Complete Vaccination Research Articles

Persistence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and immune memory in Nigerian volunteers: A comparative study of partial and complete vaccination

Persistence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and immune memory in Nigerian volunteers: A comparative study of partial and complete vaccination

More Complex Investigations Improved Diagnoses of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Children With Different Vaccination Histories.

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) significantly contributes to high infant mortality in Kazakhstan and developing effective treatment methods is critical. The aim of this study was to explore the microbiological and immunological characteristics of CAP in vaccinated and unvaccinated paediatric patients. The study was carried out in the Regional Children's Clinical Hospital and the research centre of Karaganda Medical University, Republic of Kazakhstan. It comprised 85 children aged 2 months to 3 years who had been diagnosed with CAP and had received inpatient treatment from 2017 to 2019. Of these, 45 had complete pneumococcal vaccinations and 40 had not. Their CAP diagnoses were confirmed by microscopic, bacteriological and radiological methods and vaccination status. General clinical examinations were conducted. The study showed the diagnostic and prognostic value of the level of cytokines, depending on the severity of the children's CAP. The level of monocytic chemoattractant protein-1 was 2.1 pg/mL in the vaccinated children with mild CAP and 3.4 pg/mL in those with impaired immunisation. Pneumococcal vaccination affected the aetiological structure of CAP in early childhood. More complex clinical and immunological diagnostic methods increased the efficiency of diagnosing CAP in children with different vaccination histories.

The Effects of Motivational Interviewing on Promoting Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Initiation and Completion Among South Asian Mother/Daughter Dyads: A Pilot Randomised Controlled Trial.

Vaccination against HPV is an effective strategy for the prevention of HPV infection and cervical cancer. Nevertheless, the HPV vaccine uptake rate is low among ethnic minorities in Hong Kong. This study sought to assess the feasibility and acceptability of motivational interviewing among South Asian mother-daughter dyads and to preliminarily examine its effects on knowledge of HPV infection and vaccination, health beliefs, intention to have the daughters vaccinated, and initiation and completion of HPV vaccine series. This was a pilot randomised controlled trial. Forty South Asian mothers with at least one daughter aged 9 to 17years were recruited. The intervention group received a motivational interviewing intervention whereas the control group received usual care. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data on the participants' characteristics and selected outcome variables. Bias-corrected Hedges' g and rate difference together with their 95% confidence intervals were calculated to estimate the effect sizes of the intervention on the outcomes The acceptability was assessed via semi-structured interviews. A larger proportion of the daughters of the intervention group participants had received the first dose of HPV vaccine (95% [19 out of 20]) vs 0% [0 out of 20]). The intervention group showed greater improvement in knowledge at 3months after the intervention (Hedges' g = 0.77 (95%CI:0.13-1.41)). Most interviewees were satisfied with the intervention. The intervention was feasible and acceptable. The intervention can help to increase South Asian mothers' knowledge and to increase the initiation of HPV vaccine series by their daughters. This study was registered at the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR2100052751) on 5 November 2021.

Delayed completion of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination among children 4–48 months in rural Uganda: a socio-demographic inquiry

In spite of the commendable global Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV) coverage in the last two decades, completion and timeliness of receipt of all the required doses are still below target. In Uganda, the 3 + 0 PCV regimen has been reported to have a steady decline in the completion rate and the reasons for the delayed completion are unidentified. This study aimed at assessing the influence of socio-demographic factors on delayed PCV completion among young children. A cross-sectional study design among 362 child/caretakers pairs in Bugongi Town Council was employed. Using stratified sampling – Allocation Proportional to Size, data was collected using pretested questionnaires; entered and analysed using STATA v14 and significant statistical association was considered at P ≤ 0.05. Of the 362 children, majority (53.87%) were boys. Child mean age was 25.1 ± 14.3 months. 87.6% caretakers were females and majorities of them were aged 20–29yrs (47.8%), peasant farmers (79.8%), married (90.6%), attained primary education (63.5%) and earned average monthly income of UGX 10,000 – UGX 50,000 (41.4%). Of the 362 children, 92 (25.4%) had delayed to receive their PCV-3 doses. Only boy child [cOR = 1.65, (95%CI: 1.03–2.66); P = 0.039) and caretaker’s age 30–39 [cOR = 2.12 (95%CI: 1.06–4.24); P = 0.033) showed statistical significance at bivariate analysis. The multivariate model found parent’s age 20–29 years [aOR = 2.39 (1.14–5.01); P = 0.021] and 30–39 years [aOR = 2.51 (1.16–5.45); P = 0.020] as positively associated factors whereas being married [aOR = 0.20 (0.04–0.96); P = 0.044] was the only negatively associated factors to delayed completion of PCV vaccination among young children. Among children who complete the last dose of PCV vaccination, a considerable proportion are actually receiving it late which may result into eventual failure to curb the targeted pneumococcal infections. Thus, concerted efforts in terms of sensitization are un-doubtfully desired especially among caretakers aged 20–39 years as well as those who are not married.

