Complete Randomized Design Experiment Research Articles

Drought Tolerance in Soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) Genotypes during the Flowering Stage of Development

Aims: To access the responses of 22 soybean genotypes under drought stress during the flowering stage of development.
 Study Design: A completely randomized experimental design (CRD) was adopted in this study. Five seeds of each of the 22 soybean genotypes were planted in 12-liter (L) plastic buckets (with holes at the bottom) containing sandy loam soil. There was one genotype per pot with three replications. The setup was repeated to represent experimental (drought-stressed (DS) and control (well-watered (WW) groups.
 Place and Duration of Study: Teaching and Research Farm of the School of Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana in 2019.
 Methodology: Twenty-one exotic soybean genotypes and a local variety were assessed for their responses to drought stress at the flowering stage of development using pot experiment in the greenhouse. One group (experimental) was exposed to drought stress by withholding water for 15 days whilst the other group (control) was watered regularly at three-day intervals. Data collected were the number of leaves, plant height, stem girth, leaf area, and number of flowers, at 5, 10, and 15 days after treatment (DAT) and relative leaf water content at 15 DAT. The number of days to permanent wilting of the genotypes was also recorded.
 Results: Drought stress reduced the number of leaves and plant height significantly (P-values = 0.033, 0.000) and (P-values = 0.004, 0.000) at 10 and 15 days after drought treatment respectively. Also, stem girth, leaf area, and number of flowers were significantly reduced at all sampling dates (P-value = 0.002, 0.000, 0.000), (P-values = 0.004, 0.000, 0.000) and (P-values = 0.009, 0.000, 0.000) respectively. At 15 DAT, drought significantly (P < 0.001) reduced relative leaf water content. Genotypes TGX-1989-11F and TGX-1987-62F were the first and last to wilt at 7 days and 16 days after rewatering respectively.
 Conclusion: The pot screening method revealed that the number of leaves, plant height, stem girth, leaf area, number of flowers, relative leaf water content, and days to permanent wilting differed significantly (P = 0.05) at 15 days of drought exposure.

PRODUCTIVE RESPONSE OF LACTATING DUAL-PURPOSE COWS GRAZING IN AN AGROSILVOPASTORAL SYSTEM DURING THE DRY SEASON SUPPLEMENTED WITH LOW LEVELS OF CRUDE PROTEIN

<p><strong>Background. </strong>Cattle production in tropical regions of Mexico is in dual-purpose farms (DP) on unintended agrosilvopastoral systems (ASPS) with pastures dominated by tropical grasses with scattered shrubs and trees. During the dry season due to the forage diminished nutritional value and availability most farmers supplement their cattle to sustain milk production and weight gains of calves, without taking into consideration the wide variety of forages available in grazing lands to decide the composition of supplements offered to their cattle. <strong>Objective/hypothesis. </strong>The objective of the study was to determine the effect of low levels of crude protein (CP) content in supplements (S10 = 100, S11 = 110 and S12 = 120 g CP/kg of DM) on the performance of lactating Brown Swiss (BS) cows on an ASPS during the dry season. We hypothesize that low levels of CP in supplements of lactating grazing cows on an agrosilvopastoral system during the dry season would not affect animal performance. <strong>Methodology. </strong>The study was carried out in the dry season (March to June of 2012), in a commercial DP in the State of Mexico. Eighteen multiparous BS cows and their calves were used in the study, randomly allocated to three groups (six cows/group), to receive one of three supplements (4.5 kg DM/cow/day), consisting of 100, 110 or 120 g/kg DM of crude protein (CP) S10, S11 and S12, respectively. Data were analysed as a complete random experimental design with a mixed model. <strong>Results. </strong>There were no significant differences in most of the animal performance variables (P > 0.05), except for fat protein corrected milk (FPCM) where S12 (6.4) was significantly higher than S10 and S11 (4.7 and 4.5 kg/day, respectively). Milk protein yields (kg/day) significantly increased as the CP level increased in supplements. High levels of milk urea nitrogen (MUN) were detected (mean 14.0 mg/dL). <strong>Implications. </strong>In similar DP farms where cattle have access to other sources of forages like shrubs and trees, it is possible to reduce the CP content of supplements and to increase the efficiency of utilization of those alternative forages as well as a reduction in supplementation costs. <strong>Conclusion. </strong>There were no significant differences in the performance of BS cows grazing on an ASPS during the dry season receiving supplements with low crude protein levels. When correcting to fat-protein milk yields a significant difference was found in favour of supplement with 120 g CP/kg of DM.<strong></strong></p>

