Complete System Research Articles

Exploring the key technologies needed for the commercialization of electric flying cars: A levelized cost and profitability analysis

Flying cars, also known as Vertical Takeoff and Landing aircraft (VTOLs), can significantly improve transportation efficiency, and are expected to play an important role in future transportation. However, the technical requirements to make electric flying cars economically feasible remains insufficiently investigated. In this study, with detailed cost calculation model, the levelized cost and profit of electric flying car operation are estimated. The results show that under the base case (250 Wh/kg battery, baseline cost, battery swapping, no unmanned autonomous driving systems), the levelized cost is $0.61/passenger-km, about one-third higher than on-road taxi cost. Under passenger fare of $1.00/passenger-km, the net present value is $0.46 million, which implies an investment return cycle of 5 years, comparable to the airline industry. Advanced technology deployment can significantly improve profitability. With battery specific energy increased to 400 and 600 Wh/kg, the net present value increases by 60 % and 72 %. The investment return cycle can be reduced to 3 and 2 years, making electric flying car operation a high-profitability industry comparable to ride-sharing. The use of unmanned autonomous driving systems can drive net present value up to 4.2 times that under the base case, implying an investment return cycle of 2 years. Compared with battery swapping, charging as the energy supplementing approach leads to lower operation efficiency, but can be compensated by fast-charging and the reduction of battery capacity. The results suggest that the electric flying car industry could take full advantage of on-road-vehicle battery technology development. Efforts should be made in establishing a complete air-ground joint management system to facilitate unmanned autonomous driving.

A Dynamical Analysis and New Traveling Wave Solution of the Fractional Coupled Konopelchenko–Dubrovsky Model

The main object of this paper is to study the traveling wave solutions of the fractional coupled Konopelchenko–Dubrovsky model by using the complete discriminant system method of polynomials. Firstly, the fractional coupled Konopelchenko–Dubrovsky model is simplified into nonlinear ordinary differential equations by using the traveling wave transformation. Secondly, the trigonometric function solutions, rational function solutions, solitary wave solutions and the elliptic function solutions of the fractional coupled Konopelchenko–Dubrovsky model are derived by means of the polynomial complete discriminant system method. Moreover, a two-dimensional phase portrait is drawn. Finally, a 3D-diagram and a 2D-diagram of the fractional coupled Konopelchenko–Dubrovsky model are plotted in Maple 2022 software.

Molecular and structural basis of oligopeptide recognition by the Ami transporter system in pneumococci.

ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transport systems are crucial for bacteria to ensure sufficient uptake of nutrients that are not produced de novo or improve the energy balance. The cell surface of the pathobiont Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is decorated with a substantial array of ABC transporters, critically influencing nasopharyngeal colonization and invasive infections. Given the auxotrophic nature of pneumococci for certain amino acids, the Ami ABC transporter system, orchestrating oligopeptide uptake, becomes indispensable in host compartments lacking amino acids. The system comprises five exposed Oligopeptide Binding Proteins (OBPs) and four proteins building the ABC transporter channel. Here, we present a structural analysis of all the OBPs in this system. Multiple crystallographic structures, capturing both open and closed conformations along with complexes involving chemically synthesized peptides, have been solved at high resolution providing insights into the molecular basis of their diverse peptide specificities. Mass spectrometry analysis of oligopeptides demonstrates the unexpected remarkable promiscuity of some of these proteins when expressed in Escherichia coli, displaying affinity for a wide range of peptides. Finally, a model is proposed for the complete Ami transport system in complex with its various OBPs. We further disclosed, through in silico modelling, some essential structural changes facilitating oligopeptide transport into the cellular cytoplasm. Thus, the structural analysis of the Ami system provides valuable insights into the mechanism and specificity of oligopeptide binding by the different OBPs, shedding light on the intricacies of the uptake mechanism and the in vivo implications for this human pathogen.

Incidence, implications, and management of sense-B-noise failure in subcutaneous cardioverter-defibrillator patients: insights from a large multicentre registry.

Subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (S-ICDs) offer potentially distinct advantages over transvenous defibrillator systems. Recent randomized trials showed significantly lower lead failure rates than transvenous ICD. Still, S-ICDs remain associated with the risk of inappropriate shocks (IAS). While previous studies have reported varying causes of IAS, this study explores a rare cause of IAS, referred to as 'sense-B-noise.' It was recently described in case series, but its incidence has not been studied in a large cohort of S-ICD patients. We retrospectively reviewed data from patients implanted with S-ICD models 1010, A209, and A219 between October 2009 and July 2023 across nine centres in Europe and the USA. The analysis concentrated on determining the incidence and understanding the implications of sense-B-noise events. Sense-B-noise represents a rare manifestation of distinct electrogram abnormalities within the primary and alternate sensing vectors. Data were collected from medical records, device telemetry, and manufacturer reports for investigation. This registry is registered on clinicaltrials.gov (NCT05713708). Subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator devices of the 1158 patients were analysed. The median follow-up time for all patients was 46 (IQR 23-64) months. In 107 patients (9.2%) ≥1 IAS was observed during follow-up. Sense-B-noise failure was diagnosed in six (0.5 and 5.6% of all IAS) patients, in all patients, the diagnosis was made after an IAS episode. Median lead dwell time in the affected patients was 23 (2-70) months. To resolve the sense-B-noise defect, in three patients reprogramming to the secondary vector was undertaken, and two patients underwent system removal with subsequent S-ICD reimplantation due to low amplitude in the secondary vector. In one patient, the secondary vector was initially programmed, and subsequently, an S-ICD system exchange was performed due to T-wave-oversensing IAS episodes. This multicentre analysis' findings shed light on a rare but clinically highly significant adverse event in S-ICD therapy. To our knowledge, we provide the first systematic multicentre analysis investigating the incidence of sense-B-noise. Due to being difficult to diagnose and limited options for resolution, management of sense-B-noise is challenging. Complete system exchange may be the only option for some patients. Educating healthcare providers involved in S-ICD patient care is crucial for ensuring accurate diagnosis and effective management of sense-B-noise issues.

Use of the FebriDx® host-response point-of-care test may reduce antibiotic use for respiratory tract infections in primary care: a mixed-methods feasibility study.

FebriDx® is a CE-marked, single-use point-of-care test with markers for bacterial [C-reactive protein (CRP)] and viral [myxovirus resistance protein A (MxA)] infection, using finger-prick blood samples. Results are available after 10-12 min. We explored the usability and potential impact of FebriDx® in reducing antibiotic prescriptions for lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) in primary care, and the feasibility of conducting a randomized controlled trial (RCT). Patients (aged ≥1 year) with LRTI deemed likely to receive antibiotic prescription were recruited at nine general practices and underwent FebriDx® testing. Data collection included FebriDx® results, antibiotic prescribing plan (before and after testing) and re-consultation rates. Staff completed System Usability Scale questionnaires. From 31 January 2023 to 9 June 2023, 162 participants participated (median age 57 years), with a median symptom duration of 7 days (IQR 5-14). A valid FebriDx® result was obtained in 97% (157/162). Of 155 patients with available results, 103 (66%) had no detectable CRP or MxA, 28 (18%) had CRP only, 5 (3%) had MxA only, and 19 (12%) had both CRP and MxA. The clinicians' stated management plan was to prescribe antibiotics for 86% (134/155) before testing and 45% (69/155) after testing, meaning a 41% (95% CI: 31%, 51%) difference after testing, without evidence of increased re-consultation rates. Ease-of-use questionnaires showed 'good' user-friendliness. Use of FebriDx® to guide antibiotic prescribing for LRTI in primary care was associated with a substantial reduction in prescribing intentions. These results support a fully powered RCT to confirm its impact and safety.

Validation and test of a novel multi-input converter in extreme conditions using PSOPIC in hybrid power generation environment

The need for renewable energy resources increases due to the day-by-day increase in load demand. Still, there is a need for new technology to operate the existing power system optimally. Distributed generation (DGENs) are helpful in meeting the demand of power due to its lower cost compared to the construction of the complete power system. But this DGEN is constructed using renewable resources, which are intermittent in nature. So, hybrid power generation, which uses multiple sources, is used to satisfy the power need. In this paper, validation, and test of a new multi-input single ended primary inductor converter (MI-SEPIC) is proposed. The performance of the MI-SEPIC converter is tested by connecting photovoltaic (PV), wind, and fuel cells. The proposed system is connected to the grid, and the power transients are analyzed. The DQ control of grid synchronization is discussed in this paper. The conventional PI controller is replaced with a hybrid particle swarm optimization tuned proportional integral control (PSOPIC), and the results are compared. Verification is done using MATLAB software. Validation and test with different test cases to prove the sturdiness of the complete system is explained.