Prevalence and incidence of HPV-related dysplasia of oropharyngeal, cervical, and anal mucosae in Spanish people living with HIV (PLHIV).

Objectives were to determine the prevalence/incidence of HPV-related dysplasia and clearance/acquisition rates of high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) genotypes in genital mucosa of women-LHIV and oropharyngeal and anal mucosa of PLHIV and to evaluate factors related to HR-HPV infection in oropharyngeal mucosa at 12-months. Prospective, longitudinal study with 12-month follow-up, enrolled PLHIV between December 2022 and April 2023. At baseline and 12-months, HIV-related clinical and analytical variables were recorded, oropharyngeal mucosa exudates were taken for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) studies for HPV and other sexually transmitted infections, while anal and female genital samples were self-sampled for HPV detection and genotyping by PCR and thin-layer cytology. 276 PLHIV with mean age of 45.3 years, 79% male, 24.3% with history of AIDS, 100% under ART, and 30.1% with completed HPV vaccination. HPV infection prevalence in oropharyngeal mucosa was 11.6% at baseline, most frequently by genotype 16 (2.2%), without dysplasia. No oropharyngeal dysplasia was observed at 12 months, and HR-HPV clearance and acquisition rates were 5.5% and 4.4%, respectively. Incidence of anal HSIL was 1,811.6 casesx100,000 people-year, and HR-HPV clearance and acquisition rates were 16.2% and 25.6%, respectively. Incidence of CIN2/CIN3 or cervical cancer was zero, and HR-HPV clearance and acquisition rates were 11.3% and 7.5%. HIV-RNA viral load <50 cop/mL protected against HPV infection in oropharyngeal mucosa (97.2 vs. 87%, HR 0.044; 95%CI [0.042 - 0.956]). Among PLHIV, HSIL incidence and HR-HPV acquisition rate are higher in anal versus oropharyngeal and genital mucosae. Non-detectability protects against oropharyngeal HPV infection.

Factors associated with vaccination coverage in children up to 15 months old, born in 2017-2018 in the city of Natal/RN, Brazil: a population-based survey.

To estimate vaccination coverage and analyze factors associated with full vaccination among children up to 15 months old in the city of Natal-RN, Brazil. Population-based survey with data recorded on children's vaccination cards and interviews conducted in 2020 and 2021. Analysis of factors associated with complete vaccination was performed by calculating prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) using Poisson regression. Among 688 children studied, vaccination coverage was 45.4% (95%CI 37.2;53.9) and 15.5% (95%CI 10.6;22.2) for valid and on-time doses, respectively. Higher vaccination coverage was associated with females (PR=1.08; 95%CI 0.78;1.48) and socioeconomic strata C and D (PR=1.44; 95%CI 1.03;2.02). The results demonstrate that the city of Natal has low vaccination coverage for all immunobiologicals.

Evidence on trends in uptake of childhood vaccines and association with COVID-19 vaccination rates.

Childhood vaccination rates have declined in recent years; there is also concern that resistance to COVID-19 vaccines could spill over to childhood vaccines. To use local-level data to study trends in childhood vaccination rates and heterogeneity in local rates; including how many areas are below herd-immunity thresholds, and assess the association between COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and childhood vaccination. We report, for 11 states with available data, vaccination rates for measles, mumps, rubella (MMR), and diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis (DTaP) vaccines, including percentage of schools/counties with rates ≥95 %, 90-95%, 80-90%, and<80%. We also study the association between county-level COVID-19 vaccination rates and change from 2019 to 2022 in MMR and DTaP vaccination rates. School/county level vaccination rates; county-level COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy, proxied by the percent of the adult population in each county that did not complete primary COVID-19 vaccination. Percentage of school/counties with MMR/DTaP vaccination rates within specified ranges, mean vaccination rates, and change in MMR/DTaP vaccination rates between 2019 and 2022. On average, childhood vaccination rates declined from 2019 to 2022 in states that allow non-medical exemptions, but with substantial heterogeneity within and across states. The largest declines were in already low-vaccination schools. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy was associated with a somewhat larger 2019-to-2022 decline in childhood vaccination rates in rural counties and strongly Republican-leaning counties. Vaccination rates fell from 2019 to 2022, continuing a longer trend toward lower rates. For measles and pertussis, childhood vaccination rates are below herd-immunity levels in many local communities, sometimes substantially so. We used two proxies for potential spillover of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy to childhood vaccines (rural indicator and Republican-leaning indicator); these proxies can explain a modest part of the decline childhood vaccination in rural and Republican-leaning counties, but most of the explanation lies elsewhere.

