reaction mechanism consists in the rapid formation of numerous nucleation centers on the surface of solid anhydrite. Kinetic parameters of thermal decomposition of gypsum of complex composition and phase formation at high temperatures are calculated. This experimental study shows the dependence of thermal stability on the amount and grade of impurities in gypsum. The results obtained contribute to the improvement of the basic concepts of the mechanism of decomposition of gypsum, as well as the explanation of some high-temperature phase formation processes in nature.

ANALYSIS OF THE CHARACTER OF AMIR TEMUR IN "THE RISE AND RULE OF TAMERLANE" BY B.F. MANZ

In the upcoming article, there will be an in-depth exploration of the portrayal of Tamerlane in Beatrice Forbes Manz's book "The Rise and Rule of Tamerlane." The article will analyze how the author depicted the historical figure Amir Temur, who was a complex and mysterious character. Through detailed descriptions and subtle characterizations, the author breathes life into Tamerlane within the pages of her book, presenting a multi-dimensional image of Tamerlane.

The Institute of Enhanced Cooperation in European Union Law: Evolution of Legal Regulation

INTRODUCTION. The article presents the evolution of legal regulation of the institution of enhanced cooperation as a legal form of flexible integration in European Union (EU) law. Flexible integration is a fairly widespread and objectively existing legal phenomenon in the practice of various integration associations. However, it is within the framework of EU law that the concept of enhanced cooperation has received the greatest development and legal regulation. This was largely due to the EU's desire to regularize and subordinate alternative forms of co natural that interstate cooperation within the framework of one or another integration cooperation acquires more and more complex character, and cooperation of the member states of an integration association within the framework of one or another direction of interaction has uneven and heterogeneous character. MATERIALS AND METHODS. The methodological basis of the study was traditional general scientific and special methods of cognition of legal phenomena: comparative legal method; method of scientific analysis; formal legal method; method of synthesis of social and legal phenomena.RESEARCH RESULTS. As a result of the analysis, the main stages of development of prerequisites and reasons for the legal regulation of enhanced cooperation have been identified and the periodization of the development of legal regulation of this institution has been proposed. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. Within the framework of the proposals on the periodization of the development of legal regulation of the institution of enhanced cooperation the following stages can be distinguished. The first stage can be labeled as “pre-Amsterdam”. This period is characterized by the formation of conceptual foundations of enhanced cooperation as a legal form of flexible integration. Within the framework of the “pre-Amsterdam” period there is an application of some form of flexible integration (Schengen, euro zone, etc.). The conceptualization of enhanced cooperation as a form of flexible integration was the basis for the normative-legal consolidation of this institution in the founding treaties of the EU. The next stage can be called “Amsterdam-Nicean”. Although the institution of enhanced cooperation received different names in the Amsterdam and Nice versions of the establishing treaties, it seems possible to unite this period into one: despite the normative-legal consolidation of enhanced cooperation as a form of flexible integration, the relevant norms of the establishing treaties have not actually received practical application. Finally, the next stage – the “Lisbon” period is characterized by the active ap[1]plication of the norms of the establishing treaties in the EU practice, including judicial.

인공지능 로봇의 도덕감정 함양 가능성에 대한 검토 -초등 도덕과를 중심으로-

This study examined the possibility of cultivating moral emotions of artificial intelligence robots that are developing recently. The 2022 revised elementary moral curriculum provides an opportunity for thought by asking questions about the relationship between artificial intelligence robots and humans. For the study, we first investigated the nature and expression process of emotions from ancient Western philosophy to modern brain science and neuroscience. Based on this, we explored what kind of emotional view the currently developed artificial intelligence robots express emotions based on. As a result, current artificial intelligence robots showed responses to humans using information accumulated through facial movements and facial expressions, focusing on basic emotions, according to Ekman's theory. This may be seen as a passive form based on human physical characteristics. However, moral emotion has a complex and active character that combines understanding of moral problem situations, empathy for others, and appropriate responses to situations. Accordingly, it was recommended to clearly teach the status and limitations of artificial intelligence robots in the field of current moral emotions in elementary moral education and educate students to form desirable relationships with artificial intelligence robots.