Bioecology Study of Brackish Pond Waters for Saline Tilapia in Petta Barat Village Sangihe Archipelago District

Problems that often arise in the fisheries sector, especially in the development of saline tilapia aquaculture, are always related to constraints in feed supply. Therefore, feed management involving the use of immunostimulants is required as an effort to improve the growth and survival of saline tilapia. Thus, the objective of this study was to identify the relationship between the use of immunostimulant yeast derived from natural extracts of cucumber fruit on the relative growth rate of saline tilapia and its relationship with ecological characteristics and water quality in saline tilapia ponds in Petta Barat Village, Sangihe Regency. This study applied a completely randomized experimental design (CRED) with four treatment groups and repeated it three times. The treatment groups were A (no addition of natural yeast in feed), B (10 ml natural yeast/kg feed), C (20 ml natural yeast/kg feed), and D (30 ml natural yeast/kg feed). Feeding was done twice a day, with the amount of feed given as 5% of the fish body weight. The findings of this study indicated that variations in the addition of natural yeast of cucumber fruit extract to the feed did not result in a significant impact on the relative growth rate of saline tilapia. In addition, water quality parameters such as temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), salinity, nitrate, nitrite, and ammonia remained within appropriate ranges and supported the survival of saline tilapia.

Milk production and milk fatty acid profile as a response to feeding dairy cows with flax products during the persistence period.

The response of enhanced dietary dairy cows with linolenic-rich sources during the persistence period was studied to determine its effectiveness on some blood constituents, milk yield and milk fatty acid profile. A complete randomized design experiment was conducted in the spring and involved 20 Friesian cows (60 days in milk) that were divided into four groups of five animals by milk production according to different types of flax source in isonitrogenous and isoenergetic rations: a traditional diet with no flax source (CO), a diet contains flaxseed meal (FLM), a diet contains whole flaxseed (FLS) and a diet contains flax oil (FLO). DM intake and DMI% of weight were increased for cows fed FLM. However, Omega-3 intake was reduced for cows fed on CO ration. Although, blood serum metabolites did not differ among treatments (p < 0.05) except serum cholesterol which was increased with FLO cows, and serum total lipid which was reduced with FLM cows. Cows fed on flax product and control peaked in milk production at the same time (8-week post-partum), and cows fed on FLM continued in peak production for a longer period. Using flax products enhanced milk production, cows fed FLM had higher milk yield than those fed CO (20.76 vs.16.32 kg/d), and there was no difference between cows fed FLO (17.87 kg/d) and those fed FLS (18.01 kg/d). Also, energy-corrected milk yield and 3.5 fat-corrected milk yield were increased with cows fed on FLM as compared with cows fed CO ration. Flax products had no significant effect on milk fat and protein %, whereas cows fed FLM had the greatest fat% value (3.35%) and FLS had the greatest protein% value (2.66%). Moreover, fat and protein yield increased significantly in treatment groups compared to the CO group, whereas they were the greatest in FLM g (0.700 and 0.540 kg/d), respectively. Concentrations of omega-3-fatty acids in milk fat were increased by using FLO in the ration; using flaxseed meal enhanced conjugated linoleic acids in milk fat and resulted in the highest omega-6-to-omega-3-fatty-acids ratio. The data suggest that flax seed meals can be used as a fat source in the diet of dairy cows during the persistence period with a good response to milk production and its health properties. Moreover, flax oil should be protected before use in rations to prevent its components from saturation or being changed in the rumen.