Vaccination coverage, vaccine hesitancy and factors associated with incomplete vaccination: a household survey conducted with children born between 2017 and 2018 in the inland municipalities of Northeastern Brazil.

To analyze vaccination coverage and factors associated with incomplete vaccination in inland municipalities of Northeastern Brazil. This was a household survey using cluster sampling conducted in Vitória da Conquista, Bahia state, Caruaru, Pernambuco state, Sobral, Ceará state and Imperatriz, Maranhão state between 2020 and 2022. Vaccination coverage by valid doses and vaccine hesitancy were analyzed, with the odds ratio (OR) estimated and adjusted using logistic regression. Among 1,847 children, complete vaccination coverage was 49.2% (95%CI 43.9;54.5). Factors associated with incomplete vaccination included: higher income (OR 1.53; 95%CI 1.02;2.31), residence in Sobral (OR 4.35; 95%CI 3.04; 6.21) and >1 child (OR 1.20; 95%CI 1.11;1.32). Parental decision not to vaccinate and difficulties in traveling to vaccination centers contributed to vaccine hesitancy. Low vaccination coverage and incomplete vaccination were associated with social issues in the socioeconomic strata analyzed.

Risk factors and preventive role of vaccination in adult tetanus fatality: a systematic review of reported cases (1990-2024) and meta-analysis.

This study identifies key risk factors for fatality among adult tetanus patients and assesses the impact of vaccination status and antibody levels on disease severity and outcomes in tetanus cases. Despite widespread vaccination, fatality rates remain high due to diagnostic and management challenges. A meta-analysis of 182 tetanus cases from 36 countries, published since 1990, was conducted. The analysis focused on risk factors such as autonomic dysfunction, opisthotonus, incubation time, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and skin infections. Key risk factors for fatality included autonomic dysfunction, opisthotonus, shorter incubation periods, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cutaneous infections. Interestingly, fatalities occurred in patients with antibody levels above the proposed protective threshold, showing that serological evidence of immunity is not absolute. Importantly, patients with a complete vaccination history experienced less severe disease, and no fatalities were observed among those who had received a full course of childhood vaccinations. The findings highlight the importance of maintaining up-to-date vaccination schedules to reduce the severity of disease and improve outcomes in tetanus cases. The results suggest that while immunity may not always prevent infection, prior vaccination significantly mitigates disease severity. Given that immunity may not be entirely protective and up-to-date vaccinations seem to improve the outcomes, prompt diagnosis and effective booster vaccinations are crucial to further reduce mortality in tetanus patients.

Reactogenicity and Immunogenicity Against MPXV of the Intradermal Administration of Modified Vaccinia Ankara Compared to the Standard Subcutaneous Route.

The recent resurgence of mpox in central Africa has been declared a new public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC) requiring coordinated international responses. Vaccination is a priority to expand protection and enhance control strategies, but the vaccine's need exceeds the currently available doses. Intradermal (ID) administration of one-fifth of the standard modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA-BN) dose was temporarily authorized during the 2022 PHEIC. Studies conducted before 2022 provided evidence about the humoral response against the vaccinia virus (VACV) after vaccination but not against the mpox virus (MPXV). Moreover, no data are available on the T-cell response elicited by MVA-BN administered subcutaneously or intradermally. We compare the two vaccine administration routes according to reactogenicity (n = 943) and immunogenicity (n = 225) of vaccine recipients attending INMI Spallanzani hospital during the 2022 vaccination campaign in Rome, Italy. We found that the ID route elicited higher titers of MPXV-specific IgG (mean difference of 0.26 log2, p = 0.05) and nAbs (0.24 log2, p = 0.08) than the subcutaneous (SC) route one month after the complete vaccination cycle. At the same time, no evidence for a difference in cellular response was found. MVA-BN was globally well tolerated despite higher reactogenicity for the ID than the SC route, especially for the reactions at the local injection site. The ID dose-sparing strategy was proven safe and immunogenic and would make vaccination available to more people. Our data support the current WHO recommendation of using the ID route in low-medium-income countries (LMIC), although response data in people infected with the new 1b clade are urgently needed.

