Complete Theory Research Articles

I-Love-Q relations in Hořava-Lifshitz gravity

Ho\v{r}ava-Lifshitz gravity is an alternative theory to general relativity which breaks Lorentz invariance in order to achieve an ultraviolet complete and power-counting renormalizable theory of gravity. In the low energy limit, Ho\v{r}ava-Lifshitz gravity coincides with a vector-tensor theory known as khronometric gravity. The deviation of khronometric gravity from general relativity can be parametrized by three coupling constants: $\alpha$, $\beta$, and $\lambda$. Solar system experiments and gravitational wave observations impose stringent bounds on $\alpha$ and $\beta$, while $\lambda$ is still relatively unconstrained ($\lambda\lesssim 0.01$). In this paper, we study whether one can constrain this remaining parameter with neutron star observations through the universal I-Love-Q relations between the moment of inertia (I), the tidal Love number (Love), and the quadrupole moment (Q), which are insensitive to details in the nuclear matter equation of state. To do so, we perturbatively construct slowly-rotating and weakly tidally-deformed neutron stars in khronometric gravity. We find that the I-Love-Q relations are independent of $\lambda$ in the limit $(\alpha,\beta) \to 0$. Although some components of the field equations depend on $\lambda$, we show through induction and a post-Minkowskian analysis that slowly-rotating neutron stars do not depend on $\lambda$ at all. Tidally deformed neutron stars, on the other hand, are modified in khronometric gravity (though the usual Love number is not modified, as mentioned earlier), and there are potentially new, non-GR Love numbers, though their observability is unclear. These findings indicate that it may be difficult to constrain $\lambda$ with rotating/tidally-deformed neutron stars.

Reply to a Reply

Ogas and Gaddam's reply to my review of their book Journey of the Mind covers a lot of ground. Little of it, alas, deals with the issues I raised. It is largely an expansion of Steven Grossberg's resonance theory which, of course, played a prominent role in the book. I have no problems with Grossberg's model. It is an interesting, influential, quantitative approach to human cognitive functioning that uses neural nets to capture the operations of “modules.” But it's not going to result in an understanding of the origins of minds. Also, as noted in my review, it's seriously lacking in key features such as embodiment, movement, affect, development, aging, and socialization.It is not the complete theory of the human mind that Ogas and Gaddam appear to believe it is. For one, it does not enable theorists “to discard conjectured mental entities . . . such as . . . conscious cells.” The sentient cell is a central feature of my cellular basis of consciousness theory. It is also a fundamental element in a variety of approaches to cell biology and, as argued in a variety of recent publications, a necessary feature of the first unicellular species. Without sentience the original prokaryotes would have been Darwinian dead ends. Without valenced perceptions and directed, volitional movement they could not have survived the tumultuous environment they emerged into.But the book has “Journey” in the title, and my problem was with the nature of the trip they took us on. The early sections are, as noted, “muddled” when it comes to the functions of species that lack nervous systems. The material on cell biology is wrong in many places. The “emergentist's dilemma” is not even acknowledged. They claim that species without nervous systems cannot have an existential consciousness but provide no reason why this should be true. Did things change when neurons evolved? Of course. But things changed many times over geological time: eukaryotic species, multicellularity, photosynthesis, oxygen production, warm-blooded metabolism, legs, and so on.I appreciate that Ogas and Gaddam “wrote Journey of the Mind to present accessible versions of URT's key ideas to a popular audience.” But they didn't do that until the second half. And when they made this move to Grossberg's theory, the sole focus was on human cognitive functions, not the earlier evolutionary mechanisms that preceded the emergence of Homo sapient minds.

The completion of covariance kernels

We consider the problem of positive-semidefinite continuation: extending a partially specified covariance kernel from a subdomain Ω of a rectangular domain I×I to a covariance kernel on the entire domain I×I. For a broad class of domains Ω called serrated domains, we are able to present a complete theory. Namely, we demonstrate that a canonical completion always exists and can be explicitly constructed. We characterise all possible completions as suitable perturbations of the canonical completion, and determine necessary and sufficient conditions for a unique completion to exist. We interpret the canonical completion via the graphical model structure it induces on the associated Gaussian process. Furthermore, we show how the estimation of the canonical completion reduces to the solution of a system of linear statistical inverse problems in the space of Hilbert–Schmidt operators, and derive rates of convergence. We conclude by providing extensions of our theory to more general forms of domains, and by demonstrating how our results can be used to construct covariance estimators from sample path fragments of the associated stochastic process. Our results are illustrated numerically by way of a simulation study and a real example.

