Complete Verification Research Articles

Mental simulation of colour properties during language comprehension: influence of context and comprehension stages.

Many studies have shown that mental simulation may occur during language comprehension. Supporting evidence is derived from the matching effects in the sentence-picture verification (SPV) task often used to assess mental simulations of object properties, such as size, orientation, and shape. However, mixed results have been obtained regarding object colour, with researchers reporting matching or mismatching effects. This study investigated the impact of colour information clarity within sentences on the process of mental simulation during language comprehension. Employing the SPV task and using novel objects, we examined whether there is a mental simulation of colour after excluding typical/atypical colour bias and how varying levels of colour information clarity in sentences influence the emergence of matching effects at different stages of comprehension. To address these issues, we conducted two experiments. In Experiment 1, the participants read normal sentences and subsequently engaged in picture verification with a novel object after a 500ms delay. In Experiment 2, the participants encountered sentences containing both clear and unclear colour information and, after either a 0ms or 1500ms interval, completed picture verification tasks with a novel object. Null effects were found in the 500ms condition for normal sentences and the 0ms condition for unclear colour information sentences. A mismatching effect appeared in the 0ms condition after clear colour information sentences, and a matching effect appeared in the 1500ms condition for all sentences. The results indicated that after excluding colour bias, the participants still formed mental simulations of colour during language comprehension. Our results also indicated that ongoing colour simulation with time pressure impacted the participant responses. The participants ignored unclear colour information under time pressure, but without time pressure, they constructed simulations that were as detailed as possible, regardless of whether the implicit colour information in the sentence was clear.

Calculation of the total 10th order QED contribution to the electron magnetic moment

The total 5-loop quantum electrodynamics universal contribution to the anomalous magnetic moments of the leptons was calculated by the author. The obtained value A1(10)=5.891(61) provides the first complete verification of the previously known value obtained by T. Aoyama, M. Hayakawa, T. Kinoshita, and M. Nio (AHKN). The discrepancy is 5σ. The computation includes the recalculation of the part that the author calculated in 2019 using a slightly different method and the calculation of the remaining part of the coefficient. A comparison with the AHKN values in 32 gauge-invariant classes is provided. In addition, the results are divided into 95 small gauge-invariant classes that subdivide the former ones. Such a detailization is provided for the first time. The method described in previous works of the author was used, in general. However, the Monte Carlo integration method is new and is described in detail. Some useful technical information and information on numerical cancellations is also given. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Light-powered biodegradation of Imidacloprid by Scenedesmus sp. TXH202001: Assessing complete removal, metabolic pathways, and toxicity verification

Imidacloprid (IMI) is used extensively as an insecticide and poses a significant risk to both the ecological environment and human health. Biological methods are currently gaining recognition among the different strategies tested for wastewater treatment. This study focused on evaluating a recently discovered green alga, Scenedesmus sp. TXH202001, isolated from a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), exhibited notable capacity for IMI removal. After an 18-day evaluation, medium IMI concentrations (50 and 100 mg/L) facilitated the growth of microalgae whereas low (5 and 20 mg/L) and high (150 mg/L) concentrations had no discernible impact. No statistically significant disparities were detected in Fv/Fm, Malonaldehyde or Superoxide dismutase across all concentrations, suggesting Scenedesmus sp. TXH202001 exhibited notable resilience and adaptability to IMI conditions. Most notably, Scenedesmus sp. TXH202001 successfully eliminated > 99 % of IMI within 18 days subjected to IMI concentrations as high as 150 mg/L, which was contingent on the environmental factor of illumination. Molecular docking was used to identify the chemical reaction sites between IMI and typical degrading enzyme CYP450. Furthermore, the study revealed that the primary path for IMI removal was biodegradation and verified that the toxicity of the degraded product was lower than parent IMI in Caenorhabditis elegans. The efficacy of Scenedesmus sp. TXH202001 in wastewater was exceptional, thereby validating its practical utility.