Ten-year trends in clinical characteristics and outcome of children hospitalized with severe wasting or nutritional edema in Malawi (2011-2021): Declining admissions but worsened clinical profiles.

Severe acute malnutrition (SAM) constitutes a substantial burden in African hospitals. Despite adhering to international guidelines, high inpatient mortality rates persist and the underlying contributing factors remain poorly understood. We evaluated the 10-year trend (2011-2021) in clinical factors and outcomes among children with severe wasting and/or nutritional edema at Malawi's largest nutritional rehabilitation unit (NRU). This retrospective study analyzed trends in presentation and outcomes using generalized additive models. The association between clinical characteristics and mortality or readmission was examined and key features were also related to time to either mortality or discharge. 1497 children (53%, females) were included. Median age at admission (23 months, IQR 14, 34) or anthropometry (i.e., weight-for-age, height-for-age and weight-for-height) did not change over the 10-years. But the prevalence of edema decreased by 40% whereas dehydration, difficulty breathing, and pallor became more common. Yearly HIV testing increased but positive-detection remained around 11%. Reporting of complete vaccination dropped by 49%, and no reduction in 'watch' antibiotic usage was detected. Overall admissions declined but mortality remained around 23% [95%CI; 21, 25], and deaths occurred earlier (5.6 days [95%CI; 4.6, 6.9] in 2011 vs. 3.5 days [95%CI; 2.5, 4.7] in 2021; p<0.001). Duration of hospitalization was shortened and readmissions surged from 4.9% [95%CI; 3.3, 7.4] in 2011 to 25% [95%CI; 18, 33] in 2021 (p<0.001). Age, wasting, having both dehydration and diarrhea, or having vomiting, cough, or difficulty breathing were associated with mortality but these associations did not show any interaction over time. Over 10 years, mortality risk remained high among hospitalized children with SAM and coincided with worsened clinical presentation at admission and increased readmission. Longitudinal data from major NRUs can identify shifts in clinical profiles or outcomes, and this information can be leveraged to promote earlier care-seeking, improved risk stratification, and implementation of more patient-centered treatments.

Prevalence of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and HPV Vaccination Completion Rates Among Gay and Bisexual Men in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

High-risk Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a sexually transmissible virus that causes cancer. Vaccination against HPV is available up to age 45. Gay and bisexual men (GBM) are at high risk for oropharyngeal and anal cancers caused by HPV. As part of a larger study of HPV prevention in GBM, we obtained anal swabs for HPV and offered HPV vaccination to GBM in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Participants were recruited by an outreach worker experienced with the GBM subculture using Respondent-Driven Sampling (RDS) from seeds. Eighty-three of a possible one hundred participants (mean age 26) were enrolled, tested, and given a first vaccination dose. Anal swabs were tested for twenty-eight HPV genotypes, both high and low risk for carcinogenicity, and a median of seven different HPV genotypes was found in participants. A total of 87% of participants carried at least one HPV genotype, and 76% carried at least one high-risk genotype. As a result of harassment and unanticipated risk to participants and staff at the unmarked community-based site, this study was terminated before the sample size was reached. Since a full course of vaccine was the standard of care, participants were contacted using the contact method they had provided to arrange follow-up vaccination doses at an alternative clinical site. Twenty-nine percent received the additional vaccination. A further 6% made appointments but did not attend, and another 10% would have received the second vaccination if they were incentivized to attend. The rate of HPV in anal samples was significantly higher than in our study using the same recruitment method in the same city in 2011–2012. The HIV rate was 45%. Anal HPV rates, including high-risk HPV rates, were significantly higher than in a similar population of gay and bisexual men 12 years ago. It is possible to provide HPV vaccination to gay and bisexual men in Tanzania and have approximately 45% potentially re-attend for a second dose if they are incentivized. Great care must be used to situate vaccination to avoid stigma leading to harassment, especially where homosexuality is criminalized. We infer that the high-risk harassment faced by participants and lack of incentive for the second visit depressed the return rate for revaccination.