Pleurotus Ostreatus Polyphenols Extract Based Diets Enhanced Hepatic Cholesterol Metabolism Related Gene Expression in Weaned Rabbits

Mycelium of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) contain active flavonoids that have antioxidant and suppressive cholesterolemic effects. This study was conducted to explore the mechanism and effects of dietary Pleurotus ostreatus phenolic supplementation on levels of cellular cholesterol deposition and metabolism in weaned rabbits. Twenty four (24) weaned rabbits were randomly divided into three groups with eight (8) replicates per group in a complete randomized design experiment. Rabbits were fed control diet (basal) and/or a control diet supplemented with 450 mg/kg or 900 mg/kg P. ostreatus phenolic extracts (POPE) for seven weeks. Blood and liver samples were collected to determine serum adiponectin and hepatic cholesterolic related genes. 3-hydroxyl-3 methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoAR) and cholesterol 7 α-hydroxylase (CTP7A1) mRNA levels and sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1(SREBF1) were down regulated while, Low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) and sterol co enzyme A desaturase gene (SCD) were up regulated to decrease fat mass, serum triglycerides (TG), serum total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels in rabbits on 450 and 900mg/kg P. ostreatus phenolic extract supplementation diets. Serum adiponectin concentration and High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) increased from 22.5 to 32.09 and 1.21 to 1.56 mmol/L, respectively for control and POPE based diets. The results suggested that dietary supplementation of P. ostreatus extract at 900 mg/ kg diets could improve lipid metabolism in rabbits by regulating hepatic cholesterol metabolism gene expression and optimizing fatty acid uptake and synthesis.

Effect of Substrate, Growth Condition and Nutrient Application Methods in Morphological and Commercial Attributes of Hybrid Rose (Rosa indica L.) Cv. Kardinal

Rose is an important plant around the world. The largest trader of rose cut-flower and hybrid varieties is Netherland. Countless varieties are introduced in agriculture business for commercial production. While countless soil and soilless substrates are also utilized for commercial production of rose around the globe. Due to that it is important to standardize and see the best soil or soilless substrate for better production of commercial cut-flowers in Rose. Various soil substrates and growing environment (Under partial shade, 70% sunlight and open sun light) was observed for better commercial yield in Rose. The balance fertilizer was applied in both A: Foliar spray (300:300:300 ppm of NPK) along with the various soil substrates of GS: PR: CCD (1:1:1), GS: LC (1:1), GS: PR (100%) and FYM: SL: CL (1:1:1). The liquid substrate was distilled water for foliar application. The foliar application was done after each day. The other nutrient application process was B: soil application of macro nutrient (2g/L of 17:17:17-NPK) along with GS: PR: CCD (1:1:1), GS: LC (1:1), GS: PR (100%) and FYM: SL: CL (1:1:1). Each plant was saturated with 2 days interval. The fertigation was carried by mixing above mentioned fertilizer with the canal water having EC: 0.4 dSm-1 and pH: 6.9 pH. The performance of plants was observed by observing the attributes such as Plant survival (%), Number of flowers per plant, Plowers stem length (cm), Plant health (Number of leaves, leaf size (cm), Flower diameter (mm), Flower stem size (mm) and Flower stem diameter (mm). Completely randomized experimental design (CRD) was used for calculating means of various treatments. The best treatment was FYM: SL: CL for both under partial shade (70%) and open sun light for the significant growth and development of plant morphological and commercial attributes. The same treatment with soil application of 2g/L of NPK (17:17:17) after each day is recommended to the commercial growers of Rose throughout the flowering season.

Adaptation of Some Quinoa Genotypes (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), Grown in a Saharan Climate in Algeria.

Agriculture in southern Algeria faces several challenges that hinder its development, including drought, high temperatures and the excessive salinity of soil and groundwater. The introduction of crops resistant to these factors is one of the solutions chosen to address these abiotic constraints. This research aimed to evaluate the behavior of quinoa (Chenopodium Quinoa Willd.) grown in the Ouargla region of southeastern Algeria. Five varieties of quinoa (Santa maria, Giza1, Amarilla Sacaca, Blanca de Junin and Kancolla) were tested at two sites that differed in terms of soil salinity (9.95 mS/cm and 0.85 mS/cm) during 2019 and 2020. A complete random block experimental design with four repetitions was used for the agronomic tests. Our results clearly show that higher grain yields were obtained at the high salinity site (site 1) compared to the low salinity site (site 2). However, plant height, grain yield per plant and harvest index differed between varieties and sites. In contrast, stem diameter was not greatly affected by salinity. The varieties that seem to be best adapted to the growing conditions of the Ouargla region are, in descending order: Santa Maria, Giza1, Amarilla Sacaca and Blanca de Junin. When testing quinoa in new environments, it is critical to adapt the cropping cycle of varieties to avoid very high temperatures. The choice to switch to winter cultivation instead of spring cultivation can be an essential criterion for success. The biogeographical approach conducted in this research opens up new perspectives for the adaptation and cultivation of quinoa outside its region of origin to satisfy the food security of the people of North Africa.

