Completely Randomized Research Articles

EFFECT OF CRUDE TAINNIN EXTRACTS FROM GLIRIDIA SEPIUM ON INTESTINAL MICROFLORA AND CHYME PH OF BROILER CHICKEN

Tannins have been reported to have antibiotic effect on consuming animals. In this study the effect of application of crude tannin extracts in drinking water of chickens in place of synthetic antibiotics on intestinal microflora and chyme pH of broiler chicken. Gliricidia sepium leaves were harvested, weighed, air-dried and milled using hammer mill. The tannins were extracted in aqueous medium as crude tannin extract (CTE) and then ad libitum 0, 12, 24, and 36mL-1 in water. Eighty-four 1- day old Abor acres chicks were randomly allotted to four treatments, three replicates in Completely Randomized Design. The birds were fed common diets and their respective water ad libitum. At week 6 the birds were slaughtered by severance of the jugular veins and the chyme pH, and the microbial populations within the duodenum, jejunum and ileum were examined. All data were subjected to one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The digesta pH within the ilea of broiler fed diet with CTE at 24 mL-1 in drinking water was significantly lower compare to all other groups (P>0.05). The Total bacteria count within the jejunum of birds fed 36 mL-1 was significantly lower (p>0.05) in contrast to other treatments. The coliform population in broiler fed diet with CTE at T2(12mL-1) within the jejunum was significantly lower than those fed T1(0 mL-1), T3(24 mL-1) and T4(36 mL-1) in drinking water (p>0.05). The population of Lactobacillus in jejunum of broiler fed diet with CTE at 0mL-1in drinking water was significantly higher compare to all other groups. There were no significant (p>0.05) differences in total fungi count within all the intestinal segment with the exception of broiler fed with CFE at T3 (24 mL-1) in drinking water in duodena. Based on the results from this study it could be concluded that the supplementation of gliricidia crude tannin extract at 36mL-1 in drinking water reduced bacteria population in small intestine.

ORGAN WEIGHT CHANGES OF WEANER PIGS FED DIET CONTAINING GRADED LEVELS OF COMBINED YAM PEEL AND SWEET POTATO PEEL MEAL COMBINATION

Nutritionists focusing on animal health in Nigeria face ongoing challenges in finding alternative feeding solutions for monogastric animals, particularly pigs. To address this, a study was conducted using 24 weaner pigs to assess the effects of incorporating a combination of yam peel and sweet potato peel meal into a maize-based diet on organ weights. The total of twenty-four pigs were divided into four dietary groups, each replicated three times, with two pigs per replicate, following a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The diets consisted of a maize-based diet (D1) and three experimental diets where the maize was partially replaced with a combination of yam peel and sweet potato peel meal at levels of 0, 5, 10, and 15%, respectively (D2, D3, and D4). The proximate composition and gross energy content of the combined sweet potato peel and yam peel meals were as follows: crude protein: 9.11 %, ether extract 1.20 %, crude fibre 3.47 %, ash 6.89 %, dry matter 89.10 % and gross energy 3.010 Kcal/kg. Anti-nutritional factors present in the meal included hydrogen cyanide (0.23 mg/kg), phytates (0.56 %), tannins (0.46 %), and Heamagglutinins (0.47 mg/hu). Significant differences (p<0.05) were observed in organ weights between the control and experimental groups, except for the heart and lungs. The spleen weights did not display a consistent pattern attributable to the test ingredient. However, the liver and kidney weights of pigs fed the experimental diets were higher than those on the control diet. Nonetheless, the observed enlargement of kidney and liver suggested that weaner pigs may have limited tolerance to the test ingredient beyond 10%.