Analysis of Tour Package Stimulus for Vaccine Recipients in the Pandemic Era Based on Travel Agent’s Perspective

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on reducing the number of tourists, resulting in a decline in the performance of the tourism sector, including travel agents. In an effort to accelerate the recovery of the tourism sector, the Indonesian Government has released a stimulus package program for people who receive the complete COVID-19 vaccine which is distributed through travel agents. This stimulus program is a trial phase in tourist destinations in the Riau Islands, Jakarta and its surroundings, Borobudur and its surroundings, and Bali. This research aims to analyze the impact of the tourism package stimulus on vaccine recipient communities from the travel agent's perspective. The research data is primary data from the results of filling out a questionnaire which was analyzed using the conjoint analysis method and Pearson's R and Kendall's Tau analysis tests on travel agents who took part in this stimulus program. The results of research on travel agents show that their guests are willing to buy tourism stimulus packages because of the 4 star hotel facilities, family restaurant, spa body treatment, mini bus, complete destinations (natural, cultural, and man-made), and there is a souvenir shop that sells food. and souvenirs, thus the stimulus impacted these businesses only.

Human Papillomavirus Vaccination in Adult Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers: A Missed Opportunity.

Introduction Studies assessing human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination uptake in survivors of childhood, adolescent, and young adult (CAYA) cancers are sparse. We examined HPV vaccine uptake between survivors of CAYA cancer aged 18-35 and 18-35-year-old respondents without a cancer diagnosis in the United States. Methods We used the 2017-2018 National Health Interview Survey, a national, annual cross-sectional national dataset that monitors health-related information on the non-institutionalized civilian population in the United States. Outcome variables included: 1) self-reported initiation of the HPV vaccine, defined as having received ≥1 dose, and 2) self-reported completion of the HPV vaccine, defined as having received ≥3 doses. The exposure variable was cancer survivorship, dichotomized as CAYA cancer survivors (those diagnosed with cancer during childhood, adolescence, or young adulthood) versus non-cancer survivors (no cancer diagnosis). -Weighted multivariable logistic regression models estimated the association between cancer survivorship and HPV vaccine initiation and completion, adjusting for socioeconomic covariates and factors related to healthcare access. Results A total of 2677 respondents were included in the study, of which 177 (5.3%) were CAYA cancer survivors. Overall, 28.0% of the study cohort initiated and 17.1% completed the HPV vaccine series. When stratified by cancer survivorship, initiation of the HPV vaccine (27.1%) and completion of the vaccine series (20.3%) among CAYA cancer survivors were comparable to respondents without cancer diagnosis (initiation: 28.1%, completion: 16.9%). After we controlled for covariates, cancer survivorship had neither a significant association with initiation of HPV vaccine (aOR=1.12; 95% CI, 0.71-1.79; P=0.6242) nor completion of HPV vaccine (aOR=1.37; 95% CI, 0.84-2.22; P=0.2055). Conclusions There was low HPV vaccination initiation and completion among both cohorts. CAYA may benefit the most from HPV vaccination, given that they are at a higher risk of developing secondary HPV-related cancer.

Evaluating hepatitis B screening, prevalence, vaccination coverage, and linkage to care in Abuja, Nigeria: insights from a cross-sectional study

BackgroundHepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major global health threat, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa, where Nigeria has a prevalence exceeding 8%. Despite the availability of effective vaccines, inadequate coverage and lack of awareness have resulted in high rates of chronic infections and HBV-attributable liver disease. The study aimed to raise awareness of HBV, enroll participants for HBV screening, determine HBV prevalence across various communities, vaccinate negative cases and link positive cases to care.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted in 16 districts of Abuja from April 2022 to March 2023. Participants aged 18 and over were screened for hepatitis B, and those testing negative were offered on-site vaccination. Blood samples were collected and tested using HBV immunochromatographic tests and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for HBV DNA quantification. Data were collected through interviews and analyzed using R software, with descriptive statistics calculated for continuous and categorical variables. Associations between socio-demographic factors and hepatitis B/vaccine status were assessed using the Chi-square test of independence.ResultsOut of 3,245 individuals screened, 141 (4.3%) tested positive for HBV. The highest prevalence was observed in the 20–39 age group (5.9%), with males showing a higher infection rate (5.4%) compared to females (3.7%) [p = 0.02]. The mean age of HBV-positive individuals was significantly lower (30.8 years) than those negative for HBV (36.2 years) [p = < 0.001]. Among 2,506 participants who consented to vaccination, 2,488 received the first dose (99.3%), 1,834 the second dose (73.2%), and 1,100 the third dose (43.9%). Vaccination uptake declined with each subsequent dose, but more older participants completed the third dose. A similar pattern of HBV prevalence was observed across gender and age groups.ConclusionThe study reveals a 4.3% prevalence of hepatitis B, with the highest infection rate among individuals aged 20–39 years, and males showing a higher prevalence than females. Although vaccination uptake was high for the first dose, adherence declined for subsequent doses. These findings highlight the need for targeted public health interventions, particularly among younger adults and males, to improve awareness and vaccination completion. Enhanced community engagement and sustained vaccination efforts are crucial for reducing HBV transmission and achieving better coverage.