A Maximality Theorem for Continuous First Order Theories

In this paper we prove a Lindström like theorem for the logic consisting of arbitrary Boolean combinations of first order sentences. Specifically we show the logic obtained by taking arbitrary, possibly infinite, Boolean combinations of first order sentences in countable languages is the unique maximal abstract logic which is closed under finitary Boolean operations, has occurrence number ω1, has the downward Lüowenheim-Skolem property to ωand the upward Lüowenheim-Skolem property to uncountability, and contains all complete first order theories in countable languages as sentences of the abstract logic. We will also show a similar result holds in the continuous logic framework of [5], i.e. we prove a Lindström like theorem for the abstract continuous logic consisting of Boolean combinations of first order closed conditions. Specifically we show the abstract continuous logic consisting of arbitrary Boolean combinations of closed conditions is the unique maximal abstract continuous logic which is closed under approximate isomorphisms on countable structures, is closed under finitary Boolean operations, has occurrence number ω1, has the downward Lüowenheim-Skolem property toω, the upward Lüowenheim-Skolem property to uncountability and contains all first order theories in countable languages as sentences of the abstract logic.

From maximum force to physics in 9 lines and towards relativistic quantum gravity

Abstract A compact summary of present fundamental physics is given and evaluated. Its 9 lines describe all observations exactly and contain both general relativity and the standard model of particle physics. Their precise agreement with experiments, in combination with their extreme simplicity and their internal consistency, suggest that there are no experimental effects beyond the two theories. The combined properties of the 9 lines also imply concrete suggestions for the microscopic constituents in a complete theory of relativistic quantum gravity. It is shown that the microscopic constituents cannot be described by a Lagrangian or by an equation of motion. Finally, the 9 lines specify the only decisive tests that allow checking any specific proposal for such a theory.

On the photorelease of nitric oxide by nitrobenzene derivatives: A CASPT2//CASSCF model.

Nitroaromatic compounds can photorelease nitric oxide after UV absorption. The efficiency of the photoreaction depends on the molecular structure, and two features have been pointed out as particularly important for the yield of the process: the presence of methyl groups at the ortho position with respect to the nitro group and the degree of conjugation of the molecule. In this paper, we provide a theoretical characterization at the CASPT2//CASSCF (complete active space second-order perturbation theory//complete active space self-consistent field) level of theory of the photorelease of NO for four molecules derived from nitrobenzene through the addition of ortho methyl groups and/or the elongation of the conjugation. Our previously described mechanism obtained for the photorelease of NO in nitrobenzene has been adopted as a model for the process. According to this model, the process proceeds through a reactive singlet-triplet crossing (STC) region that the system can reach from the triplet 3(πOπ*) minimum. The energy barrier that must be surmounted in order to populate the reactive STC can be associated with the efficiency of the photoreaction. Here, the obtained results display clear differences in the efficiency of the photoreaction in the studied systems and can be correlated with experimental results. Thus, the model proves its ability to highlight the differences in the photoreaction efficiency for the nitroaromatic compounds studied here.

The Productivity of West Sumatra Muhammadiyah Cash Waqf as a Model for the Development of Sharia Investment in Empowering UMKM

Muhammadiyah is one of the organizations that initiated the development of cash waqf in West Sumatra. This institution experienced many obstacles because cash waqf is a new thing in society. People's understanding of waqf objects so far is in the form of objects that are not used up. This study aimed to explore the West Sumatra Muhammadiyah cash waqf's productivity to develop sharia investment and micro, small and medium enterprises in Padang. This research is a field research study with a qualitative approach. The data is in the form of primary data obtained through in-depth interviews with selected informants through snowball sampling?secondary data as supporting data to complete information and theory about cash waqf. Data analysis used an interactive model of qualitative analysis with data reduction, data presentation, verification, and conclusion. The findings of this study indicate that the productivity of cash waqf carried out by the West Sumatra Muhammadiyah Cash Waqf Board is in the form of capital investment and work (business). However, development in the form of work or business has not been fully implemented. This is not due to constraints in development efforts but in the productivity of micro and small businesses caused by unprofessional management and the lack of other development models that are more appropriate to make the business productive for each of the various productive investment units. Investments that are made and can produce waqf funds are more in the form of capital investment than work investment.