Important Insect Pests on Cabbage in Lao PDR

This study was conducted in Xiengkhouang province, Vientiane province, Saravane province, Champasak province, Vientiane Capital, and Plant Protection Center, from January to March 2017. The aims of study were to investigate to major insect pests on cabbage and compared the efficacy of Jeevatu, Jeevatu+botanical pesticide and chemical pesticide to control Diamondback moth in laboratory condition. The study was divided into two treatments: 1) survey important insect pests of cabbage in 3 purposive sampling areas (field)/village, 10 points/rai, and 3 cabbages/point to identify insect pests and survey the life cycle of Diamondback moth of cabbage, and 2) conduct the efficacy experiment of Jeevatu, Jeevatu+botanical pesticide and chemical pesticide to Diamondback moth in laboratory. The experiment was done by Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 5 treatments and 4 replications. The survey showed that there are 8 species of insect pests on cabbage and the most important species is Diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) which was found in all provinces that had been survey than followed by striped flea beetle (Phyllotreta striolata), cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae), cabbage butterfly (Pieris rapae), taro caterpillar (Spodoptera litura), cabbage webworm (Hellula undalis), cabbage looper (Trichoplasia ni) and flea beetle (phyllotreta cruciferae). Life cycle of Diamondback moth was investigated in that laboratory, and it showed that the total of life cycle took about 14-21 days that included 3-5 days for egg stage, 8-12 days for lavae stage, 3-4 days for pupae stage, and 13-31 days of bebeing mature. The efficacy of Jeevatu+Sugar apple leaf extracts, Jeevatu+Neem extracts, and Jeevatu with water for control Diamondback moth indicated that after 5 days sprayed, the mortality percentage was up to 90%, 80% and 57% respectively. For chemical sprayed for 2 days, the mortality percentage was up to 100%. The results of this study showed that the Jeevatu+botanical pesticide can be used as a substitute for substituting chemical in preventing the control Diamondback moth.

Test The Activity of Microgel Preparations from Skin Extract Jengkol (Pithecellobium lobatum Benth) on The Healing of Cut Wounds in White Rats (Rattus novergicus)

The skin is the largest and heaviest organ in the body, covering its outer surface. Wounds are often experienced by everyone due to the loss of epithelial integrity of the skin. Jengkol fruit skin is useful as a burn medicine and antiseptic to test the activity of microgel preparations from jengkol skin extract (Pithecellobium lobatum Benth) on healing cuts in white rats (Rattus novergicus). This study was a true experimental, post test control only design using the Completely Randomized Design (CRD) statistical method. The data were analyzed statistically using SPSS and continued with ANOVA test to see significant differences between the 5 treatment groups. The results of the study obtained microgel preparations that had activity for healing cuts on the backs of white rats, namely the F3 preparation with a concentration of 15% jengkol skin extract with wound observation for 12 days. In conclusion, cuts on the backs of white rats can be healed with jengkol skin extract.

Association between Physico Biochemical Parameters of Ber (Ziziphus mauritiana Lamk.) cv. Umran under Cold Storage

Aim: The objective of the study was to examine the relationship between the physical and biochemical attributes of Indian jujube or ber (Ziziphus mauritiana Lamk.) cultivar Umran, affected by treatments applied after harvest and stored under cold storage conditions. Place and Duration: This investigation was conducted at Horticulture Department of SKN Agriculture University, Jobner in the month of February to March, 2019. Methodology: The fruits treated with calcium chloride (CaCl2) (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5%) and gibberellic acid (GA3) (20, 40 and 60ppm) while being maintained in cold storage. The experiment was carried out utilizing a Completely Randomized Design (CRD), consisting of seven treatments and three replications. The study evaluated multiple attributes of fruits, such as physiological weight loss, marketability, pulp percentage, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid, total sugars and reducing sugars. Results: The correlation analysis revealed a highly significant positive correlation between the weight of the fruit and various quality measures, such as marketability (r = 0.959), pulp percent (r =0.846), total soluble solids (r =0.947), titratable acidity (r =0.998), ascorbic acid (r =0.991), total sugars (r =0.980) and reducing sugars (r =0.963). While, a strong negative association was observed between the fruit's weight and PLW (r =-0.947). The linear regression model provides additional evidence for this relationship revealed that changes in fruit weight were responsible for a substantial amount of the differences observed in the evaluated quality attributes. The values of the coefficients of determination (r²) varied between 0.747 and 0.996. Conclusion: The strong correlations and regression model provide valuable insights for improving post-harvest handling and storage practices, leading to enhanced preservation of fruit quality during cold storage.