THE INFLUENCE OF MACRO- AND MICROFERTILIZERS ON THE YIELD AND GRAIN QUALITY OF WINTER WHEAT ON CHESTNUT SOILS OF THE VOLGOGRAD REGION

Background. Agricultural sustainability is fundamental to achieving Zero Hunger, one of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Under current scenarios, foliar application of mineral nutrients has become an inevitable agricultural practice for sustainable crop production worldwide. The article presents the results of testing 7 varieties of winter wheat at two breeding centers of the Donskoy ASC and the Federal Scientific Center for Agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 2021-2022. The weather conditions at the demonstration plot in the autumn period were unfavorable (lack of moisture and high temperature) but did not have a great influence on the further development of plants in the spring-summer period due to the favorable conditions observed during the dormant phase in the winter. Methods. The technology for cultivating winter wheat varieties in field experiments was according to B. A. Dospehov and the methods of state variety testing of agricultural crops. To carry out a complete verification and reliability of the experiments carried out for 2020-2022, the processing and analysis of mathematical data was carried out in the Excel program. Results. During the testing process, we examined the main indicators of winter wheat varieties according to the following main indicators. In terms of productive stem growth, good indicators were noted for the varieties Kamyshanka 9 - 472 pcs./m2, Etude - 454 pcs./m2 and Ambar - 436 pcs./m2. When studying productivity, a pattern was revealed that high indicators of productive stems do not always correspond to high yields. In terms of yield, it is worth noting the varieties Ambar (5.6 t/ha) and Etude (5.0 t/ha), which feel confident in our conditions and provide a stable increase in the yield. Along with the Rostov selection, the Kamyshanka variety 4 selection of the Federal Scientific Center for Agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences generated a yield of 5.0 t/ha. Conclusion. As studies have shown, not all varieties respond equally to additional nutrition with microfertilizers. The highest protein content corresponding to class 3 is formed in the varieties Volnitsa (13.7%), Elanskaya (13.6%) and Etude (13.3%). The use of macro- and microfertilizers increases the yield and improves the quality of grain.

Efficient verification of neural networks based on neuron branching and LP abstraction

With the rapid development and wide application of neural networks in various domains including safety-critical systems, it is more and more important to investigate formal methods to provide strict guarantees on their behavior. As formal verification of a neural network has high computational complexity, caused by the nonlinear nature of activation functions such as ReLU, it is vital to improve the efficiency to solve verification problems. In this work, we propose a complete verification method for neural networks by means of neuron branching and linear programming (LP) abstraction. Specifically, the approach of branch and bound is adopted and a branching strategy is developed to divide a complex verification problem into sub-problems with smaller search space. And for each sub-problem, a part of ReLU neurons are abstracted with LP constraints and the others are accurately encoded with mixed integer linear programming (MILP) constraints, and an abstraction strategy is deployed to guide such mixed LP/MILP encoding so that the problem can be solved with reduced complexity. The method is implemented as a tool named BAVerify (Branching and Abstraction based Verification of neural networks), which is evaluated through experiments on benchmark network models and their verification problems. Experimental results show that BAVerify achieves a 43.13% advantage in verification efficiency compared with state-of-the-art complete methods for formal verification of neural networks.

Synchronous integration method of mechatronic system design, geometric design, and simulation based on SysML

The benefits of integrated design using the Model Based System Engineering (MBSE) approach in the design process of mechatronic systems have gradually become apparent. The automatic generation of simulation models and geometric models based on System Modeling Languages (SysML) models enables system engineers to swiftly analyze and simulate system performance, visually depict design outcomes, and expedite the product development process. Due to the current system modeling's lack of model integration and geometric design functions, this paper proposes an integrated design and simulation method for mechatronic systems that can carry out complete model synchronization and verification, rapid geometric solution generation, and visual representation. Furthermore, a corresponding model synchronization integration framework is established. This framework primarily encompasses system de-sign, system simulation, and geometric design, with its model integration method being model transformation and model synchronization. The paper concludes with an example of the design process of a quadruped robot to validate the framework and its supported methods, providing a reference for other system design and integration endeavors.