A Coherent Approach towards Quantum Gravity

This paper typically focuses on the rescaling or equivocally a phase transition from the asymptotic approach of renormalizing the quantum gravity to a more granular approach of the loop quantum gravity (LQG) and then merging it with the Regge calculus for deriving the spin-(2) graviton as the basis of the unified theory. To construct a successful Ultraviolet (UV) completed theory via the fixed-point renormalization group flow equations (FRGE) results in an asymptotic safety approach of the quantum gravity (QG). From the loop-(2) onwards, the higher derivative divergence terms like the higher derivative curvatures, and quadratic divergences with higher derivative scalars make the momentum go to infinity which assaults a problem in renormalizing the QG. If the Einstein-Hilbert (E-H) action, which is the principle of least action is being computed, arising an equation of motion, and a localized path integral (or partition functions) is defined over a curved space, then that action is shown to be associated with the higher order dimension in a more compactified way, resulting in an infinite winding numbers being accompanied through the exponentiality coefficients of the partition integrals in the loop expansions of the second order term onwards, and based on that localization principle, the entire path integral got collapsed to isolated points or granules that if corresponds the aforesaid actions, results in negating the divergences’ with an implied bijections’ and reverse bijections’ of a diffeomorphism of a continuous differentiable functional domains. If those domains are being attributed to the spatial constraints, Hamiltonian constraints, and Master constraints then, through Ashtekar variables, it can be modestly shown that the behavior of quantum origin of asymptotic safety behavior is similar to the LQG granules of spin foam spacetime. Then, we will proceed with the triangulation of the “zoomed in” entangled-points that results in the inclusion of Regge poles via the quantum number (+2,-2,0) as the produced variables of the spin-(2) graviton and spin-(0) dilaton.

The asymmetry, uncertainty, and the long term

AbstractThe asymmetry is the view in population ethics that, while we ought to avoid creating additional bad lives, there is no requirement to create additional good ones. The question is how to embed this intuitively compelling view in a more complete normative theory, and in particular one that treats uncertainty in a plausible way. While arguing against existing approaches, I present new and general principles for thinking about welfarist choice under uncertainty. Together, these reduce arbitrary choices to uncertainty‐free ones, regardless of how the latter should be made. I illustrate these principles by developing two theories of the asymmetry, reflecting different views about the non‐identity problem. In doing so, I clarify some other major choice‐points, presenting new arguments that creating additional good lives can justify (but not require) doing harm. Finally, I consider what the developed theories have to say about the importance of extinction risk and the long‐run future.

Randomness below complete theories of arithmetic

We show that reals z which compute complete extensions of arithmetic have the random join property: for each random x<Tz there exists random y<Tz such that z≡Tx⊕y. The same is true for the truth-table and the weak truth-table reducibilities.

Commentaries on "Darwin’s Lost Theory: Bridge to a Better World"

Evolutionary systems theorist David Loye wrote many pioneering and engaging books throughout his lifetime; one of the best-known is Darwin’s Lost Theory: Bridge to a Better World (2007), a book that explores and overturns the longstanding notions of distinct Darwinism based upon a ‘survival of the fittest’ human mentality. Instead, Loye discovered and sought to bring to light Darwin’s long-ignored insights and a complete theory into the evolution of human morality as guided by moral action and love. In this article, colleagues of David Loye comment on this important book.

ON DOUBLE-MEMBERSHIP GRAPHS OF MODELS OF ANTI-FOUNDATION

AbstractWe answer some questions about graphs that are reducts of countable models of Anti-Foundation, obtained by considering the binary relation of double-membership $x\in y\in x$ . We show that there are continuum-many such graphs, and study their connected components. We describe their complete theories and prove that each has continuum-many countable models, some of which are not reducts of models of Anti-Foundation.

Applying Generalized Variational Principles to Excited-State-Specific Complete Active Space Self-consistent Field Theory.

We employ a generalized variational principle to improve the stability, reliability, and precision of fully excited-state-specific complete active space self-consistent field theory. Compared to previous approaches that similarly seek to tailor this ansatz's orbitals and configuration interaction expansion for an individual excited state, we find the present approach to be more resistant to root flipping and better at achieving tight convergence to an energy stationary point. Unlike state-averaging, this approach allows orbital shapes to be optimal for individual excited states, which is especially important for charge-transfer states and some doubly excited states. We demonstrate the convergence and state-targeting abilities of this method in LiH, ozone, and MgO, showing in the latter that it is capable of finding three excited-state energy stationary points that no previous method has been able to locate.

