Complete Text Research Articles

Shape memory resin for direct printed aligners: A scoping review

: This review aims at analyzing the literature available regarding the properties of the novel Tera Harz resin introduced to manufacture direct printed aligners in terms of its mechanical characteristics, accuracy, and cytotoxicity. Utilizing the databases of PubMed, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library, a search for publications published up until February 2024 was conducted by applying the search phrases ("3D printed" OR "three-dimensional printed") AND aligner AND (polymer* OR material* OR resin* OR technopolymer*). There were 620 records found in the first search. 220 studies were reviewed after duplicates were eliminated. A total of 196 complete texts were screened based on the title and abstract. 90 full-text papers had their eligibility evaluated. The qualitative synthesis contained 16 studies.With its ideal characteristics, the new shape memory resin has the potential to be a viable replacement for thermoformed aligners, offering greater accuracy and force delivery. The gathered data is still only somewhat reliable and quantitatively scarce. It is necessary to do more research to assess the therapeutic efficacy of these new materials.

Multimodal Data Mining Based on Self Attention Feature Alignment

This study explores the application of multimodal data mining in text and image vector processing, aiming to improve the depth and breadth of data analysis by integrating information from different data types. We use the FairFace dataset combined with the CLIP model encoding layer to obtain text and image vectors, and use the K-Means clustering algorithm to achieve vector dimensionality reduction. Subsequently, we introduced the bipartite graph matching algorithm to achieve maximum matching between text vectors and image vectors, and calculated the contrastive learning loss and similarity loss. The entire process covers steps such as data preparation, feature extraction, vector dimensionality reduction, matching algorithms, and loss assessment, constructing a complete text and image matching task process. Our research contributions include using K-Means clustering algorithm to achieve vector dimensionality reduction, as well as introducing bipartite graph matching algorithm and calculating two types of losses in text and image vector matching, further improving matching quality.

Effectiveness of Telemedicine in Managing Health-Related Issues in the Pediatric Population: A Systematic Review.

Healthcare delivery is made more convenient and effective via telemedicine, which enables physicians to conduct virtual consultations and evaluations with pediatric patients. The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate the efficacy of telemedicine as compared to physical appointments in the pediatric population. We used Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines to search for the available literature using pre-specified inclusion and exclusion criteria. These databases provided 968 relevant research articles, which Endnote software screened for duplicates. Fourteen studies were considered relevant for full-text evaluation. After complete text evaluation, only 11 of these articles were found to be relevant. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used for the risk of bias assessment of all included studies. Eleven articles in all satisfied the requirements for inclusion and were added to the review. Every study was classified as either a cluster randomized trial (27%) or a randomized controlled trial (RCT) (73%). There were between 22 and 400 participants in each trial. Medical conditions evaluated included obesity (27%), mental health disorders (9%), asthma (18%), otitis media (9%), skin disorders (9%), type 1 diabetes (9%), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (9%), and pancreatic insufficiency associated with cystic fibrosis (1/11). Telemedicine strategies employed included telemedicine-based screening visits (9%), smartphone-based therapies (27%), phone counseling (18%), and videoconferencing visits between patients and doctors (45%). The outcomes of the telemedicine procedures in every included study were on par with or superior to those of the control groups. Medication adherence, appointment completion rates, life satisfaction, symptom management, and disease progression were all outcomes associated with these findings. Although more research is needed, the evidence from this review suggests that telemedicine services for the general public and pediatric care are comparable to or better than in-person services. Patients, healthcare professionals, and caregivers may benefit from using both telemedicine services and traditional in-person healthcare services. To maximize the potential of telemedicine, future research should focus on improving patients' access to care, increasing the cost-effectiveness of telemedicine services, and eliminating barriers to telemedicine use.