Performance and blood profile of Noiler chickens fed diets containing graded levels of Parkia biglobosa leaf meal

A study was undertaken for 56 days to determine the growth performance and blood profile of Noiler chicks fed diets with different levels of Parkia biglobosa leaf meal (PBLM) as a partial replacement of soya bean meal (SBM). A total of ninety-six unsexed Noiler day-old chicks were allotted into four dietary groups of 24 chicks with three replicates of eight per group based on weight equalization using a Completely Randomized experimental design. Group 1 containing 0% PBLM (control), groups 2 to 4 had SBM replaced at 5% 10% and 15% in their diets respectively. Data were collected on feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, feed cost reduction, haematological and serum indices. Results showed that PBLM had an effect (p&lt;0.05) on the growth performance, feed cost reduction, and blood profiles. There was better performance up to 10% PBLM but the performance declined significantly at a higher inclusion level. There was an improvement in the haematological parameters up to 10% PBLM inclusion. The AST and ALP increased significantly with the increased level of PBLM while the total protein, albumin, cholesterol and glucose reduced with the increased level of PBLM: nevertheless, there were no influences (P &gt; 0.05) on the protein and albumin values. The result of this study, therefore, suggested that soya bean meal in Noiler chick diets can be replaced by up to 10% of PBLM without harmful effects on the growth and blood profile.

Effect of feeding frequency of curcuma longa supplemented diets on nutrients intake, growth performance and rumen fermentation characteristics of goats

Natural feed additives are gaining increased attention due to their ability to improve animal performance. Hence, this study was carried out to determine the effect of feeding frequency of diets supplemented turmeric (Curcuma longa) rhizome powder on goats’ performance. Thus, a basal diet was formulated such that 10g of turmeric rhizome powder (TRP) was supplemented with 300g feed as ration for goats. Twenty goats were used for this trial, balanced for weight, arranged in Completely Randomized Design experiment, of five goats per group. The goats were fed the ration once a week, alternate days/skip a day, daily while the control had no TRP in their diet. The feeding trial lasted 56 days. Parameters were taken on nutrients intake, utilization, weight change, microbial evaluation, rumen fermentation characteristics and all data generated were subjected to statistical analysis. From the results, TRP supplemented diets did not significantly (P&gt;0.05) influence the nutrients intake except for crude protein intake (CPI). Nitrogen retention (NR), daily weight gain (DWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were significantly (P&lt;0.05) influenced. NR (86.64%), DWG (55g/d) and FCR (9.96) of goat-does fed TRP supplemented diets on daily basis was the best. Feeding frequency of TRP supplemented diet linearly decreased total bacteria count (TBC) and rumen pH, as the frequency increases while total fungi count (TFC) non-linearly increases. Meanwhile, total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) did not follow a particular trend. Conclusively, daily supplementing of goats’ diet with TRP at 10g/300g feed optimally improved goats’ performance and is thus recommended.

Growth Performance and Cost Benefits of Broilers Fed Diets Containing Ipomoea asarifolia Leaf Meal

This experiment was conducted to determine growth performance and cost benefit of including cooked Ipomoea asarifolia leaf meal (CIALM) in broiler diets. Eight diets were compounded by including Ipomoea asarifolia leaf meal at 0, 2.5, 5 and 7.5% to form T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively of both starter and finisher diets. One hundred and twenty broiler birds were used in a Complete Randomized Design experiment that lasted for eight weeks. Daily feed intake and weekly weight gain were measured. Average daily feed intake, average daily weight gain, total feed consumed, feed conversion ratio and cost benefit parameters were calculated. In starter phase results showed that there were significant differences (P0.05) between treatment means in all the parameters except initial weight of the birds. There were significant differences (p0.05) between treatment means in all the parameters measured during the finisher phase including the cost analysis parameters except that feed cost decreasing with increasing levels of CIALM and net profit decreased from T1 to T4 because of the decrease in total weight gain from T1 to T4. Final weight gain, total weight gain, average daily feed intake, total feed intake, average daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio, feed cost and feed cost per kg weight gain all decreased with increasing levels of CIALM. Results control diet performed better than other treatment diets which suggest that lower levels of inclusion that is less than 2.5% may give positive results.