The dynamic functions of social cues during children's word learning

AbstractChildren learn words in a social environment, facilitated in part by social cues from caregivers, such as eye‐gaze and gesture. A common assumption is that social cues convey either perceptual or social information, depending on the age of the child. In this review of research on word learning and social cues during early childhood, we propose that (1) the functions of social cues are not categorically perceptual or social, and (2) social cues support word learning in four interdependent ways: by helping children to orient attention, extract relevant information, disambiguate referents, and understand others' referential intent. We conclude with specific recommendations for theory‐building and suggest that the dynamic and complex functions of social cues need to be accounted for in any complete theory of word learning.

Z2 non-restoration and composite Higgs: singlet-assisted baryogenesis w/o topological defects

Simple scalar-singlet extensions of the Standard Model with a (spontaneously broken) Z2 symmetry allow for a strong first order electroweak phase transition, as sought in order to realize electroweak baryogenesis. However they generically also lead to the emergence of phenomenologically problematic domain walls. Here we present a framework with a real scalar singlet that features a different thermal history that avoids this problem by never restoring the Z2 symmetry in the early universe. This is accomplished by considering D > 4 operators that emerge on general grounds, understanding the model as the low energy tail of a more complete theory, like for example in composite Higgs scenarios. Sticking to the latter framework, we present a concrete SO(6)/SO(5) composite realization of the idea. To this end, we additionally provide a complete classification of the structure of the Higgs potential (and the Yukawa couplings) in SO(6)/SO(5) models with fermions in the 1, 6, 15 or 20′ of SO(6).

WITHDRAWN: Fast Assessment of Distributed Photovoltaic Hosting Capacity of Distribution Networks Based on Photovoltaic Barycenter Theory

• The concepts of moment and barycenter of PV and load distributions are given. • The PV Barycenter Theory with three metrics is proposed for the first time. • A quick PV maximum hosting capacity assessment method is established. • The rapidity, accuracy, practicability and universality of the method are verified. High penetration distributed PV deployment will lead to serious power quality problems and a significant active power return, posing a serious threat to the safe and stable operation of distribution networks. This paper proposes an innovative fast assessment method of distributed PV maximum H osting C apacity (HC) of distribution networks based on P V B arycenter T heory (PBT). The new concepts of moment and barycenter are proposed, and the global metric GM of PV barycenter is achieved. The non-iterative formulas of HC that meet the node voltage upper limit and the conductor ampacity upper limit are derived, and the local metric LM1 of voltage upper limit and the local metric LM2 of ampacity upper limit are obtained. Together with the global metric GM, a complete PV Barycenter Theory is constituted. A new quick assessment method for HC of distributed PV in distribution networks is proposed. This method is applied to four 10kV distribution feeders in Chengde, Hebei Electric Power Company. The calculation results in all scenarios show that, compared to the classical Monte Carlo method, the new method boosts the average calculation efficiency by 4856 times while maintaining a 0.83% average error. The proposed method can also take into account the real-world constraints such as the existing PV capacity of the distribution networks and the exploitable PV capacity of the deploying point, making the deployment scheme more practical and feasible. The comprehensive analysis results on load rate sensitivity and PV penetration all verify the rapidity, accuracy, practicability and universality of this method.

ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ СТОХАСТИЧНИХ ЕВОЛЮЦІЙНИХ РІВНЯНЬ З МАРКОВСЬКИМИ ПЕРЕКЛЮЧЕННЯМИ У НЕКЛАСНИЧНИХ СХЕМАХ АПРОКСИМАЦІЇ ДЛЯ ПОБУДОВИ ТА АНАЛІЗУ МОДЕЛІ ІНФОРМАЦІЙНОЇ БОРОТЬБИ