Scene Deconstruction and Plot Setting of a Silent Film

This study dissects Chaplin's method of conveying a story through visuals in his 1921 silent movie, 'The Kid,' emphasizing scene analysis and plot introduction. A detailed discussion of sequences allows the research to illustrate how Chaplin makes meaning, creates a narrative, and establishes emotion solely through visual motion without words. The study uses several theoretical approaches, including film semiotics, narrative theory, and visual composition analysis. This paper examines how Chaplin employs framing, editing, mise-en-scène, and physical comedy to construct a highly symbolic and emotionally rich picture. Special emphasis should be placed on how Chaplin uses both comic and dramatic scenes hand in hand, sometimes even in the same scenes. Key sequences analyzed include the opening scene, which efficiently introduces the main character and presents the setting; the separation scene, an emotionally charged sequence of a man being left by his wife; and the dream sequence, a fantastic sequence in which Chaplin breaks the laws of practical reality to develop character psychology and depth of themes. The paper also explores how Chaplin develops visual motifs and employs repeated actions to unify the narrative and chart the character's growth. Moreover, it discusses how the film's visual analysis and symbolism respond to early twentieth-century social concerns such as poverty and the position of children. As such, this research is pertinent to exploring the silent film narrative and its legacy through analyzing Chaplin's visual strategies. 'The Kid' illustrates that this was the pinnacle of the silent film genre and how complex narrative and character development can be conveyed without using words. Moreover, this research reveals Chaplin's creative processes. It contributes to understanding the potential of visual narrative in Cinema, proving the significance of the silent film language in developing film language.

A mouse in a box is like a warlord in a city (mice as characters of Russian folklore)

Mice have accompanied a man throughout much of his history. With the advent of agriculture, mice are pests that must be exterminated by any means and rational means of extermination coexisted with magical ones. Unlike real life, in folklore and cult practice it is a complex and ambiguous character. Mice were used in divination, conspiracies and folk medicine, their image was often associated with death and evil spirits. At the same time, in fairy tales the mouse often acts as a helper, rather than a pest. All this proves the binary perception of mice which were close to the mythological world and its inhabitants and, accordingly, acted as bearers of both harm and good.

The influence of chemical structure spacings on the fluorocopolymers nano-organization

In ternary fluoropolymers Viton GFLT 600S and Viton GFLT 200S, more types of nanoformations with the size of 3–80 nm are found than in double SCF-26 and SCF-32, while their prehistory changes according to the X-ray diffraction analysis data in the region of large angles. This process is more influenced by the chemical structure of the junctions in the macromolecules than by the molecular weight. The complex and unequal character of change of dynamic viscosity of fluoropolymers with temperature increase is caused by multiple phase transitions. It is shown that fluorocarbon rubber SKF-32 does not transition to the viscous-fluid state up to ~190°C in contrast to three fluoropolymers due to intermolecular nanoformations of 5 nm in size, the strength of which is significantly higher than nanoformations of 3–4 nm in the latter. It was found that the rotational mobility of the TEMPO radical is determined not so much by the intermolecular distances in the disordered part of the copolymers as by the flexibility of the passing chains connecting the ordered formations into a single system.

Phineas, Son of Eleazar, in Pseudo-Philo’s Liber Antiquitatum Biblicarum

Abstract In contrast to the biblical tradition, the figure of Phineas saw considerable development in Second Temple traditions. Numerous studies have appeared recently, yet the Liber Antiquitatum Biblicarum, which shows awareness of such traditions and reworks them creatively, has been overlooked by scholars. The present contribution aims to investigate the significant testimony of Pseudo-Philo, who constructs a complex and versatile character in his rewriting of biblical history – one who is responsible for the purity of worship against any idolatrous drift and who is the guardian of the Law and its understanding. Moreover, Phineas occupies a central position in the eschatological scenario, since he will be taken up to heaven like Elijah until his return in the last days, when, after his death, he will participate in the divine judgment.

Male genitalia, hierarchical homology, and the anatomy of the bullet ant (Paraponera clavata; Hymenoptera, Formicidae).

The male genitalia of insects are among the most variable, complex, and informative character systems for evolutionary analysis and taxonomic purposes. Because of these general properties, many generations of systematists have struggled to develop a theory of homology and alignment of parts. This struggle continues to the present day, where fundamentally different models and nomenclatures for the male genitalia of Hymenoptera, for example, are applied. Here, we take a multimodal approach to digitalize and comprehensively document the genital skeletomuscular anatomy of the bullet ant (Paraponera clavata; Hymenoptera: Formicidae), including hand dissection, synchrotron radiation microcomputed tomography, microphotography, scanning electron microscopy,confocal laser scanning microscopy,and 3D-printing. Through this work, we generate several new concepts for the structure and form of the male genitalia of Hymenoptera, such as for the endophallic sclerite (=fibula ducti), which we were able to evaluate in detail for the first time for any species. Based on this phenomic anatomical study and comparison with other Holometabola and Hexapoda, we reconsider the homologies of insect genitalia more broadly, and propose a series of clarifications in support of the penis-gonopod theory of male genital identity. Specifically, we use the male genitalia of Paraponera and insects more broadly as an empirical case for hierarchical homology by applying and refining the 5-category classification of serial homologs from DiFriscoet al.(2023) (DLW23) to all of our formalized concepts. Through this, we find that: (1) geometry is a critical attribute to account for in ontology, especially as all individually identifiable attributes are positionally indexed hence can be recognized as homomorphic; (2) the definition of "structure" proposed by DLW23 is difficult to apply, and likely heterogeneous; and (3) formative elements, or spatially defined foldings or in- or evaginations of the epidermis and cuticle, are an important yet overlooked class of homomorphs. We propose a morphogenetic model for male and female insect genitalia, and a model analogous to gene-tree species-tree mappings for the hierarchical homology of male genitalia specifically. For all of the structures evaluated in the present study, we provide 3D-printable models - with and without musculature, and in various states of digital dissection - to facilitate the development of a tactile understanding. Our treatment of the male genitalia of P. clavata serves as a basic template for future phenomic studies of male insect genitalia, which will be substantially improved with the development of automation and collections-based data processing pipelines, that is,collectomics. The Hymenoptera Anatomy Ontology will be a critical resource to include in this effort, and in best practice concepts should be linked.