Inferential and Macrostructural Ability in Multimodal Texts

Objective: To evaluate inferential and macrostructural ability through three types of multimodal artifacts: verbal, graphic-mathematical, and complete text (which integrates all semiotic modes). Theoretical Framework: This section explores the key concepts of multimodality theory, as well as the notions of inferences and multimodal ability, which are fundamental to addressing the research problem. The main theories and concepts supporting the research are presented, providing a solid foundation for understanding the study's context. Method: A mixed methodology was employed, combining quantitative and qualitative approaches. The quantitative phase adopted a correlational ex post facto design, while the qualitative phase was carried out through a focus group. The quantitative study followed a factorial experimental between-subjects design, considering two dimensions: the participants' professional program and the semiotic systems present in the comprehension test. Results and Discussion: It was concluded that the type of multimodal artifact does not significantly affect the efficient identification of inferences or macrostructural reduction. This suggests that students exhibit a low level of multimodal ability. Research Implications: The practical and theoretical implications of the research are analyzed, providing insights into how the results can influence or be applied to practices related to multimodal comprehension. Originality/Value: The research highlights that universities, in general, do not pay sufficient attention to multimodality, which negatively impacts students' multimodal competencies.

A Critical Comparison of Kautilya's 'Arthashastra' and Machiavelli's 'The Prince', Their Political Theories and Philosophies

Kautilya’s Arthashastra was translated to English in the year 1915, since then its comparison with Machiavelli started. Chanakya is credited with the creation of Arthashastra, a magnum opus on statecraft, law, military, and other matters of the state. The Arthashastra is the oldest book on political science and political ethics, and he introduced many other prominent issues to be kept in mind compared to Machiavelli. Machiavelli only concentrates on political and fiscal matters, Kautilya writes about the importance of land settlements, promotion of economic activity, rules of society, construction of infrastructure, defence, and communication. He has given a list of behavioral codes for ministers, king, and civilians. There is mention of diverse levels of administration, various departments and the roles for the officials are clearly defined. And the entire administration was based on the foundation of ‘Dharma’. Arthashastra is a comprehensive, coherent, original document while on the other hand Machiavelli was seeking a job and he sent his manuscript with job application. Consequently, he covered a very few topics and did not analyze any topic in depth. Though written and complied centuries apart and prior to Machiavelli’s Prince, The Arthashastra is much more detailed and complete text on state craft which is relevant even today. Some researchers have even gone to the extent of saying that, comparing Machiavelli’s Prince to Kautilya’s Arthashastra is like comparing a candlelight to that of sunlight.

3D and 4D Technology for Pharmaceutical Drug Delivery: A Detailed Insight

3D Printing, sometimes referred to as additive manufacturing, has made the concept of personalized medicine a reality. The primary objective of 3D and 4D printing is to produce intricate, customized pharmaceuticals at a reasonable cost. With improvements in materials, resolution, and speed, 3D printing technology is quickly developing. It includes faster construction, cost efficiency through reduced waste, design flexibility for complex structures, and sustainability through optimized material usage. An extensive literature survey was done on 3D and 4D printing of pharmaceuticals using PubMed, Elsevier, ScienceDirect, and Springer. The results were then filtered based on the titles, abstracts, and accessibility of the complete texts. The search engine Google Scholar was accessed for literature data mining. From the data mining, it was found that from the year 2009 to 2024 the number of research publications surged more than 200 times on the current topic. Even though 3-D and 4-D printing technologies have advanced significantly in a short amount of time, the most often used ones are still stereolithography, nozzle-based deposition, inkjet, and selective laser sintering. Their use has been modified for the production of nanoparticles, polypills, tablets, and implants, etc. Pharma's aspirations for tailored medications are being revolutionized by 3D printing, but cost, flexibility, and bioequivalence still need to be investigated. The present review offers a thorough analysis of various 3D and 4D printing methods and emphasizes the major advantages and disadvantages and major key challenges of 3D and 4D printing related to pharmaceuticals. Compared to 3D Printing, 4D printing offers better quality, efficacy, and functionality.