Effect of Leaf and Seed Powder Based Edible Coating with Beeswax and Clove Essential Oil on the Shelf Life of Guava (Psidium guajava) cv. Allahabad Safeda

The guava is thought to be India's most significant commercial fruit crop. Due to their high respiration rate, vulnerability to different pathogens, and mechanical damage that can quickly deteriorate the quality and concised its shelf life. Nonetheless, the purpose of the experiment was to investigate how guava's edible coatings affected its postharvest quality and shelf life. Guava fruits were treated by seven treatments of different concentrations of beeswax, guava leaf powder, neem leaf powder, tamarind seed powder, and clove oil with different combinations were used as edible coating were studied in a Factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications. All seven treatments were used to examine the impact of edible coating materials on the physical and chemical properties. Under ambient conditions, the variations in physiological and chemical parameters were seen. The findings of present study showed maximum fruit weight (120.29 g), highest vitamin C (163.19 mg/100g), maximum acidity (0.49%) and antioxidant activity (35.43%) obtained from T4 [Neem leaves powder (2%) + Beeswax (1%)+ clove oil (1%)] compared with untreated fruits. The result suggested that the applications of [Neem leaves powder (2%) + Beeswax (1%) + clove oil (1%)] as an edible coating material in guava fruit is more effective than other treatments to improve the shelf life of Guava.

Pseudochrobactrum asaccharolyticum mitigates arsenic induced oxidative stress of maize plant by enhancing water status and antioxidant defense system

BackgroundOxidative stress mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a common denominator in arsenic toxicity. Arsenic stress in soil affects the water absorption, decrease stomatal conductance, reduction in osmotic, and leaf water potential, which restrict water uptake and osmotic stress in plants. Arsenic-induced osmotic stress triggers the overproduction of ROS, which causes a number of germination, physiological, biochemical, and antioxidant alterations. Antioxidants with potential to reduce ROS levels ameliorate the arsenic-induced lesions. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) increase the total soluble sugars and proline, which scavenging OH radicals thereby prevent the oxidative damages cause by ROS. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the potential role of Arsenic resistant PGPR in growth of maize by mitigating arsenic stress.MethodologyArsenic tolerant PGPR strain MD3 (Pseudochrobactrum asaccharolyticum) was used to dismiss the ‘As’ induced oxidative stress in maize grown at concentrations of 50 and 100 mg/kg. Previously isolated arsenic tolerant bacterial strain MD3 “Pseudochrobactrum asaccharolyticum was used for this experiment. Further, growth promoting potential of MD3 was done by germination and physio-biochemical analysis of maize seeds. Experimental units were arranged in Completely Randomized Design (CRD). A total of 6 sets of treatments viz., control, arsenic treated (50 & 100 mg/kg), bacterial inoculated (MD3), and arsenic stress plus bacterial inoculated with three replicates were used for Petri plates and pot experiments. After treating with this MD3 strain, seeds of corn were grown in pots filled with or without 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg sodium arsenate.ResultsThe plants under arsenic stress (100 mg/kg) decreased the osmotic potential (0.8 MPa) as compared to control indicated the osmotic stress, which caused the reduction in growth, physiological parameters, proline accumulation, alteration in antioxidant enzymes (Superoxide dismutase-SOD, catalase-CAT, peroxidase-POD), increased MDA content, and H2O2 in maize plants. As-tolerant Pseudochrobactrum asaccharolyticum improved the plant growth by reducing the oxidation stress and antioxidant enzymes by proline accumulation. PCA analysis revealed that all six treatments scattered differently across the PC1 and PC2, having 85.51% and 9.72% data variance, respectively. This indicating the efficiency of As-tolerant strains. The heatmap supported the As-tolerant strains were positively correlated with growth parameters and physiological activities of the maize plants.ConclusionThis study concluded that Pseudochrobactrum asaccharolyticum reduced the ‘As’ toxicity in maize plant through the augmentation of the antioxidant defense system. Thus, MD3 (Pseudochrobactrum asaccharolyticum) strain can be considered as bio-fertilizer.