Analysis of the state of the art asymptotic properties of stochastic evolution models reveals that a complete theory is still to be worked out. Well understood are the deterministic models and stochastic ones which are given by differential equations, in particular with Markov switchings and perturbations in the classical schemes of averaging or diffusion approximation. Thus, it seems natural to develop a theory of evolution equations with Markov switchings and random perturbations in nonclassical approximation schemes. We consider stochastic equations with Markov switchings and impulse perturbations under the conditions of Levy and Poisson approximation. The results obtained in the present research may be divided into two parts. In the first part, we consider some prelimit evolution models with a small normalization parameter. We find the form of the limit generators for the impulse processes and the dynamical system in the schemes of the Poisson approximation and the Levy approximation. It is important that in this part of the thesis the asymptotic behavior of the limit process is concluded with the help of the analysis of parameters of the prelimit system. Further, in the second part we explore, analyze and provide the peculiarities of constructing the information struggle model described by such stochastic evolution. The new pattern is decoded as the effect of rare events quickly changing certain perceptions of a large number of people. As a result, the number of supporters of different ideas makes stochastic jumps, which one can see using non-classical approximation schemes.

Complete Theory for CCE Under Heterogeneous Slopes and General Unknown Factors

AbstractA recent study of Westerlund (CCE in Panels with General Unknown Factors, The Econometrics Journal, 21, 264‐276, 2018) showed that a very popular common correlated effects (CCE) estimator is significantly more applicable than it was thought before. Specifically, the common factors can have much more general time series properties than stationarity. This helps to alleviate the uncertainty over deterministic model components (e.g. trends) since they can be treated as unknown, similarly to unobserved stochastic (possibly non‐stationary) factors. While very promising, these theoretical results concern only the baseline scenario of the pooled (CCEP) estimator in the restrictive case of homogeneous model parameters, which is asymptotically biased and requires bias correction. Economic theory often hints at individuals exhibiting slope heterogeneity, which is a more realistic case when CCE is unbiased. Therefore, it is natural to extend the findings on general unknown factors to the case of unit‐specific slopes and understand if unbiasedness still holds, which would be an empirically handy feature. It is especially interesting, because many previous studies on heterogeneous slopes did not rigorously account for the usual situation when the factors are proxied by more explanatory variables than needed. Hence, the current study introduces more completeness in the CCE theory. We demonstrate that save for some regularity conditions, CCEP and the mean group (CCEMG) estimators are asymptotically normal and unbiased under heterogeneous slopes and general unknown factors.

Continuous earned value management with singularity functions for comprehensive project performance tracking and forecasting

Earned value management (EVM) is a classical project monitoring technique that is widely used in construction projects. Due to its simplicity, this technique suffers from limitations due to its discrete nature – activity durations, costs, and progress are gathered only at update points with no information in between. These limitations preclude EVM from being easily implemented on some project types (e.g. repetitive projects) and in conjunction with some planning techniques (e.g. linear scheduling), where information continuity is both possible and desired. Therefore, in EVM is reformulated based on singularity functions (SF). SF are a type of expressions that can be easily concatenated to model continuous inputs at the activity-level. SF are also additive so as to immediately yield project-level performance information. It is demonstrated how the complete theory of EVM is newly expressed in SF. This offers several advantages: (1) EVM metric axes can be easily swapped (allowing exact calculation of modern metrics such as Earned Schedule or the p-factor); (2) activity progress data can be inserted at any frequency as the available data allow; and (3) short-term project duration and cost forecasts are directly possible for the first time. These advantages are exemplified on a real construction project. Finally, it is discussed how the new formulation with SF produces more accurate project duration and cost estimates compared to the former discrete EVM on real construction projects.

Complete Leadership Theory: Updating Situational Leadership Theory to the Complete Status and Proposing a New Theory

The overall aim of this study is to explore the completeness of the Situational Leadership Theory. The study relies on secondary data through review of literatures. Data collected from multiple sources were analyzed explanatively. Effectiveness of the Situational Leadership Theory is reviewed in relation to conceptual developments associated with the theory and published empirical work testing of the theory in different contexts. Findings from the study shows that the Situational Leadership is adoptable, applicable, and relevant even in today‟s dynamic working environment. However, the study concludes that the theory still needs modification regarding better empowering the follower; and ensuring continuity of the continuum of leadership styles. Therefore, the researchers recommend making the leadership styles cyclical to ensure uninterrupted communication between the leader and the follower while employing situation-oriented leadership. In addition, the researchers recommend extending the “Ss” from 4th to 5 th level adding the term “fully authorizing” on component which can provide relatively better freedom for the follower to accommodate his/her leadership practices when power is delegated. Decentralize power as well as equality authorize others and see the change!