Causes of Nurses' Migration, A Systematic Review

Background and Objectives: One of the foundations of the health system are nurses. Migration is one of the factors of reducing and losing this valuable capital. Methods: In this systematic review study, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, SID, Magiran and Google Scholar databases were searched without time limit and based on the Prisma method, and in order to evaluate the quality of the articles, critical evaluation checklists of the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) were used. Results: First, 265 articles were extracted. After screening and removing duplicate articles, unrelated, without complete text, the qualitative evaluation stage was performed, and finally 17 articles were included in the study. No intervention was reported in the articles and no study prioritized the identified effective factors. The causes affecting migration were classified into two main categories: Causes related to the country of origin (push factors) and causes related to the destination country (pull factors). The factors in the countries of origin and destination were counted in three areas: individual factors, social factors and cultural factors. Income, job position, job security, continuing education facilities and educational technology, team relations and facilities in the work environment and family status were identified as the most important factors affecting migration. Conclusion: Nurses and especially young nurses from third world countries had a high desire to immigrate. Considering the multi-dimensional causes affecting the migration of nurses, in order to manage this phenomenon effectively, special attention and structural reforms in the social, cultural, political and economic dimensions are needed

IMPACTO DE LOS SABERES Y LA MULTIDISCIPLINARIEDAD DURANTE LA PANDEMIA

Introduction. After living through Covid 19, it is essential to carefully review the process to identify the turning points that determined the result, it is not a search for culprits as would be done in times of obscurantism, but a scientific approach, the objective of this research is to identify the weaknesses and recognize the successes by relating them to the knowledge that has been educationally pointed out as indispensable (Delors, J., 2013). Methodology: In Google Scholar in Spanish we search for complete texts, free of charge, from the period 2022 to 2024, with the keywords: educational knowledge, knowing how to be, knowing how to learn, knowing how to do, knowing how to live with others, pandemic, confinement, medicine, multidisciplinarity and Covid 19. They were then read and synthesized, then the actions were identified and categorized as favorable or unfavorable events, depending on the results and conclusions of the authors; At the same time, the relationship between the results and educational knowledge was reflected on, and evidence of multidisciplinarity was also sought. Duplicate works, or without free access or that did not deal directly with the challenges of Covid, were discarded. Results: The best combination for the search was: knowing how to be, knowing how to learn, knowing how to do, knowing how to live with others, medicine, pandemic, Covid 19, confinement and multidisciplinarity, the search yielded 83 results, we selected those with different themes, avoiding repetitions. Table 1. Successes and failures during the pandemic the results are shown, we find successful experiences in groups with mastery of the 4 knowledges characterized by their tolerance and resilience; In contrast, papers were published supporting a notable increase in violence and pre-existing problems that were exacerbated during the health crisis. Conclusions: The greater the mastery of knowledge, the greater the opportunity to resolve conflicts, the lower the mastery of knowledge, the greater the number of failures in various scenarios. The pandemic is the first global challenge that could be contained with multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary collaboration. It is essential to include strategies to strengthen the acquisition of knowledge, which is the basis for multidisciplinarity.

Investigating Criteria for Weaning from Ventilators in Iran: A Systematic Review

Objectives: This systematic review was conducted to evaluate optimal techniques for weaning patients in Iranian intensive care units from ventilator support. Methods: Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, studies on Iran's latest ventilator weaning methods were examined. Two researchers independently assessed the studies after transferring the studies to EndNote software and eliminating duplicates. A third collaborator resolved any disagreements and made the final decision. The evaluation encompassed primary, secondary, qualitative assessment, and data extraction stages. Results: The initial database search identified 1103 potentially relevant articles and was managed using EndNote software. After excluding 235 duplicates, screening based on title and abstract led to the exclusion of 457 articles from the remaining 868. During eligibility evaluation, 402 articles were excluded from 411 studies after thoroughly examining the complete text, aligning with inclusion and exclusion criteria. The qualitative assessment, guided by STROBE and CONSORT checklists, found all nine remaining studies satisfactory methodological quality. Consequently, these nine studies were included in the final analysis. Conclusions: Prioritizing, identifying, and implementing strategies for successful mechanical ventilation weaning is crucial for research and quality improvement. This study systematically reviewed the evidence on diverse methods to enhance ventilator weaning success in Iran. Nevertheless, additional studies are warranted to further ascertain ventilator-weaning strategies' effectiveness.