Efisiensi Kerapatan Tananaman Pakcoy (Brassica Rapa) terhadap Kualitas Air untuk Mendukung Kelangsungan Hidup Ikan Nila

Asnan Ridoanrisna. Efficiency Of Pakcoy Plants (Brassica Rapa) In Maintaining Water Quality To Support The Survival Rate Of Tilapia. Under Guidance By Robin And Novita Mz. Tilapia is a freshwater fish commodity with high economic value. According to data from the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS), tilapia exports reached 12.29 thousand tons with a value of USD 78.44 million. Tilapia farming faces the risk of mortality which can lead to economic losses, one of which is caused by organic pollution. To address this issue, this research employs phytoremediation methods with varying plant densities to improve water quality and tilapia survival. The study was conducted with four treatments: A75 (plant density 75% of the aquarium surface area), A50 (50%), A25 (25%), and A0 (no plants), using an aquarium size of 60 x 30 x 50 cm³. Each treatment received chicken manure at 1.8 grams per aquarium and 40 tilapia fish per aquarium. Observations were made over 15 days in March 2023, measuring physical and chemical water parameters including DO, pH, TDS, temperature, and ammonia, as well as calculating the survival rate of tilapia. Using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD), the study found that treatment A75 achieved the highest survival rate at 62.5%. This result indicates that higher plant density in the phytoremediation method is more effective in maintaining water quality and supporting tilapia survival.

Impact of Harvest Age on Corn (Zea Mays) Fodder Productivity

Corn fodder is simply seeding corn kernels that are sown until the age of 8-13 days. The harvest age of corn fodder is one way to regulate plant productivity factors. The regulation of the harvest age will affect regrowth, so it is very important to pay attention so that corn fodder plants can provide optimal production in both quantity and quality. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of differences in harvest age on the productivity of corn (Zea mays) forage. This study used the Completely Randomized Design (CRD) method consisting of 4 treatments and 5 replications, namely T1 (harvest age 7 days), T2 (harvest age 14 days), T3 (harvest age 21 days) and T4 (harvest age 28 days). The parameters observed were plant height, number of leaves, wet biomass and dry biomass. The results showed that the average height of corn fodder plants (Zea mays) was T1; 1.11, T2; 4.96, T3; 8.30 and T4; 10. The average number of leaves of corn fodder plants (Zea mays) at T1; 0.34, T2; 1.30, T3; 1.30 and T4; 2.3. The average wet biomass of corn fodder plants (Zea mays) at T1; 197.67, T2; 249.33, T3; 246 and T4; 241.67. The average dry biomass of corn fodder plants (Zea mays) at T1; 35, T2; 47, T3; 45 and T4; 41. The conclusion of this study is that corn fodder with different harvest age variations has a very significant effect on plant height, number of leaves, wet biomass and dry biomass.

Effect of Different Seed Priming Treatments on Seed Quality Components of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

The effects of different seed priming treatments, namely tap water, KNO3 @ 2.5%, Thiourea @ 1000 ppm, CaCl2 @ 2%, NaCl2 @ 2%, ZnSO4 @ 1%, KH2PO4 @ 1% and Salicylic acid @ 100 ppm solutions, on seed quality parameters of Barley cv. K-1055 and K-409 in Factorial Completely Randomized Block Design with four replications were investigated during 2022-23 and 2023-24 at the laboratory of Department of Seed Science and Technology, Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture & Technology, Kanpur. Analysis of variance revealed that the all recorded seed quality parameters were significantly affected by various seed priming treatments. Priming with KNO3 @ 2.5 % showed maximum 1000 seed weight, standard germination %, seedling length, seedling root length, seedling shoot length, seedling dry weight, seed vigour index-I and seed vigour index-II.

Rearing Performances of Different Eco-Races of Eri Silkworm (Samia Ricini Boisd.) in Jorhat, Assam

Eri silkworm (Samia ricini Boisd.) is a commercially exploited domesticated silkworm. In the present study an effort was made to evaluate the rearing performances of five eco-races of eri silkworm such as Borduar, Titabar, Dhemaji, Diphu and Kokrajhar in the circumstances of Jorhat district of Assam. The main objective behind this study was to find out the best performing eri silkworm eco-race for the Jorhat district to increase the income of the eri silkworm rearers of the region. To study each of the parameter for evaluating the rearing performances of the eco-races, the larvae were selected randomly from each of the three replication that were maintained separately for the eco-races by using Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The analysis was based on different larval and cocoon characters like larval weight (g), cocoon weight (g), shell weight (g), pupal weight(g), shell ratio (%), effective rate of rearing (ERR%). Out of these five eco-races of eri silkworm Titabar eco-race showed better performance followed by Borduar and Dhemaji in terms of all the aspects. The larval and cocoon parameters were found to be significantly different for each of the eco-race of eri silkworm.