Perendaman Sari Belimbing Wuluh dengan Konsentrasi Berbeda terhadap Nilai pH dan Kadar Air Daging Paha Itik Magelang

Magelang duck is a native duck from Magelang Regency in Central Java. Duck meat has a higher fat content than chicken meat, making it more perishable. Meat quality can be maintained in various ways, one of them is using bilimbi fruit (Averrhoa bilimbi L.). The purpose of this study was to find out whether there was a differences in bilimbi fruit concentration in maintaning quality meat can lower pH value and water content of Magelang duck thigh meat. The ducks used in this study were two months old. This study used a Completely Randomized Experimental Design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 5 replications, then proceed with Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) if the treatments were different. The result showed that soaking bilimbi fruit for 30 minutes at a concentration difference of 20-60% significantly reduced the pH value of the Magelang duck thigh meat to 4,55-4,91, compared to 5,75 for controls. The water content did not affected by 57,01-59,85 value. The concentration of bilimbi fruit up to 60% was able to reduce the pH value of the Magelang duck thigh meat, but did not have an effect on the water content of the Magelang duck thigh meat. Keywords: bilimbi fruit, magelang duck, water content, pH value.

Efektivitas Sari Belimbing Wuluh terhadap Daya Ikat Air dan Susut Masak Daging Paha Itik Magelang

Duck is a type of poultry that can be consumed as a new option other than chicken meat. Several types of local ducks can be utilized their potential for community consumption, one of which is Magelang duck. Duck meat is one of the foodstuffs of livestock origin that contains nutrients that are good for the human body. The weakness of meat with a high nutritional content that can cause meat susceptible to contamination by decaying microorganisms. Efforts to maintain meat quality are to prevent microbial contamination of Magelang duck meat by using bilimbi fruit liquid (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) to maintain the quality of duck meat. This study aims to determine the efficiency using bilimbi fruit liquid with different concentrations on the value of water holding capacity and cooking loss of Magelang duck thigh meat. The experiment plan used in this study was a Completely Randomized Experimental Design (CRD) with 4 treatments differences concentration of using bilimbi fruit liquid (0, 20, 40, 60%) and 5 replays with immersion for 30 minutes. The data obtained was analyzed with a variety analysis (ANOVA) and the apparent differences between treatments were analyzed with the Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) advanced test. The results showed that soaking magelang duck thigh meat up to a concentration of 60% of using bilimbi fruit liquid for 30 minutes did not give a noticeable influence or has not been able to increase DIA and decrease cooking. The range of DIA values in this study is 40.67˗44.93% and cooked stacking 47.19–52.37%.&#x0D; Keywords: magelang duck, water holding capacity, starfruit juice, cooking loss.

PERTUMBUHAN DAN DAYA SERAP Chlorella vulgaris TERHADAP LOGAM BERAT TIMBAL (Pb) PADA PERAIRAN DALAM SKALA LABORATORIUM

This research aims to determine the growth of C. vulgaris (based on specific growth rate and biomass productivity) cultured in Walne medium containing different concentration of lead. C. vulgaris ability in absorbing heavy metals Pb was also measured. This study used a complete randomized design experiment with walne media and the addition of varied concentration of lead. Four lead concentrations used were 3, 5, 7 and 9 ppm. Microalgae was cultured for 8 days at 30 psu and 12:12 photoperiod. Increasing density was calculated every other day. Microalgae was harvested by using 1 M NaOH solution to obtain cell biomass. The lead absporption of C.vulgaris was read using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Cell density, specific growth rate and biomass productivity were the highest at 3 ppm and the lowest at 9 ppm. Better lead absorption of C. vulgaris cells was observed at 5 ppm than other concentration tested. This research confirmed that C. vulgaris can be used as bioremediation agent to lead contamination in sea water up to concentration of 9 ppm.