IMPROVING MATERNAL AWARENESS AND CHILDHOOD VACCINATION UPTAKE IN DELTA STATE, NIGERIA

Background:- Vaccination is globally recognized as one of the most effective public health interventions for reducing child mortality by preventing vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs) such as measles, polio, tuberculosis, and Haemophilus influenzae. However, in countries like Nigeria, inadequate knowledge about vaccination remains a major barrier to achieving optimal vaccine coverage. Despite the Nigerian government’s provision of free routine vaccination for children up to the age of two, many mothers are unaware of the need to complete the full vaccination schedule, which leads to missed vaccination opportunities in later childhood. This study aimed to assess the level of maternal knowledge regarding childhood vaccination in Ughelli North Local Government Area of Delta State, Nigeria. Methods:- This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among 321 mothers in Ughelli, Delta State, Nigeria. Data were collected using a pre-tested, self-administered questionnaire designed to assess knowledge about childhood vaccination. The survey was administered online, and the data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics to examine associations between socio-demographic factors and vaccination knowledge. Participants' socio-demographic characteristics, including ethnicity, employment status, and educational background, were recorded and analysed. Results:- The study sample was predominantly Urhobo (68.9%), with a majority of participants being semi-employed (50.2%) and having attained tertiary education (88.8%). Despite the high educational levels, 87.5% of the respondents demonstrated poor knowledge of the full vaccination schedule, particularly regarding vaccines required after the age of two. The study found no statistically significant association between socio-demographic factors such as ethnicity, employment status, and educational level and maternal knowledge of vaccination (p &gt; 0.05). Discussion:- Although previous studies have shown a positive relationship between maternal education and vaccine uptake, this study revealed that socio-demographic variables had no significant impact on knowledge about vaccination schedules. Despite general awareness of the importance of vaccines, the study identified significant gaps in specific knowledge, particularly concerning vaccines required beyond the second year of life. These gaps highlight the need for improved communication strategies to ensure mothers understand the full vaccination process. Conclusion:- The findings underscore the critical need for targeted health promotion efforts to enhance maternal knowledge of childhood vaccination, particularly regarding vaccines beyond infancy. Comprehensive educational campaigns using mass media, social media, and community platforms are recommended to bridge these knowledge gaps. Healthcare workers should also be trained to deliver clear and consistent information on vaccination during routine maternal and child health visits to ensure timely and complete vaccination coverage.

A Cross-sectional Study of COVID-19 Vaccination and Public Perception in Selected Rural Community

The COVID-19 vaccination program in India demonstrated rapid deployment, yet rural populations exhibited lower vaccination rates compared to urban centers. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in rural areas of Surampalem of Andhra Pradesh state in India to evaluate vaccination status, assess public perception, and identify barriers to vaccine uptake. The study included 312 participants (151 males, 161 females) through a door-to-door survey using a structured questionnaire. Results indicated that Covaxin was administered to 168 participants while 144 received Covishield. It is found that 67% of the surveyed population required their second dose, indicating a substantial gap in complete vaccination coverage. Common misconceptions identified among participants included concerns about adverse effects, doubts regarding vaccine efficacy, belief in natural immunity superiority, and fears about vaccine interactions with comorbidities. Statistical analyses using one-way ANOVA and Student's t-tests showed no significant differences between groups regarding vaccine doses, age versus gender, and age versus vaccine type (p &gt; 0.005). Educational interventions were implemented through awareness camps and distribution of informational brochures to address identified misconceptions. Data was shared with local health authorities to facilitate targeted vaccination drives. The study results show the need for continued education and awareness programs in rural communities to improve COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and completion rates.