Vitamin D Deficiency Prevalence in Pakistan: Common, Important, and Neglected: A Comprehensive Meta-Analysis

Abstract Vitamin D is crucial for normal body metabolism. Two important vitamin D sources are synthesis in the lower layers of the skin (90%) and diet (10%). This systematic review and meta-analysis attempted to determine the incidence of vitamin D deficiency in Pakistan by using the findings of numerous cross-sectional studies. For subgroup analysis, a population-based subgroup analysis and a geographical location-based subgroup analysis were done. Different search techniques were utilized on various databases using the terms “vitamin D deficiency,” “Pakistan,” and “prevalence.” The article names and abstracts were scrutinized, and associated complete texts were evaluated. The articles that satisfied the inclusion requirements were chosen for the meta-analysis. The I 2 test was used to determine heterogeneity. They were combined with the random-effect method. Out of 429 articles, 37 studies, with a total sample size of 19,338, were selected for the final analysis. The highest and lowest reported percentages observed were 100% and 15%, respectively. The overall pooled prevalence reported was 78% (95% CI = 74.2–82%). In subgroup analysis, children/adolescents showed a higher pooled prevalence of 84% (95% CI = 76.1–93.6%), and among province-wise subgroup analysis, Punjab province has shown a higher pooled prevalence of 84% (95% CI: 74–94%). Meta-analysis of the data showed a higher proportion of the population with deficient states. Interventions in public health are essential to address the high incidence of vitamin D insufficiency. Vitamin D levels can be increased, and related health concerns can be minimized through dietary supplementation, recommended sun exposure, and awareness initiatives.

Enhancing E-Resource Management in Libraries: An Overview of the OpenURL Standard

The OpenURL standard is an emerging protocol for transmitting bibliographic metadata about digital objects between information services over the Internet, with an initial focus on bibliographic resources. OpenURL is a standardized protocol that connects users directly to the complete text or extra information about a referenced resource. It is an essential tool for managing e-resources in libraries. It improves the efficiency and effectiveness of library services by improving access to resources, increasing interoperability, and facilitating resource discovery. This chapter provides an overview of OpenURL’s standard for e-resources management in libraries and discusses how OpenURL can be used to assist libraries and information providers.

A Systematic Review of Effective Models in School-Enterprise Cooperation in China in the English and Chinese Literature

Against the backdrop of globalization and rapid technological development, the traditional Technical & Vocational Education (TVE) system is facing more and more challenges. As a rapidly developing economy, China is also exploring effective paths in combining education and industry. School-Enterprise Cooperation(S-EC), as an emerging education method, aims to realize the effective docking of education resources and market demand through close cooperation between schools and enterprises. At present, Chinese scholars have conducted extensive research on the model of S-EC, however, few systematic reviews of related studies were carried out. The purpose of this paper is to examine and assess the relevant literature concerning effective S-EC models in the last ten years from 2015 to 2024. The review includes sources in both Chinese and English languages. The author conducted individual assessments of titles, abstracts, and complete texts according to predefined eligibility criteria. 15 studies that met the eligibility criteria were included in the reviewed systematic review. Effective S-EC models mentioned in these articles can be summarized and classified into three types: School-led Model, Enterprise-led Model and School-Enterprise Cooperation Model, of which each is subordinate to 3-4 specific cooperation models.

A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF ONE LUNG VENTILATION DURING THORACIC SURGERY COMPARING THE SAFETY AND EFFICACY OF LOW AND HIGH TIDAL VOLUME

Background: Postoperative pulmonary complications are common and highly morbid, particularly in thoracic surgery patients. Previous reports have demonstrated that protective ventilation can improve postoperative pulmonary function and reduce the incidence of complications, but the precise definition of protective ventilation remains elusive. The aim: The aim of this study to show about one lung ventilation during thoracic surgery comparing the safety and efficacy of low and high tidal volume. Methods: By the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) 2020, this study was able to show that it met all of the requirements. This search approach, publications that came out between 2014 and 2024 were taken into account. Several different online reference sources, like Pubmed, SagePub, and Sciencedirect were used to do this. It was decided not to take into account review pieces, works that had already been published, or works that were only half done. Result: Eight publications were found to be directly related to our ongoing systematic examination after a rigorous three-level screening approach. Subsequently, a comprehensive analysis of the complete text was conducted, and additional scrutiny was given to these articles. Conclusion: Low tidal volumes (defined as less than 10 mL/kg) decreases pneumonia and the need for postoperative ventilatory support (invasive and non‐invasive).