Connectome-driven neural inventory of a complete visual system.

Vision provides animals with detailed information about their surroundings, conveying diverse features such as color, form, and movement across the visual scene. Computing these parallel spatial features requires a large and diverse network of neurons, such that in animals as distant as flies and humans, visual regions comprise half the brain's volume. These visual brain regions often reveal remarkable structure-function relationships, with neurons organized along spatial maps with shapes that directly relate to their roles in visual processing. To unravel the stunning diversity of a complex visual system, a careful mapping of the neural architecture matched to tools for targeted exploration of that circuitry is essential. Here, we report a new connectome of the right optic lobe from a male Drosophila central nervous system FIB-SEM volume and a comprehensive inventory of the fly's visual neurons. We developed a computational framework to quantify the anatomy of visual neurons, establishing a basis for interpreting how their shapes relate to spatial vision. By integrating this analysis with connectivity information, neurotransmitter identity, and expert curation, we classified the ~53,000 neurons into 727 types, about half of which are systematically described and named for the first time. Finally, we share an extensive collection of split-GAL4 lines matched to our neuron type catalog. Together, this comprehensive set of tools and data unlock new possibilities for systematic investigations of vision in Drosophila, a foundation for a deeper understanding of sensory processing.

A Wearable Real-Time System for Simultaneous Wireless Power and Data Transmission to Cortical Visual Prosthesis.

Wireless, miniaturised and distributed neural interfaces are emerging neurotechnologies. Although extensive research efforts contribute to their technological advancement, the need for real-time systems enabling simultaneous wireless information and power transfer toward distributed neural implants remains crucial. Here we present a complete wearable system including a software for real-time image capturing, processing and digital data transfer; an hardware for high radiofrequency generation and modulation via amplitude shift keying; and a 3-coil inductive link adapt to operate with multiple miniaturised receivers. The system operates in real-time with a maximum frame rate of 20 Hz, reconstructing each frame with a matrix of 32 × 32 pixels. The device generates a carrier frequency of 433.92 MHz. It transmits the highest power of 32 dBm with a data rate of 6 Mbps and a variable modulation index as low as 8 %, thus potentially enabling wireless communication with 1024 miniaturised and distributed intracortical microstimulators. The system is primarily conceived as an external wearable device for distributed cortical visual prosthesis covering a visual field of 20 °. At the same time, it is modular and versatile, being suitable for multiple applications requiring simultaneous wireless information and power transfer to large-scale neural interfaces.

Real-Time Fire Surveillance with Machine Learning Twilio Integration

Fire threats pose significant risks to people and property, necessitating efficient surveillance systems. A complete fire surveillance system is proposed using machine learning and artificial intelligence to monitor fire incidents in real time. The system is built using React.js for frontend development and MongoDB for backend storage. Node.js is integrated for server-side operations, ensuring data management and user interaction. The system sends alerts via WhatsApp when image analysis identifies a fire concern, leveraging Twilio for seamless messaging. Robo Flow simplifies computer vision model management, while YOLOv8, a cutting-edge object recognition algorithm, enhances detection speed and accuracy. YOLOv8 is widely used in real-time object identification applications like robotics, autonomous cars and surveillance systems. Twilio is a cloud communication platform that allows developers to integrate voice, video, and SMS into their apps, enabling notifications, alarms, and two-way communication. The research utilizes Machine Learning, React.js, MongoDB, YOLOv8, and Twilio to offer efficient real-time fire surveillance.

Robust optimal control for uncertain wheeled mobile robot based on reinforcement learning: ADP approach

This paper presents a robust optimal control approach for the wheel mobile robot system, which considers the effects of external disturbances, uncertainties, and wheel slipping. The proposed method utilizes an adaptive dynamic programming (ADP) technique in conjunction with a disturbance observer. Initially, the system's state space model is formulated through the utilization of kinematic and dynamic models. Subsequently, the ADP method is employed to establish an online adaptive optimal controller, which solely relies on a single neural network for the purpose of function approximation. The utilization of the disturbance observer in conjunction with the compensation controller serves to alleviate the effects of disturbances. The Lyapunov theorem establishes the stability of the complete closed-loop system and the convergence of the weights of the neural network. The proposed approach has been shown to be effective through simulation under the effect of the disturbances and the change of the desired trajectory.