CABC: A Cross-Domain Authentication Method Combining Blockchain with Certificateless Signature for IIoT

Device management in the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is complex, especially in a cross-domain context. Trust identity authentication between cross-domain devices is required when devices work together. Existing identity authentication methods can result in heavy key management overhead or be computationally demanding on the device. In this paper, we propose a cross-domain authentication scheme based on blockchain and certificateless signature that can be suitable for IIoT devices. First, smart contracts are used to complete trusted identity verification of devices, which reduces the computing overhead of IIoT devices. Second, a trust value-based access control method is proposed, which can quickly and timely identify malicious authentication and ensure the normal operation of the authentication system. Finally, the validity and safety of our proposed methods are proven by experiments. The experiment results showed that our methods can meet the needs in terms of IIoT device security and blockchain system output performance, and can achieve cross-domain authentication for IIoT devices.

Evaluation of a remote hybrid staffing model for investigational drug service pharmacists.

This project compared the time to complete investigational prescription drug order verification by investigational drug service (IDS) pharmacists in an onsite vs offsite (hybrid) staffing model, evaluating the impact of remote work on verification time. Parenteral IDS drug orders from August 2019 through June 2022 were analyzed. Electronic medical records were timestamped for each order, first verification, second verification, and medication administration. The project was divided into four 6-month time periods to allow for 2 independent comparisons of onsite vs hybrid staffing models. A survey was given retrospectively to IDS pharmacists for the last hybrid timeframe to assess work satisfaction and burnout. A total of 4,398 orders were evaluated. The time from order entry to first verification was 14 minutes (n = 1,248) during the first onsite time period compared to 13 minutes (n = 1,042) during the first hybrid period (P = 0.003). The time for order verification was similar between the second onsite and hybrid periods (12 minutes [n = 1,041] vs 10 minutes [n = 1,067], respectively; P < 0.0001). The staff satisfaction survey for the hybrid model showed high levels of job satisfaction and no self-reported burnout. The remote hybrid staffing model did not result in a meaningful change in the time from order placement to medication administration within the IDS pharmacy. Hybrid staffing also resulted in greater job satisfaction among IDS pharmacists. This study highlights the benefits of implementing remote work practices in the pharmacy practice setting.

An Integrated Architecture for Robotic Assembly and Inspection of a Composite Fuselage Panel with an Industry 5.0 Perspective

Aeronautical robotic applications use quite large, heavy robots with huge end effectors that are frequently multifunctional. An assembly jig to hold a fuselage panel and two medium-sized six-axis robots fixed on linear axes, referred to as the internal and the external robot with respect to the curvature of the panel, make up the Lean robotized AssemBly and cOntrol of composite aeRostructures (LABOR) work cell. A distributed software architecture is proposed in which individual modules are developed to execute specific subprocesses, each implementing innovative algorithms that solve the main drawbacks of state-of-the-art solutions. Real-time referencing adopts a point-cloud-based strategy to reconstruct and process the part before drilling, avoiding hole positioning errors. Accurate concentric countersink diameters are made possible through the automatic adjustment of the drilling tool with respect to the skin panel, which guarantees its orthogonality, as well as the implementation of process parameter optimization algorithms based on historical results that compensate for the wear of the drilling bits. Automatic sealing and fastening strategies that involve the measurement of the main fastener quality parameters allow for the complete verification of the entire assembly process of each part. Additionally, an advanced multimodal perception system continuously monitors the collaborative workspace to ensure safe human–robot collaboration (HRC) tasks. Through this integrated architecture, LABOR substantially reduces expenses and facilitates maintenance and programming.

Parameters collaborative optimization design and innovation verification approach for fuel cell distributed drive electric tractor