The Analysis Study of Prevalence, Diagnosis, and Management of Cataract in Adult Eye: A Comprehensive Systematic Review

Background: Cataract remains a major cause of visual impairment worldwide. However, in many countries cataract surgery is easily available. Cataract surgery is a kind of effective way to deal with cataract, but it is acompanied with many surgical complications and expensive costs that present enormous social and economic problems to a society, especially in the remote and poor areas of developing countries. The aim: The aim of this study to show about prevalence, diagnosis, and management of cataract in adult eye. Methods: By the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) 2020, this study was able to show that it met all of the requirements. Result: Eight publications were found to be directly related to our ongoing systematic examination after a rigorous three-level screening approach. Subsequently, a comprehensive analysis of the complete text was conducted, and additional scrutiny was given to these articles. Conclusion: Cataracts to increase in the near future due to an increase in the aging population and pre-senile cataracts. The current study also provides clinical determinants for cataract and cataract surgery. Since cataract has emerged as a public concern and the cost burden for cataract surgery has increased with an aging population, it is expected that the present study will form a cornerstone for further investigations and the establishment of a public health plan.

THE ANALYSIS STUDY OF SAFETY AND LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF GLUCOCORTICOIDS IN TREATMENT OF INFLAMMATORY RHEUMATIC DISEASE: A COMPREHENSIVE SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Background: Glucocorticoids (GCs) are often the first-line therapy for autoimmune diseases including many neurological conditions. Their use is commonly associated with complications and comorbidities. These include both immediate and long-term complications that are often related to the dose and cumulative dose of GCs. The aim: The aim of this study to show about safety and long term effects of glucocorticoids in treatment of inflammatory rheumatic disease. Methods: By the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) 2020, this study was able to show that it met all of the requirements. This search approach, publications that came out between 2014 and 2024 were taken into account. Several different online reference sources, like Pubmed, SagePub, and Sciencedirect were used to do this. It was decided not to take into account review pieces, works that had already been published, or works that were only half done. Result: Eight publications were found to be directly related to our ongoing systematic examination after a rigorous three-level screening approach. Subsequently, a comprehensive analysis of the complete text was conducted, and additional scrutiny was given to these articles. Conclusion: Glucocorticoids are effective drugs for many rheumatic diseases. However, there are serious adverse effects that can ensue. These are often dose related and related to the duration of therapy. Several of the complications occur in patients already at risk for these adverse events. The adverse effects, such as weight gain, osteoporosis, fracture, osteonecrosis, infections, ocular complications, cardiovascular effects, hyperglycemia, etc.

The Analysis Study of Effects of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor to Reduce Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Comprehensive Systematic Review

Background: The aim of this study to show about effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor to reduce adverse cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: By the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) 2020, this study was able to show that it met all of the requirements. Result: Eight publications were found to be directly related to our ongoing systematic examination after a rigorous three-level screening approach. Subsequently, a comprehensive analysis of the complete text was conducted, and additional scrutiny was given to these articles. Conclusion: GLP‐1 receptor agonists represent a relatively new class of drugs used for the treatment of T2DM. They are not only able to improve hyperglycaemia of diabetic patients but also directly influence in addition other significant risk factors for CVD such as high blood pressure, dyslipidaemia or obesity. These properties explain at least in part the positive results of the CV outcome studies for liraglutide, semaglutide, dulaglutide and albiglutide, all of which showed not only CV safety but also an improvement in CV prognosis.