Extending Cucumber Shelf Life: A Comparative Study of Low-Cost Drip Cooling Systems Using Different Fabric Coverings

Aims: Postharvest losses of cucumbers pose significant challenges for small-scale farmers in developing regions due to limited access to modern cold storage. This study investigated the effectiveness of low-cost indigenous drip coolers with different fabric coverings as an alternative preservation method. Study Design: Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five treatments and three replications. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Crop Science, Surigao del Norte State University – Mainit Campus, Mainit, Surigao del Norte, Philippines on March 1-20, 2024. Methodology: Cucumber fruits were stored in indigenous drip coolers constructed with various recycled fabric coverings. Treatment combinations were: T1 - Control ambient temperature, T2 - Alpha Gina fabric, T3 - Silk satin bedsheets, T4 – Cotton comforter, and T5 - Cotton Blanket. The study evaluated color change, firmness, shriveling index, visual quality rating, weight loss, and damage rate over 20 days storage period. Results: Significant differences in cucumber fruit quality emerged at different time points across various parameters. Differences in color change and firmness were observed on day 15 (p = 0.023), while shriveling and visual quality showed differences by day 20 of storage (p = 0.042 and p = 0.042, respectively). However, in terms of weight loss, the Alpha gina fabric significantly had the highest loss among fabric covers used (p = 0.038). Consistently, the control ambient group exhibited the poorest quality, while treatments like the cotton comforter and silk satin bedsheet were most effective in preserving cucumber quality. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the effectiveness of indigenous drip coolers in preserving cucumber quality, with silk satin bedsheets and cotton comforter coverings consistently outperforming other materials and ambient conditions. These coolers were effective in slowing color change, maintaining firmness, reducing shriveling, and preserving overall visual quality. The study highlights the importance of fabric selection in drip cooler design, with cotton comforter and silk satin bedsheet coverings likely offering better air circulation, moisture retention, and insulation.

Pertumbuhan dan hasil jamur merang (volvariella volvacea) pada berbagai media tanam limbah pertanian

Straw mushrooms are a food ingredient that is much sought after by the public because they have a delicious taste and are beneficial for health with a complete nutritional co mposition consisting of carbohydrates (8.7%); protein (26.49%); fat (0.67%); calcium (0.75%); phosphorus (30%); potassium (44.2%) vitamins and minerals. For the growth of straw mushrooms, they need nutrients which can be fulfilled by the planting medium which can come from agricultural waste. This research aims to determine the growth and yield of straw mushrooms on various types of agricultural waste growing media. This research was designed using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 4 treatment levels, namely: P0 = 50 kg rice straw, P1 = 50 kg reeds, P2 = 50 kg corn cobs, P3 = 50 kg sugarcane bagasse. The research was repeated 4 times to obtain 16 treatments. The results of the study showed that the effect of significant differences in treatment was only found in the observation parameter of the number of fruiting bodies of straw mushrooms, while the other parameters did not show significant differences. The results of the observations showed that the planting media treatment with rice straw gave the best results with a fruit body number of 63.5 fruit bodies, a fruit body diameter of 3.05 cm, a fruit body height of 4.42 cm and a fruit body wet weight of 898 gr. The time for pinheads to appear on rice straw planting media is faster than other planting media

Towards a modelling, optimization and predictive control framework for smart irrigation

Smart irrigation scheduling is a promising approach for improving the efficiency and sustainability of agricultural water use, especially in arid and semi-arid lands. In this paper, we present a design and simulation of a model predictive controller for smart irrigation scheduling. The proposed controller is based on a mathematical model of the irrigation system, which is used to predict the future states of the system and determine the optimal irrigation schedule for a given crop and field. This study further evaluates the impact of the predictive control framework on crop yield, water use efficiency (WUE), and water savings in tomato production. Three control strategies, including manual control, open-loop control, and model predictive control (MPC), were compared using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) methodology. Results indicate that MPC outperforms the other strategies, yielding the highest average crop yield of 20 t/ha and demonstrating superior WUE at 10.4 kg/m3. Additionally, MPC significantly reduces water consumption, achieving a 29 % and 8 % savings compared to manual and open-loop control, respectively. These findings underscore the efficacy of MPC in optimizing crop yield, conserving water resources, and promoting sustainable agriculture practices. The proposed controller has the potential to address the global water scarcity challenge and contribute to the sustainability of agriculture in arid and semi-arid lands.