Fuel cell distributed drive electric tractors (FCDET) are one of the necessary means to achieve truly green agriculture. However, low traction efficiency, poor control coordination, and excessive energy consumption are the main reasons hindering the industrialization of FCDET. This paper proposed a parametric collaborative optimization design method and innovative verification system that considers the drive system and energy system. Based on the tractor plowing operating conditions, a 7-DOF coupled dynamics model of the distributed drive system and a tire-soil interaction model were established, and the key component selection and parameter matching were completed. On the drive system optimization level, the front and rear wheelside transmission ratios are optimized based on a multi-island genetic algorithm (MIGA). On the energy system optimization level, the globally optimal power distribution ratio is found based on the dynamic programming algorithm (DP). A complete experimental prototype verification system is constructed based on the MATLAB/Simulink-NI PXI joint simulation platform, physical prototype test bench, and real vehicle multi-index test platform. The results show that the average efficiencies of the optimized drive and energy system are increased by 0.38 % and 3.82 %, the total energy consumption (total hydrogen consumption) is reduced by 25.40 % and 15.39 %, respectively. The maximum fault-free operating time is 5.5h, the average traction power is 21.07 kW, and the average traction force is 10610 N in the all-wheel drive mode. The experimental results fully demonstrate that the electric tractor with the fuel cell distributed drive system as the core can meet the verification of multiple indicators. This study can provide a new theoretical basis and technical verification method for the optimal design and system control of fuel cell distributed drive electric tractors.

Eliciting truthful reports with partial signals in repeated games

We consider a repeated game where a player self-reports her usage of a service and is charged a payment accordingly by a center. The center observes a partial signal, representing part of the player's true consumption, which is generated from a publicly known distribution. The player can report any value that does not contradict the signal and the center issues a payment based on the reported information. Such problems find application in net metering billing in the electricity market, where a customer's actual consumption of the electricity network is masked and complete verification is impractical. When the underlying true value is relatively constant, we propose a penalty mechanism that elicits truthful self-reports. Namely, besides charging the player the reported value, the mechanism charges a penalty proportional to her inconsistent reports. We show how fear of uncertainty in the future incentivizes the player to be truthful today. For Bernoulli distributions, we give the complete analysis and optimal strategies given any penalty. Since complete truthfulness is not possible for continuous distributions, we give approximate truthful results by a reduction from Bernoulli distributions. We also extend our mechanism to a multi-player cost-sharing setting and give equilibrium results.

The use of digital twins for waste estimation in nuclear facilities' dismantling and decommissioning: the PLEIADES project

Abstract. Nowadays, a considerable number of nuclear power plants worldwide have reached or will reach the end of their lifespan and will need to be dismantled within the next few decades. Dismantling and decommissioning (D&amp;amp;D) of nuclear facilities is a challenging, complex, and hazardous task that was never foreseen before the first reactors' shutdowns. As part of D&amp;amp;D activities, the waste minimization and waste management have an essential interest. The EU-funded PLEIADES (PLatform based on Emerging and Interoperable Applications for enhanced Decommissioning processES) project gathers 14 partners (academics and research organizations, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and industrial companies, and a Technical Safety Organization) representing different stakeholders and providers of the nuclear dismantling domain. Coming from seven European countries, they join forces to demonstrate an innovative digital approach and a new methodology for improving selected key tasks related to D&amp;amp;D. To achieve these goals, the project aims to develop digital twins (DTs) through a BIM (building information modelling) technology-based platform. To structure the data, PLEIADES proposes a decommissioning-oriented ontology that provides a common understanding of the concept, with specific decommissioning terminology. The developed platform provides the integration of the different data and tools. In order to demonstrate the PLEIADES concept, six user stories have been defined based on three real-life use cases from three different European countries, namely France, Norway, and Spain. They allow scenario studies and address application areas such as cost and planning, radiation exposure estimation, and waste assessment. Three of the user stories are directly linked to one use case and focus on comparing alternative scenarios to basic decommissioning activities such as radiological characterization or the decontamination of building surfaces. The other three focus on risk management, uncertainties, regulatory aspects, and waste management strategies. The data feeding the DTs are crucial and require data collection and integration, data security assurance, and data completeness verification. The whole process is iterative until the DTs contain all the necessary information required to perform the user stories simulation. Among others, each simulation using a DT will consider a physical and radiological environment and estimate the waste produced, the waste management process, and the waste management cost. In real applications, the data constituting the DT will depend on each D&amp;amp;D project, but the whole methodology is applicable. This may result in the definition of best practices and the sharing of common processes.