Comparative Effectiveness of Regional Anesthesia and Nerve Block Techniques in Reducing Chronic Post-Surgical Pain in Adults Undergoing Inguinal Hernia Surgery: A Systematic Review

Background: This study to show about comparative effectiveness of regional anesthesia and nerve block techniques in reducing chronic post-surgical pain in adults undergoing inguinal hernia surgery. Methods: By the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) 2020, this study was able to show that it met all of the requirements. Result: Eight publications were found to be directly related to our ongoing systematic examination after a rigorous three-level screening approach. Subsequently, a comprehensive analysis of the complete text was conducted, and additional scrutiny was given to these articles. Conclusion: CPSP is a multifactorial and complex condition that can significantly affect the quality of life of patients undergoing surgery. General anesthesia plus ilioinguinal nerve block is better than spinal anesthesia (SA) regarding postoperative analgesia, time to mobilization and discharge, side-effect profile and satisfaction experienced by the patients. Regional block anesthesia (RBA) is superior to conventional spinal anesthesia (CSA) for pain relief at 24 hours post-surgery.

The Analysis Study of Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Complication in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus : A Comprehensive Systematic Review

Background: Diabetes, a chronic metabolic disorder, has a high prevalence worldwide due to changing lifestyles and urbanization. It is associated with life-threatening hazards and disabling complications, decreasing life expectancy. Gastroparesis, a well-known manifestation, is more prevalent in women. Understanding the prevalence of gastrointestinal complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients is crucial for creating effective treatment regimens. Methods: Adhering to the PRISMA 2020 principles, this systematic study focused on analyzing complete English literature texts published from 2011 to 2024. Several websites, such as ScienceDirect, PubMed, and SagePub, were used to collect the literature. Result: The study examined over 4000 publications sourced from recognized platforms such as Science Direct, SagePub, and PubMed. Following the decision to subject eight publications to further scrutiny, a comprehensive examination of the complete body of literature was conducted. Conclusion: Diabetes often leads to gastroparesis, a condition affecting the upper gastrointestinal tract, associated with metabolic imbalance, high blood sugar levels, low insulin, hormone release, and H. pylori infection. This condition is linked to the contractile activity of the duodenum, and is associated with various liver conditions, including diabetic fibrosis and cirrhosis.

The Analysis Study of Risk of Bleeding in Patients Undergoing Pulmonary Procedure on Antiplatelet or Anticoagulant: A Comprehensive Systematic Review

Background: Pumonary procedure is considered to be a low bleeding risk procedure, platelet count and coagulation profile are usually evaluated prior to the procedure. In addition, several society guidelines recommend holding antiplatelet medications such as clopidogrel and prasugrel for 5 days prior to the procedure as well as holding one dose of unfractionated heparin prior to pulmonary procedure. The aim: The aim of this study to show about risk of bleeding in patients undergoing pulmonary procedure on antiplatelet or anticoagulant. Methods: By the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) 2020, this study was able to show that it met all of the requirements. Result: Eight publications were found to be directly related to our ongoing systematic examination after a rigorous three-level screening approach. Subsequently, a comprehensive analysis of the complete text was conducted, and additional scrutiny was given to these articles. Conclusion: Pulmonary procedure on patients receiving either antiplatelet or anticoagulation therapy using the best available evidence. With this knowledge, physicians can assist patients or their substitute decision-makers in making an informed decision regarding the timing and safety of proceeding with a pulmonary procedure.

The Analysis Study of Gender and Risk of Congenital Hypothyroidism : A Comprehensive Systematic Review

Background: Congenital hypothyroidism is defined as a deficiency of thyroid hormone at birth and is one of the most common endocrine disorders in newborns. Congenital hypothyroidism, with a prevalence of 1 in 3000-4000 live births, is the most common preventable cause of mental retardation in children. The aim: The aim of this study to show about gender and risk of congenital hypothyroidism. Methods: By the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) 2020, this study was able to show that it met all of the requirements. Result: Eight publications were found to be directly related to our ongoing systematic examination after a rigorous three-level screening approach. Subsequently, a comprehensive analysis of the complete text was conducted, and additional scrutiny was given to these articles. Conclusion: many risk factors are involved in the development of congenital hypothyroidism in children. It should be noted that the irreversible consequences of this disease for children including mental retardation is one of the cases which to control and remove it. Accordingly, awareness of the birth season could help policymakers who plan preventive programs to reduce the false negative results among neonates, especially girls.