Impact of Iba and Naa Concentrations on Growth Characteristics of MR2 Mulberry (Morus sinensis) Using Mini-Clonal Technology at Nursery Level

Using mini-clonal technology, an experiment was carried out to examine the effects of rooting hormone on the growth and rooting characteristics of the mulberry (Morus sinensis L.) variety 'MR2'. Cuttings from the apical shoots of the mulberry variety MR2, which is the popular variety among farmers and have good resistance towards mildew attack was taken for the study. The experiment was conducted at the Department of Sericulture, Forest College and Research Institute, Mettupalayam. Four replications of the Completely Randomized Design (CRD) experiment were used to arrange the data. Two hormones, such as Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and Napthalene acetic acid (NAA), were used in the experiment. The hormones were replicated four times in each of the following concentration ranges: 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, and 5000 ppm. Different hormone concentrations were applied to apical shoot cuttings before they were planted in the appropriate rooting medium in a greenhouse. At the 90th day, measurements were taken of the following parameters like shoot length (cm), number of roots per plant (no’s), root length (cm) and number of leaves per plant (no’s). IBA and NAA at 5000 ppm out performed all other treatments in terms of mulberry mini cutting growth and root characteristics.

RESPON PRODUKSI TANAMAN BAWANG MERAH (Allium ascalonicum L.) TERHADAP BOKASHI KOTORAN SAPI DAN PUPUK ROCK FOSFAT PADA MEDIA GAMBUT

The development of shallot cultivation in Riau needs to be done by optimizing peatlands. However, problems such as low pH and low nutrient availability need to be addressed. The use of cow manure bokashi can increase the availability of soil nutrients and the addition of P fertilizer from rock phosphate is expected to increase the availability of P in peat soil. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of cow manure bokashi and rock phosphate fertilizer in increasing the production of shallot plants in peat media. This research was carried out at the UIR Experimental Garden, Pekanbaru, from September to December 2022. The materials used in this study were Brebes shallot seedlings, cow manure bokashi, rock phosphate, urea, KCl. The tools used in the research included hoes, tape measure, cutter knife, analytical scales, camera and stationery. The research method used a Factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The first factor was the dose of cow manure bokashi with 4 treatment levels: without cow manure bokashi, 40, 80 and 120 g/polybag Bokashi cow manure. The second factor was the dose of rock phosphate fertilizer with 4 treatment levels: 0, 0.8 g/polybag, 1.6, 2.4 g/polybag. Each experimental unit was repeated 3 times. Observational data were analyzed statistically and further tested for HSD the 5% level. Application of cow manure bokashi with rock phosphate can increase shallot production. Application of cow manure bokashi 80 g/polybag with rock phosphate dose of 2.4 g/polybag increased the wet and dry shallot bulb weight.

Improving Nutritional Profile and Consumer Acceptance of Siomay Stuffing Through Integration of Mackerel Meat (Rastrelliger SP.) and Yellow Potato Flour (Solanum Tuberosum L.)

Siomay, a popular Indonesian snack traditionally made with high-fat chicken or beef fillings, can be made healthier by using mackerel fish instead. This modification, combined with the addition of potato starch, aims to improve the nutritional profile of siomay while maintaining its appeal to consumers, as mackerel is both tasty and nutritious. This study aims to improve the nutritional profile and consumer acceptance of siomay filling through the integration of mackerel meat and potato starch. Data were analyzed using a Completely Randomized Factorial Design with two factors (mackerel meat and potato starch) mixed in different proportions in the siomay filling dough. Parameters tested included nutritional composition (protein, fat, carbohydrate, fiber, and mineral), physicochemical properties (texture, color, and aroma), and consumer acceptance test using a hedonic scale. The results showed that the most preferred treatment was K2D2 (14g mackerel meat and 20g potato starch), which was 5.6±1.5. The nutritional content of the siomay filling preferred by the panelists increased (water 29.07 g, protein 12.89 g, fat 3.65 g, ash 3.41 g, sugar 1.35 mg, vitamin B1 0.26 mg). However, the carbohydrate content decreased to 50.98 g, compared to the content of siomay filling without the addition of yellow potato starch (56, 74 g). This study shows that mackerel flour and potato starch can potentially be used to improve the nutritional profile and consumer acceptance of siomay filling.