Research on Cache Coherence Protocol Verification Method Based on Model Checking

This paper analyzes the underlying logic of the processor’s behavior level code. It proposes an automatic model construction and formal verification method for the cache consistency protocol with the aim of ensuring data consistency in the processor and the correctness of the cache function. The main idea of this method is to analyze the register transfer level (RTL) code directly at the module level and variable level, and extract the key modules and key variables according to the code information. Then, based on key variables, conditional behavior statements are retrieved from the code, and unnecessary statements are deleted. The model construction and simplification of related core states are completed automatically, while also simultaneously generating the attribute library to be verified, using “white list” as the construction strategy. Finally, complete cache consistency protocol verification is implemented in the model detector UPPAAL. Ultimately, this mechanism reduces the 142 state-transition path-guided global states of the cache module to be verified into 4 core functional states driven by consistency protocol implementation, effectively reducing the complexity of the formal model, and extracting 32 verification attributes into 6 verification attributes, reducing the verification time cost by 76.19%.

SoC Protocol Implementation Verification Using Instruction-Level Abstraction (ILA) Specifications

In modern systems-on-chips (SoCs) several hardware protocols are used for communication and interaction among different modules. These protocols are complex and need to be implemented correctly for correct operation of the SoC. Therefore, protocol verification has received significant attention. However, this verification is often limited to checking high-level properties on a protocol specification or an implementation. Verifying these properties directly on an implementation faces scalability challenges due to its size and design complexity. Further, even after some high-level properties are verified, there is no guarantee that an implementation fully complies with a given specification, even if the same properties have also been checked on the specification. We address these challenges and gaps by adding a layer of component specifications, one for each component in the protocol implementation, and specifying and verifying the interactions at the interfaces between each pair of communicating components. We use the recently proposed formal model termed the Instruction-Level-Abstraction (ILA) as a component specification, which includes an interface specification for the interactions in composing different components. The use of ILA models as component specifications allows us to decompose the complete verification task into two sub-tasks – checking that the composition of ILAs is sequentially equivalent to a verified formal protocol specification, and checking that the protocol implementation is a refinement of the ILA composition. This check requires that each component implementation is a refinement of its ILA specification, and includes interface checks guaranteeing that components interact with each other as specified. We have applied the proposed ILA-based methodology for protocol verification to several third-party design case studies. These include an AXI on-chip communication protocol, an off-chip communication protocol, and a cache coherence protocol. For each system, we successfully detected bugs in the implementation, and show that the full formal verification can be completed in reasonable time and effort.

The Interconnection Ideas for Carbon Emissions Trading Market in Guangdong, Hong Kong, Macao and Greater Bay Area

Building the interconnection mechanism of carbon emission trading market in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area is an innovative exploration to promote regional carbon emission reduction. This paper analyzes the feasibility of interconnecting carbon emission trading markets in the Bay Area from the perspectives of the difference between industrial structure and energy consumption, as well as the compatibility of carbon emission trading systems, by analyzing the operation status of carbon trading markets in Guangdong, Shenzhen, Hong Kong, and Macao, and the experience of Guangdong and Shenzhen as the Chinese carbon trading pilot. Based on the above discussion, this paper puts forward three adjustment ideas for the interconnection of the Bay Area Carbon Market: providing legal support, unifying the access to industry sectors and its quantities, and establishing a complete carbon emission monitoring, reporting and verification institution.

Quantization-Aware Interval Bound Propagation for Training Certifiably Robust Quantized Neural Networks

We study the problem of training and certifying adversarially robust quantized neural networks (QNNs). Quantization is a technique for making neural networks more efficient by running them using low-bit integer arithmetic and is therefore commonly adopted in industry. Recent work has shown that floating-point neural networks that have been verified to be robust can become vulnerable to adversarial attacks after quantization, and certification of the quantized representation is necessary to guarantee robustness. In this work, we present quantization-aware interval bound propagation (QA-IBP), a novel method for training robust QNNs. Inspired by advances in robust learning of non-quantized networks, our training algorithm computes the gradient of an abstract representation of the actual network. Unlike existing approaches, our method can handle the discrete semantics of QNNs. Based on QA-IBP, we also develop a complete verification procedure for verifying the adversarial robustness of QNNs, which is guaranteed to terminate and produce a correct answer. Compared to existing approaches, the key advantage of our verification procedure is that it runs entirely on GPU or other accelerator devices. We demonstrate experimentally that our approach significantly outperforms existing methods and establish the new state-of-the-art for training and certifying the robustness of QNNs.