A Perspective Study of Infamous Classic Women in the Novels of Vaishnavi Patel’s ‘Kaikeyi’ and Kavita Kane’s ‘Karna’s Wife: the Outcast’s Queen’

Abstract Indian Mythology has many complex characters that reflect contemporary issues. Vaishnavi Patel and Kavita Kane, renowned women writers, have reinterpreted the epic tales of the Ramayana and the Mahabharata through a modern perspective. This paper examines human behaviour using a psychological approach in Patel’s “Kaikeyi”and Kavita Kane’s “Karna’s Wife: The Outcast’s Queen”. Patel’s“Kaikeyi”explores the protagonist’s optimistic traits, her childhood longings, and her feminist qualities. Traditionally depicted as a villain in the Ramayana, Kaikeyi is recognized as Rama’s stepmother who instigates his exile. However, before assuming this role, she experienced a difficult and challenging childhood in the Kingdom of Kekaya. The novel sheds light on the darker aspects of Kaikeyi’s past, providing a deeper understanding of her character. Kavita Kane’s interest lies in unveiling the complexities of classic women in her literary works. In “Karna’s Wife”, Uruvi, the protagonist, is portrayed as the marginalized wife of Karna, who belongs to the Sutapura lineage. Uruvi, a princess from the Kshatriya family of Pukeya kingdom is depicted as an optimistic character with great skills, knowledge, and mental strength.These two novels focus on the lives of classic women, their behavioural changes, and their insecurities in different situations. Women are inherently multifaceted and encounter various challenges throughout their lives. Different approaches are required to address these challenges. According to Sigmund Freud, the human psyche consists of three aspects that interact and influence each other to create complex human behaviour. Freud’s psychological theory can be used to analyse the characters of Kaikeyi and Uruvi in these novels. The study attempts to highlight the need for women to overcome feelings of insecurity, emotional dependence, to achieve self-realization, and build resilience, which are essential qualities in the contemporary era.

Maximizing the Accuracy of Equilibrium Dissociation Constants for Affinity Complexes: From Theory to Practical Recommendations.

The equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) is a major characteristic of affinity complexes and one of the most frequently determined physicochemical parameters. Despite its significance, the values of Kd obtained for the same complex under similar conditions often exhibit considerable discrepancies and sometimes vary by orders of magnitude. These inconsistencies highlight the susceptibility of Kd determination to large systematic errors, even when random errors are small. It is imperative to both minimize and quantitatively assess the systematic errors inherent in Kd determination. Traditionally, Kd values are determined through nonlinear regression of binding isotherms. This analysis utilizes three variables: concentrations of two reactants and a fraction R of unbound limiting reactant. The systematic errors in Kd arise directly from systematic errors in these variables. Therefore, to maximize the accuracy of Kd, this study thoroughly analyzes the sources of systematic errors within the three variables, including (i) non-additive signals to calculate R, (ii) mis-calibrated experimental instruments, (iii) inaccurate calibration parameters, (iv) insufficient incubation time, (v) unsaturated binding isotherm, (vi) impurities in the reactants, and (vii) solute adsorption onto surfaces. Through this analysis, we illustrate how each source contributes to inaccuracies in the determination of Kd and propose strategies to minimize these contributions. Additionally, we introduce a method for quantitatively assessing the confidence intervals of systematic errors in concentrations, a crucial step toward quantitatively evaluating the accuracy of Kd. While presenting original findings, this paper also reiterates the fundamentals of Kd determination, hence guiding researchers across all proficiency levels. By shedding light on the sources of systematic errors and offering strategies for their mitigation, our work will help researchers enhance the accuracy of Kd determination, thereby making binding studies more reliable and the conclusions drawn from such studies more robust.