Socioeconomic/health-related factors associated with HPV vaccination initiation/completion among females of paediatric age: A systematic review with meta-analysis.

To systematically identify, appraise, and summarise published evidence on individual socioeconomic and health-related factors associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination initiation and completion among females of paediatric age. A global systematic review with meta-analysis (PROSPERO: CRD42023445721). We performed a literature search in December 2022 and supplemented the search on August 1, 2023. Appropriate data were pooled using an inverse variance, random-effects model and the results were expressed as odds ratios, with 95% confidence intervals. A statistically significant point pooled increased/decreased odds of 30-69% was regarded to be strongly associated, and ≥70% was very strongly associated. We included 83 cross-sectional studies. Among several significantly associated factors, being an older girl: 1.67 (1.44-1.93), having health insurance: 1.41 (1.16-1.72), and being in a public school: 1.54 (1.05-2.26) strongly increased the odds of vaccination initiation, and nativity in the country of study: 1.82 (1.33-2.50), use of contraception: 2.00 (1.16-3.46), receipt of influenza vaccination: 1.75 (1.54-2.00) and having visited a healthcare provider: 1.85 (1.51-2.28) in the preceding year very strongly increased the odds of vaccination initiation. Likewise, being an older girl: 1.36 (1.23-1.49) and having visited a healthcare provider in the preceding year: 1.46 (1.05-2.04) strongly increased the odds of vaccination series completion, and school-based vaccination: 3.08 (1.05-9.07), having health insurance: 1.72 (1.27-2.33), and receipt of influenza vaccination in the preceding year: 1.72 (1.62-1.83) very strongly increased the odds of vaccination series completion. We made similar observations when the studies were limited to the United States. Several individual socioeconomic/health-related factors may determine initiating and completing the HPV vaccination series among paediatric females. These factors provide insights that may be key to identifying girls at increased risk of not being vaccinated and may aid targeted public health messaging.

TINGKAT PENERIMAAN IMUNISASI LENGKAP DAN FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHINYA PADA ANAK: TINJAUAN SISTEMATIS PERAN APOTEKER

Efforts to maintain the health of infants and children should be aimed at preparing the next generation to be healthy, intelligent, and qualified and to reduce infant and child mortality. The provision of basic immunization is useful to provide comprehensive protection against dangerous diseases. Immunization is one way to prevent infectious diseases, especially diseases that can be prevented by immunization (PD3I). The design of this study is a systematic review. The search for articles discussed in this study uses several databases, including Pubmed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar, with a time span of 2019 to 2022. The keywords used to search for the article are "complete immunization" or "complete vaccination" and "immunization acceptance" and determinants or predictors or "risk factors" or causes and children or "under 2 years" or "12–23 months. The type of article used is a research article. The collected articles are then re-selected using inclusion criteria, namely: The collected articles are then re-selected using inclusion criteria, namely: 1) the purpose of the article is to analyze the receipt of complete immunization in children, 2) to analyze the factors that affect complete immunization, as well as exclusion criteria, namely 1) it is not a full-text article, 2) the article does not use English. Factors that affect the completeness of advanced immunization include factors such as knowledge, education, age, occupation, attitude, family support, distance to health services.

Analysis of Trends in Immunization Coverage Inequalities Among Children Aged 12–23 Months in Guinea: Data from Demographic and Health Surveys in 2005, 2012, and 2018

Background: The aim of this study was to describe trends in inequalities in full immunization of children aged 12 to 23 months and to identify associated socioeconomic factors. Methods: A secondary analysis was carried out using data from three Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) conducted in 2005, 2012 and 2018 in the Republic of Guinea. The concentration, or Lorenz curve, and associated index were used to measure inequalities over time. Multivariate logistic regression was employed to identify socioeconomic factors associated with full vaccination of children aged 12 to 23 months. Results: The study found a strongly positive overall concentration index (CI &amp;gt; 0.5) for complete vaccination of children aged 12 to 23 months, indicating inequalities in favor of wealthier households. This inequality decreased in 2012 but increased again in 2018. Children from wealthy families were nearly twice as likely to be fully vaccinated compared to children from very poor families (adjusted OR 1.79, 95% CI: 1.38 - 2.32). Conclusion: This study revealed significant inequalities favoring wealthy families in the use of immunization services by children aged 12 to 23 months in Guinea. It also underscores the need for planning and implementing strategies to reduce these inequalities in access to and use of immunization services.