Supplementary Feeding and Nutritional Status of Pre-school Children 4-5 Years Old from Busia County Kenya

Poor quality diet is the most immediate factor responsible for malnutrition and ill health among school going children in many developing countries, including Kenya. The aim of the study was to evaluate effect of soybean fortified porridge on nutritional status of pre-school children at Igero Primary School, Busia County. The flour blends developed and used in making supplement porridges were; maize:soybean 70:30, sorghum:soybean 70:30, sorghum: maize:soybean 45:25:30 and 100% maize flour (control). A longitudinal survey and Complete Randomized Design experiment were employed. The 235 childeren enrolled in pre-school at the beginning of the study were randomized into four groups and the four types of porridge randomly allocated to the groups. Pre-school children were fed for a period of six months with approximately 350ml of porridge daily, Monday to Friday while in school. Anthropometric measurements were taken at baseline, every month for 6 months and at 9^th month. From the study results, there was significant (<i>p </i>< 0.05) reduction in prevalence of underweight and wasting, from 33.6% to 15.5% and from 28.5% to 10.8% respectively, among children fed on soybean fortified porridges by the end of intervention. However change in underweight and wasting among children fed on unfortified 100% maize flour porridge was not significant (<i>p</i>>0.05). The group fed on maize:soybean, sorghum:soybean and sorghum:maize:soybean blends gained mean weight of 2.83kg, 1.88kg and 2.19kg respectively by the end of study. Results on nutritional status assessment 3 months later when porridge was withdrawn showed that, 31.5% and 28.3% of children became underweight and wasted respectively. In conclusion, soybean fortified porridges improved the nutritional status of children. It is recommended that maize-soybean or sorghum-soybean blends be used in preparing 10 o’clock porridge in schools to enhance nutritional status of pre-school children.

Does the use of lactic acid as an antibiotic substitute in broiler diets affect growth, carcass traits, blood indices and intestinal microbiota?

The objective of the current study was to determine the impact of lactic acid (LAC) as an antibiotic alternative in broiler diets on growth performance, carcass traits, blood indices and intestinal microbial load. A total of 300 broiler chicks one day old (Ross 208) were allotted to five experimental groups in a complete randomized design experiment. Each group was subdivided into six replicates, each of ten unsexed chicks. The treatments were as follows: NC: negative control (basal diet); PC: positive control (basal diet + 0.5 g Colistin® antibiotic/kg diet); LAC2, LAC4, and LAC6: basal diet + 2, 4, and 6 cm3 lactic acid/kg diet, respectively. Results showed no significant effects of dietary treatments (antibiotic or lactic acid) on growth performance traits (body weight, BW; daily body weight gain, DBWG; feed intake, FI and feed conversion ratio, FCR) and carcass characteristics except for Thigh %. All blood biochemical traits were affected (p > 0.01) by dietary treatments. The highest values of blood total protein and albumin were found in birds of LAC2 group. Adding graded doses of LAC to broiler diets inhibited the activity of liver enzymes and reduced the concentration of blood urea. The positive effect of LAC supplementation excelled that of antibiotics regarding the antioxidant status parameters. The lowest pathogenic bacteria (E. coli and Salmonella) were recorded by LAC4 and LAC6 groups. It could be concluded that dietary supplementation of lactic acid did not significantly affect most growth performance traits. But its use could have beneficial impacts on blood parameters, oxidative status and intestinal microbial counts. Based on our results, the highest level (6 cm3 LAC/kg diet) is the recommended level for the best results.