A complete dynamic modeling of two-by-one gas-steam combined cycle unit for coordinated control design

The high penetration of renewable energy can potentially change the role of combined cycle gas turbines (CCGT) from load suppliers to flexible suppliers. However, the slow process in the dynamic modeling of the CCGT complete system restricts the design of its best flexible operation strategy. Therefore, this paper adopts the composite modeling method to establish a complete nonlinear dynamic model of a 2 × 1 CCGT including two gas turbines, two three-pressure heat recovery steam generators (HRSG), one steam turbine, and one heat exchanger. This model can reflect the dynamic characteristics of pressure and flow in the bottom cycle due to the changes in operating mode, which can guide the design of the flexible operation control strategy of the 2 × 1 CCGT. To verify the model’s accuracy, the simulated data were compared with the field data from a 900 MW cycle with the same configuration. The results show that the established model can accurately reflect the changing trend of variables during mode switching. The range errors of essential variables such as gas turbine (GT) power is 3.8 %, GT outlet temperature is 1.4 %, high-pressure drum pressure is 4.5 %, and the range errors of other variables are below 5 %, proving the fidelity of the established control model. The dynamic model established in this paper will be the basis for model-based controller design which can handle multi-objective optimization and constraints in flexible operations. Moreover, this model will be used to guide the design of multi-mode control and energy management strategies.

Design and Fabrication of Friction Floor Cleaner for Cattle Shed

Abstract: In the world of advanced technology and scientific evolution our one vision should be there in the health and hygiene of domestic animals. Domestic animals like cows and goats are the source of revenue in the form of milk. Hence it is essential to take care of the health and hygiene of cows as unhygienic surroundings may lead to various diseases among the cattle and can also affect productivity. There also lies the probability of diseases being transmitted to human beings who consume this milk. So considering all these factors we aim to design and fabricate a machine for the cleaning of cowshed. The proposed system uses 4 different arrangements which are friction cleaning arrangement, water distribution arrangement, disinfectant spraying arrangement, and left and right (1-D) movement arrangement of the complete system. The friction cleaning system uses a rotating brush arrangement to make the complete ground surface of cowsheds dirt-free. A watering arrangement is used to distribute water on the ground surface. Disinfectant distribution arrangement uses sprinkler arrangement to distribute disinfectant to make cowshed bacteria-free. 1-D movement arrangement uses rack and pinion arrangement to make the complete system move in one-directional movement

차세대 자격증 제도 탐색을 통한 우리나라 고교 학점 운영 및 졸업 제도의 방향성 탐색 연구

Objectives The purpose of this study is to understand the characteristics and issues of this system through the case of New Zealand, which introduces and operates NCEA as a next-generation certification system, and to present implications for Korea's high school credit management and graduation system. Methods To confirm the NCEA system's details, the contents and major documents posted on major sites, includ-ing the NZQA, New Zealand's qualification management officer, were checked. At this time, the contents were or-ganized with the purpose of NCEA, key methods, means as the core topics, and additional sub-themes were se-lected according to frequency and weight, and the contents were reorganized accordingly. Results The NCEA system pursued the purpose of establishing a successful vision named graduate profile, prac-ticing equity based on it, and allocating human resources correctly. To pursue this purpose, a flexible learning path for each student was designed, a credit completion and qualification acquisition system centered on ‘ability’ rather than ‘time’ was established, and a ‘evidence presentation/accumulation type’ and ‘future-oriented/open type’ grade recording method were introduced. However, the NCEA still exists in the NCEA, the lack of logic in the form of ROA, and the increase in pressure on literacy and numeracy remain challenges to be solved. Conclusions This study suggested that a new transcript of school records, a system reorganized to acquire com-petency-based credits in time, an evaluation system based on credits as a medium, a link between high school graduation systems and national certification systems, and a preparation for mutual recognition of high school graduation qualifications between countries.