Impact of Variations in Rabbit Urine Fertilizer Dosage on Corn Fodder (Zea mays) productivity

Corn is a ruminant animal feed with high vegetable protein and carbohydrate values. Because corn growers need a large area of land, one alternative is corn fodder. The application of corn fodder is very simple, harvests quickly and saves land. To support the growth of corn fodder, adequate nutrition is needed. Rabbit urine organic fertilizer contains high levels of N, P and K nutrients to increase plant productivity. This study aims to determine the effect of different doses of rabbit urine on the productivity of corn fodder (Zea mays). The method in this research is the research method used in this research is the Completely Randomized Design Method (CRD) which consists of 4 treatments, namely the concentration of rabbit urine fertilizer. Rabbit urine fertilizer concentrations consisted of 7 ml, 14 ml and 21 ml. Harvested on day 14. The parameters observed were plant height, number of leaves, wet biomass and dry biomass. Based on the results of this research, it can be concluded that the use of rabbit urine fertilizer in corn fodder at the average plant height P0=10.32 P1=11.85 P2=11.44 P3=13.67. The mean number of leaves P0=1.64 P1=1.73 P2=1.69 P3=1.81. The mean for wet biomass P0=57.37 P1=71.14 P2=74.09 P3=86.65. The average dry biomass, namely P0=6 P1=11 P2=11.40 P3=17.40. The conclusion from this research is that corn fodder given rabbit urine fertilizer has a very significant effect (P<0,01) on plant height, number of leaves, wet biomass and dry biomass.

Spatial Pattern of Living Woody and Coarse Woody Debris in Warm-Temperate Broad-Leaved Secondary Forest in North China.

The investigation into the spatial distribution of living woody (LWD) and coarse woody debris (CWD) within forests represents a fundamental methodology for probing the inherent mechanisms governing coexistence and mortality within forest ecosystems. Here, a complete spatial randomness (CSR) null model was employed to scrutinize the spatial pattern, while canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) and the Torus-translation test (TTT) were utilized to elucidate the distribution patterns of LWD and CWD within warm-temperate deciduous broadleaf secondary forests in Dongling Mountains plot, northern China. The results reveal that both LWD and CWD exhibit an aggregated distribution as the predominant pattern in the Dongling Mountains plot, with the proportion and intensity of aggregation diminishing as spatial scale increases. Specifically, the aggregation intensity g0-10 demonstrates a significant negative correlation with abundance and maximum diameter at breast height (DBH). Notably, the g0-10 of LWD manifests a stronger correlation with the maximum DBH, whereas the g0-10 of CWD exhibits a greater association with the mortality rate. CCA outcomes suggest that elevation, convexity, and aspect significantly impact LWD distribution, whereas CWD distribution shows substantial negative correlations with elevation, convexity, slope, and aspect. TTT findings indicate that ecosystems characterized by a substantial presence of LWD also display a notable prevalence of CWD. Additionally, the majority of species exhibit no habitat preference, displaying neutral habitat connections and low ecological niche differentiation within the sampled plot.

Kualitas internal telur ayam ras yang direndam larutan daun kelor dengan lama penyimpanan selama 21 hari

This study aims to determine the quality of broiler chicken eggs soaked in Moringa leaf solution. This research was conducted by immersing purebred chicken eggs in Moringa leaf solution for 1 day and using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) method with a sample of 80 purebred chicken eggs consisting of 4 treatments where each treatment consisted of 4 replications and each replication consists of 5 samples. Each treatment of the experimental design used in this study was P0 (without treatment), P1 (addition of 20% Moringa leaf solution), P2 (addition of 30% Moringa leaf solution), P3 (addition of 40% Moringa leaf solution). The variables observed were egg Kuningindex, egg white index and air voids.The results of the study showed that soaking chicken eggs in Moringa leaf solution at P3 (soaking in 40% Moringa leaf solution) had a real effect on the egg white index. The results of the extension evaluation carried out in the Pesona Mutiara Farmer Women's Group,