Performance Evaluation of CentiSpace Navigation Augmentation Experiment Satellites

This paper presents the performance analysis of CentiSpace low earth orbit (LEO) experiment satellites. Distinguishing them from other LEO navigation augmentation systems, the co-time and co-frequency (CCST) self-interference suppression technique is employed in CentiSpace to mitigate significant self-interference caused by augmentation signals. Consequently, CentiSpace exhibits the capability of receiving navigation signals from the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) while simultaneously broadcasting augmentation signals within the same frequency bands, thus ensuring excellent compatibility for GNSS receivers. CentiSpace is a pioneering LEO navigation system to successfully complete in-orbit verification of this technique. Leveraging the on-board experiment data, this study analyzes the performance of space-borne GNSS receivers equipped with self-interference suppression and evaluates the quality of navigation augmentation signals. The results show that CentiSpace space-borne GNSS receivers are capable of covering more than 90% visible GNSS satellites and the precision of self-orbit determination is at the centimeter level. Furthermore, the quality of augmentation signals meets the requirements outlined in the BDS interface control documents. These findings underscore the potential of the CentiSpace LEO augmentation system for the establishment of global integrity monitoring and GNSS signal augmentation. Moreover, these results contribute to subsequent research on LEO augmentation techniques.

Recognition of violence against women by health professionals: a systematic review

Introduction: the recognition of violence against women and the notification by health professionals promote data collection that allows better visualization of the cases, enabling the creation of public policies and the targeted treatment of the patient victim of violence. Objective: review the available content regarding the recognition and forms of action by health professionals in cases of violence against women. Methodology: The review sought to identify scientific studies that address the recognition of violence against women by health professionals in the last five years. This present systematic review was registered in the PROSPERO database under CRD number 314760 and followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) recommendations. Results: We found 2,532 articles; however, with the exclusion criteria, only 24 were for complete verification. After analysis, we reached a sample number of 813 respondents, 83.4% female, and 16.6% male. Most professionals are nurses. Within the articles, 23 reported the recognition while working in primary care. Conclusion: With this systematic review, it was possible to understand how prepared health science professionals are to recognize cases of violence against women. These workers are presented with ease to identify violence cases but with low levels of compulsory notification. Thus, this study highlights the necessity of new studies on this theme.

Stability-assured design of a full state feedback controller for a three-phase grid-connected converter using disk margin analysis

The paper proposes a tuning procedure for a multioscillatory current controller in a three-phase three-wire grid connected converter operating under distorted voltage conditions. The control system should provide high quality sinusoidal currents. This is achieved by implementing internal models of expected disturbances — multioscillatory terms. Tuning of such systems is challenging if the objective is to guarantee a certain level of stability margins. The multiloop disk margin analysis may be a perfect candidate solution. This analysis combined with a global optimization produces controller gains that can be transferred to the physical system. The paper provides the first complete experimental verification of the multioscillatory full state feedback grid current control system with a designer specified stability margin in the form of disk radius.

Space membrane wrinkle analytical model based on piecewise stress field

To meet the requirements of membrane structures in aerospace engineering with high precision and surface accuracy, this paper proposes the wrinkle analytical model based on piecewise stress field, then conducts numerical simulation and wrinkle test to complete comparison and verification. On the basis of the corner wedge field, piecewise stress field, with consideration of the edge effect is put forward and applied to establish wrinkle analytical model by deducing the wrinkle details, including wrinkle amplitude, the radius of the wrinkled zone and the number of wrinkles. In order to validate the model, wrinkle simulation and test are introduced and compared with the analytical model in wrinkle contours and profiles. Furthermore, a series of cases with different design parameters are provided based on the analytical model to perform parametric study, which aims to reveal the effect on membrane wrinkle and guide the design of parameters according to the required wrinkle properties.