IMPACT OF THE INVASIVE CUSCUTA CAMPESTRIS ON VEGETATIVE COVER AND PLANT BIODIVERSITY IN HOMA- BAY COUNTY

Purpose: This research paper focused on the impact of Cuscuta campestris on vegetative cover and plant biodiversity in Homa-Bay County. The specific objective was to investigate the impact on plant growth and development with indicator as photosynthetic capacity of preferred host plants and chlorophyll content and leaf weight as the parameters.&#x0D; Methodology: The study was conducted in hot-spot areas of invasion, Rachuonyo North, Homa Bay town and Suba North using Completely Randomized Experimental Block Design. The data was collected through field observation and laboratory analysis. The study used descriptive and correlation data analysis procedures to show the impact on photosynthetic capacity, ANOVA to determine statistical significant difference among the obtained results for each parameter of the infected and uninfected samples. Variance analysis were conducted using SPSS 20 (IBM Corp. Armonk, NY, USA) and differences between means tested by ANOVA. Values of P ≤ 0.05 were considered significantly different.&#x0D; Findings: The results showed that the invasion was more intense in Theveta peruvinia and Euphorbia tirucalli species. Mean leaf amounts of chlorophyll were observed to decline with chlorophyll a from 3.97 to 1.59 mg/g and chlorophyll b from 2.65 to 1.18 mg/g and total chlorophyll value from 6.62 to 2.76 mg/g on infection resulting to reduced photosynthetic efficiency and low organic material formation. Leaf wet and dry weight significantly decreased in both infected varieties. The mean wet weight of 17.61g in infected was significantly different, F (1, 4) = 235.74, p&lt; .05, from the mean wet weight of 24.23g in the uninfected Yellow Oleander while the mean dry weight of 5.55g in infected was significantly different, F (1, 4) = 159.72, p&lt; .05, from mean dry weight of 7.87g in uninfected Yellow Oleander. Similarly, significant difference, F (1, 4) = 714.64, p&lt; .05, was observed in Calliandra calothyrsus variety. These demonstrated how C. campestris is detrimental causing ecological impacts with direct effects on plant biodiversity by reducing growth and development of infected host plant and even leading to death.&#x0D; Unique Contributions to Theory, Practice and Policy: The paper recommends intense sensitization of the community on the impacts of dodder from the findings for an enhanced understanding and need for management and control. The findings to be disseminated through workshops involving farmers, NGOs and community based organisations, academic conferences and publications to help create awareness on the impacts and mobilize the entire public on management and possible total eradication. Further research to investigate on nutrients of attraction in the preferred host plants with an aim of permanent solution for total eradication in order to restore the vegetative cover and plant biodiversity.

Retention and Survival Optimization of Juvenile Green Mussel (Perna Viridis) by Using Substrate from Seaweed Extract

Highlight ResearchThe qualitative bioactive assay on terpenoid compound of six macroalgae species were tested.The effect of six macroalgae extracts as inducer mediating settlement to juvenile Perna viridis were observed.Three macroalgae species were potentially promote the retention of juvenile P. viridisAbstractThe low retention of juvenile of green mussels (Perna viridis) in the aquaculture holding system has become a constraint for its production. The depress number of juvenile mussel on the collector rope might be caused due to both limited spawning season and their secondary settlement behaviour. Therefore, providing suitable substrate which able to improve green mussel seed retention is required. One of the solutions is by applying inducer mediating settlement as substrate enrichment in order to optimize the retention of juvenile P. viridis. The potential substrates thought to have these inductive activities is seaweed. Seaweed bioactive compound which may improve juvenile mussel retention is terpenoid. Six seaweed extracts used in the current study and the terpenoid of these six macroalgae species were tested. Qualitatively all six seaweed showed a positive result on the terpenoid compound. The retention and survival of juvenile green mussel observed by using 20 conical tanks with a complete randomized design experiment. Each of the seaweed species tested separately comparing with three other experimental treatments under 24 h observation time, A (rope), B (rope + PhytagelTM), C (rope + PhytagelTM l+ solvent), D (rope + PhytagelTM + seaweed extract), it made four experimental treatments with 5 times replications. The result indicated a variation pattern on the retention of juvenile mussels according to the experimental substrate. The juvenile mussels were preferably settled on enriched substrate of G. latifolium and S. polycystum, extracts (p&lt;0.05). Adding seaweed extracts on the substrate did not affect the mussels survival (p&gt;0.05).

The effect of Red Paprika Extract (Capsicum Annuum) in Feed on the Color Intensity Level of Comet Fish (Carassius auratus)

This study aims to analyze the effect of red paprika flour in fish feed to increase the color intensity of the Comet fish juvenile. The research method used a Complete Randomized Design experiment consist of four treatments and three replicates. The treatments consisted of various levels of addition red pepper extract, namely treatment A (0%), B (3%), C (5%) and D (7%). The investigation includes color intensity of the fish. Survival rate and water quality parameters data were also taken. The color observation data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis analysis, if there was a significant difference, the Z test was performed. The results of this study indicated that the addition of 5% red paprika extract to the feed was the best treatment with an increase in the color intensity level of comet fish at 4.71. While the comet fish Survival Rate (SR) data in all treatments were observed to be 100% and the water quality during the maintenance period was in the optimal range and met the standards. The average temperature value was 24.7-26.4ºC, DO 5.6-5.8 mg/L and pH 6.67-7.53.