PDHL-MARCOS method based on cumulative prospect theory for MAGDM and its application in network security evaluation

The increasingly large and complex network brings convenience to our life and production, but it also brings potential dangers. Any minor vulnerability may lead to failure of application software configuration, software maintenance, user management and system management. Eventually, our network is interrupted, and even life and production data are leaked. Therefore, establishing a scientific and effective network security evaluation model is an effective way to supervise, manage and improve network security; It is also an effective measure to reduce the loss of life and production. Therefore, we first selected six factors closely related to network security to form a complete network security evaluation index system. Then, the utility function in the traditional measurement of alternatives and ranking according to compromise solution (MARCOS) method is improved by using the value function in cumulative prospect theory (CPT), and a PDHL-MARCOS evaluation model that can reflect the decision-makers’ (DMs’) attitudes towards gains and losses is obtained in the probabilistic double hierarchy linguistic term set (PDHLTS). In addition, the relative entropy (RE) method is also used to obtain expert weights. The combination weights of attributes are obtained using the correlation coefficient and the standard deviation (CCSD) method and the weight function in CPT.

NAMES OF RITUAL BREAD IN BULGARIAN DIALECTS OF SOUTHERN UKRAINE

The purpose of the article is to describe the ritual vocabulary associated with the use of bread in the ritual calendar of Bulgarians, to study and systematize the terminological system used in the Bulgarian continuum, to study the main trends in its development in the dialects of the Lower Danube region in Southern Ukraine. The object of the article is the names of ritual bread and other dough products in the Bulgarian dialects. The subject of consideration is the description and functioning of the terminological system of bread baking and the use of dough products in the calendar and ritual system of the Danube Bulgarians of Besarabia. As a result of the study, the names of bread and dough products operating in the Bulgarian dialects between the Dniester and Danube rivers are analyzed and classified. The rituals associated with baking bread for various religious and family holidays among the Bulgarians of the Lower Danube region are described. Conclusions. In the Bulgarian dialects, there is a fairly complete, capacious and integral system of names for bread and rituals where it is used. The study of the lexical and thematic layer of the names of bread and other dough products gives a sufficient idea of the nature of the dialect vocabulary and its archaic features.

Anthropomorphic motion planning for multi-degree-of-freedom arms.

With the development of technology, the humanoid robot is no longer a concept, but a practical partner with the potential to assist people in industry, healthcare and other daily scenarios. The basis for the success of humanoid robots is not only their appearance, but more importantly their anthropomorphic behaviors, which is crucial for the human-robot interaction. Conventionally, robots are designed to follow meticulously calculated and planned trajectories, which typically rely on predefined algorithms and models, resulting in the inadaptability to unknown environments. Especially when faced with the increasing demand for personalized and customized services, predefined motion planning cannot be adapted in time to adapt to personal behavior. To solve this problem, anthropomorphic motion planning has become the focus of recent research with advances in biomechanics, neurophysiology, and exercise physiology which deepened the understanding of the body for generating and controlling movement. However, there is still no consensus on the criteria by which anthropomorphic motion is accurately generated and how to generate anthropomorphic motion. Although there are articles that provide an overview of anthropomorphic motion planning such as sampling-based, optimization-based, mimicry-based, and other methods, these methods differ only in the nature of the planning algorithms and have not yet been systematically discussed in terms of the basis for extracting upper limb motion characteristics. To better address the problem of anthropomorphic motion planning, the key milestones and most recent literature have been collated and summarized, and three crucial topics are proposed to achieve anthropomorphic motion, which are motion redundancy, motion variation, and motion coordination. The three characteristics are interrelated and interdependent, posing the challenge for anthropomorphic motion planning system. To provide some insights for the research on anthropomorphic motion planning, and improve the anthropomorphic motion ability, this article proposes a new taxonomy based on physiology, and a more complete system of anthropomorphic motion planning by providing a detailed overview of the existing methods and their contributions.