Effect of temperature and drying time on chemical characteristics of duck bone meal

Judul: Pengaruh suhu dan waktu pengeringan terhadap karakteristik kimia tepung tulang bebek Title: Effect of temperature and drying time on chemical characteristics of duck bone meal Limbah tulang itik menjadi menjadi perhatian masyarakat khususnya masyarakat Kabupaten Sidrap, Sulawesi Selatan karena di wilayah ini terdapat banyak warung makan palekko’ itik yang menghasilkan limbah padat yaitu tulang itik. Langkah untuk meminimalisir limbah tulang itik ini adalah dengan mengolahnya menjadi produk inovasi yakni tepung tulang itik. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh suhu dan waktu pengeringan terhadap karakteristik kimia tepung tulang itik. Metode pengolahan merupakan modifikasi dari penelitian [1] meliputi diantaranya pencucian, pemotogan, perebusan tulang, pembersihan, pengeringan dan penepungan. Rancangan percobaan menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) satu faktor dengan 3 perlakuan dan 3 ulangan yaitu P1 (T 1 =100 O C; t 1 =5 jam), P2 (T 2 =150 O C; t 2 =3 jam) dan P3 (T 3 =200 O C; t 3 =1 jam). Data diproses dan diuji ANOVA untuk melihat perbedaan diantara perlakuan. Uji lanjut dilakukan dengan beda nyata terkecil (BNT) jika terdapat perbedaan signifikan pada α ≤ 5%. Karakteristik kimia produk dianalisis dengan komposisi proksimat, kadar kalsium dan kadar fosfor. Selain itu dilakukan perbandingan produk dengan standar mutu tepung tulang (SNI 01-3158-1992). Karakteristik kimia tepung tulang itik terbaik dihasilkan pada perlakuan suhu pengeringan 200 O C dan lama pengeringan 1 jam (P3) dengan rata-rata kadar air 2.88%, kadar abu 40.46%, kadar serat 0.47%, kadar protein 40.71%, kadar lemak 13.81%, kadar kalsium 1.90%, dan kadar fosfor 8.56%. Duck bone waste is still become community attention, especially in the Sidrap district, South of Sulawesi Province, because it has many ducks palekko' food stalls that produce solid waste in the form of duck bone. Processing this waste into the innovative product (done bone meal) was essential to minimize the waste. This study aimed to determine the effect of drying temperature and time on the chemical characteristics of the duck bone meal. The research method was modification the method used by [1], including washing, cutting, boiling bones, cleaning, drying, and shining. The experimental design was a completely randomized experimental design (CRD), one factorial, consisting of 3 treatments and three replications, namely P1 (T 1 =100 O C; t 1 =5 hours), P2 (T 2 =150 O C; t 2 =3 hours), and P3 (T 3 =200 O C; t 3 =1 hour). Data were processed and tested ANOVA to see differences among treatments. If there was a significant difference among treatments at α ≤ 5%, a further test was carried out using the least significant difference (LSD). The product was characterized by proximate composition, calcium content, and phosphorus content. The analysis was also carried out to compare the bone meal quality with standard (SNI 01-3158-1992). The duck bone meal that has the best characteristics was in the treatment of 200 O C and 1 hour drying time (P3) with an average result of 2.88% moisture content, 40.46% ash content, 0.47% fiber content, 40.71% protein, 13.81% fat content, 1.90% calcium content and 8.56% phosphorus content.

Addition of fermented catfish waste into ration for increasing performance of Drake in Growth Period

Utilization of organic waste is wasted by fermentation into quality feed ingredients in an effort to improve drake performance. Good farming zero waste. This study aims to study the effect of FCW (fermented catfish waste) to improve drake performance and obtain levels of use of fermented catfish waste in rations that produce the best drake performance. The research method uses a completely randomized experimental design (CRD) 4 treatment rations (0, 1.67, 3.33, and 5% FCW) each treatment repeats 5 times. One hundred drake aged 1 day were kept until 12 weeks old, put in 20 units of the cage. The results showed that the addition of FCW in the ration had a significant influence on drake performance. The ration given 10% FCW produced the best drake performance. This is supported by the following data the average consumption of drake rations that is 8.240 gram, the average weight gain 2.280 gram, and the average conversion rations 3.61.