Modern Enlightenment in China from the Chinese-Western Rites Controversy

The Sino-Western Rites Controversy was a controversy sparked by the missionaries during their missionary work in China. The focus of the controversy is whether Chinese customs such as ancestor worship, Confucius worship and heavenly worship are contrary to the principles of the Catholic belief, and whether a policy of tolerance should be adopted in view of the special circumstances of Chinese customs. They argued fiercely and defended for their own positions, but in the end they failed to find a way to reconcile, as a result, both sides refused to compromise. The rite controversy between China and western countries was a prelude to the fusion of Chinese and western culture. At that time, China was still able to debate with them as an equal party and made corresponding moves to prohibit missionary work. After the Opium War, China lost the conditions for exercising its free will, and was simply carried along by the world trends. On the surface, the ritual controversy was a clash of religions and customs between two different civilizations, and impacts was limited to missionaries and Chinese believers, but it actually reflected deeper cultural issues. Chinese culture is a complete system independent of other cultures, with its own logic of operation, and when it meets with western culture, Chinese culture still maintains its traditional patterns, with a very distinctive cultural characteristic. Hidden behind the rites controversy is a broader conflict of cultural modes of thinking, and it is these irreconcilable factors that led to the obstruction of Chinese enlightenment. Therefore, this article will study the deeper structure of Chinese and Western way of thinking from the face of this rites controversy, and the inspiration brought by the collision of the two cultures, by which China's future path of enlightenment may be get inspired.

A Comprehensive Analysis of PID Control Applications in Automation Systems: Current Trends and Future Directions

Proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control is a reliable control system that is often utilized in engineering practice because to its simplicity, stability, and ease of tuning. The proportional, integral, and derivative terms that make up PID control are crucial for managing a variety of systems across many sectors. These controllers have shown to be particularly successful in scenarios when complete system information is lacking. This essay explores the foundations of PID control and highlights its adaptability to a variety of scenarios, including manufacturing, chemical reactions, and power systems. PID control is continuously changing to satisfy the dynamic demands of modern industry in addition to conventional applications. The investigation covers the most recent research results and sheds light on the difficulties that the PID control area faces. New complications are coming up as the sector develops, necessitating constant improvement of PID control techniques. Ultimately, the story offers suggestions for PID control's future, acknowledging that improvements are required to keep up with the demands of developing technology. The study highlights PID control's ongoing importance as a foundational engineering technique and provides evidence of its flexibility and ongoing significance in influencing the direction of technological advancements across a range of industries.

A Review and Evaluation of Control Architectures for Modular Legged and Climbing Robots.

Robotic control is a fundamental part of autonomous robots. Modular legged and climbing robots are complex machines made up of a variety of subsystems, ranging from a single robot with simple legs to a complex system composed of multiple legs (or modules) with computing power and sensitivity. Their complexity, which is increased by the fact of needing elements for climbing, makes a correct structure crucial to achieve a complete, robust, and versatile system during its operation. Control architectures for legged robots are distinguished from other software architectures because of the special needs of these systems. In this paper, we present an original classification of modular legged and climbing robots, a comprehensive review of the most important control architectures in robotics, focusing on the control of modular legged and climbing robots, and a comparison of their features. The control architecture comparison aims to provide the analytical tools necessary to make informed decisions tailored to the specific needs of your robotic applications. This article includes a review and classification of modular legged and climbing robots, breaking down each category separately.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus related sarcopenia: a type of muscle loss distinct from sarcopenia and disuse muscle atrophy

Muscle loss is a significant health concern, particularly with the increasing trend of population aging, and sarcopenia has emerged as a common pathological process of muscle loss in the elderly. Currently, there has been significant progress in the research on sarcopenia, including in-depth analysis of the mechanisms underlying sarcopenia caused by aging and the development of corresponding diagnostic criteria, forming a relatively complete system. However, as research on sarcopenia progresses, the concept of secondary sarcopenia has also been proposed. Due to the incomplete understanding of muscle loss caused by chronic diseases, there are various limitations in epidemiological, basic, and clinical research. As a result, a comprehensive concept and diagnostic system have not yet been established, which greatly hinders the prevention and treatment of the disease. This review focuses on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)-related sarcopenia, comparing its similarities and differences with sarcopenia and disuse muscle atrophy. The review show significant differences between the three muscle-related issues in terms of pathological changes, epidemiology and clinical manifestations, etiology, and preventive and therapeutic strategies. Unlike sarcopenia, T2DM-related sarcopenia is characterized by a reduction in type I fibers, and it differs from disuse muscle atrophy as well. The mechanism involving insulin resistance, inflammatory status, and oxidative stress remains unclear. Therefore, future research should further explore the etiology, disease progression, and prognosis of T2DM-related sarcopenia, and develop targeted diagnostic criteria and effective preventive and therapeutic strategies to better address the muscle-related issues faced by T2DM patients and improve their quality of life and overall health.