Complete Revision Research Articles

Taxonomic Revision of Lippia in Paraguay

Lippia L. is the largest genus in Verbenaceae, with ca. 140 species distributed mainly in temperate and tropical South America and the Caribbean, and some lineages in Africa and Asia. A complete taxonomic revision of Lippia in Paraguay is here provided, based on the study of almost 700 herbarium specimens. As a result, 27 taxa, 25 species (two endemic), and two varieties are here recognized. A key for species identification is provided, plus detailed morphological descriptions, illustrations, photographs, updated synonymy with eight new synonyms, discussion about the relationships among closely related taxa, notes on geographic distribution and ecology, distribution maps, and a list of selected specimens analyzed. Fifteen lectotypes are designated for Lantana aristata Schauer var. brachypoda Briq., Lantana aristata (Schauer) Briq. var. latiuscula Briq., Lippia aristata Schauer f. pluripedunculata Kuntze, Lippia balansae Briq., Lippia calliclada Briq., Lippia citrata Cham., Lippia globiflora (L’Hér.) Kuntze f. lilacina Kuntze, Lippia gracilis Schauer, Lippia heterophylla Briq. var. ciliatifolia Briq., Lippia lasiocalycina Cham., Lippia recolletae Morong, Lippia tegulifera Briq. var. parvifolia Briq., Lippia turnerifolia Cham. var. camporum Griseb., Lippia villafloridana Kuntze, and Verbena globiflora L’Hér. Four second-step lectotypes are designated for Lippia lupulina Cham., Lippia morongii Kuntze, Lippia obscura Briq., and Lippia phryxocalyx Briq.

Phytobezoar as a Cause of Recurrent Obturation Intestinal Obstruction. A Clinical Case in Surgical Practice

Introduction. Phytobezoar refers to a foreign body accumulated in the stomach when swallowing substances of natural or synthetic origin. Phytobezoar is formed in the stomach and small intestine, its etiopathogenesis is yet to be investigated. It causes obturation intestinal obstruction, which requires emergency surgical intervention. The paper presents a clinical case in surgical practice of phytobezoar in the small intestine which was complicated by a recurrent obturation intestinal obstruction. Aim: to present a clinical case of phytobezoar in the form of recurrent obturation intestinal obstruction. Materials and methods. 66­years old female patient Kh. underwent surgical treatment for obturation intestinal obstruction caused by phytobezoar twice within a short period of time. The gastric resection and consumption of bezoar-dangerous products due to a dried­fruit diet were considered to be the prerequisite for the formation of phytobezoar. According to the pathomorphologic examination, the intervention included laparotomy, enterotomy and phytobezoar extraction. Results and discussion. A complete revision of the abdominal cavity organs was performed during the first laparotomy with no other fragments of phytobezoar found. Following the first surgery and before discharge, the patient underwent ultrasound, CT scan of abdominal cavity organs, fibrogastroscopy — no volumetric pathologic formations in the abdominal cavity were detected. Therefore, the phybobezoar was assumably formed again in a relatively short period of time and led to the development of reobstruction. The patient was discharged with recovery.Conclusion. The clinical case shows that in surgical practice phytobezoar can get formed repeatedly in a short period of time and lead to the development of recurrent intestinal obstruction.

최신 ｢중국 회사법｣상 회사 소송제도에 관한 개정 내용 및 평가

Since the establishment of the Company Law in 1993, China's Company Law has revised five revisions in 1999, 2004, 2006, 2013, and 2018, but the large-scale revision was in 2006 and 2023. The 2023 revised Chinese company law is a complete revision, including the company capital system and governance structure, but the most noticeable change among them is the active attitude toward the company litigation system. The newly revised company law was more faithful to its role in mediating commercial disputes. In this paper, we looked at the shareholders' right to know, defects in resolutions at the general shareholders' meeting, and amendments to the lower limit of the representative litigation system.Because of the revision of China's company law will be a significant impact on commercial transactions in China, but also on Korean enterprises in China and transactions between South Korea and China, the writing of this article is particularly meaningful.

지방의회 정책지원관제도의 운영실태 분석:지방의회 자치법규를 중심으로

In the 30 years since the revival of local autonomy, the Local Self-Government Act has made significant progress through the introduction and supplementation of systems related to resident autonomy and organizational autonomy. In the process, local demands and the transfer of authority from the center were negotiated and struggled for, and were incorporated into the law and system one by one, culminating in the complete revision of the Local Self-Government Act in January 2021. The basis for the operation of local council policy support officers was also laid at this time, and the policy support officer system was introduced in response to the demand for responsibility and authority to 'strengthen local council professionalism' and is currently operating within the range of one in two local council members. Research on local council policy support professionals has been conducted steadily before the introduction of the policy support officer system, and after the introduction of the system, studies have centered on the effectiveness of the system, but comparative studies on the autonomy law, which is the basis for the operation of the system, are rare. Therefore, this study examines the issues surrounding the policy support officer before and after the introduction of the policy support officer system, and draws out the main issues through a comparative analysis of the operation of the policy support officer system based on the autonomy law. The results showed that the main issues surrounding the policy support officer system, which was introduced to improve the professionalism of local councils' legislative activities, are: (i) similar organizations, (ii) the scope of duties, (iii) performance evaluation, and (iv) office management process.

Reforming Sustainability-Linked Bonds by Strengthening Investor Trust

This paper explores the emergence of sustainability-linked bonds (SLBs) as an innovative instrument to finance sustainability objectives. SLBs are any type of bond instrument for which the financial characteristics vary depending on whether the issuer achieves predefined sustainability objectives. SLBs were launched in 2019, represent 7% of labeled bonds, and now exceed USD 250 billion. In the context of the growth of sustainable finance and concerns of greenwashing, this paper asks whether SLBs are an effective mechanism to attract sustainable finance. Drawing on a complete revision of the literature and interviews with practitioners, the findings highlight the potential of SLBs to contribute to sustainability financing, especially in hard-to-abate sectors. Recommendations include defining standardized KPIs based on a materiality assessment, requesting SPTs to be supported by science, and tailored step-up mechanisms. The academic literature and experts converge in their description of greenwashing risks posed by SLBs, their signaling effect, and the lack of sophistication in SLB pricing, in particular the optionality represented by step-ups. The literature differs from the practitioners’ perception on the existence of an issuance premium. Enhancing the design of SLBs represents an opportunity to add rigor to sustainable finance and better price externalities, where material topics have an explicit impact on the cost of funding.

The Perizonium Ultrastructure, Divided Apical Pore Fields, Various Pore Occlusions and Visible Intermissio of Cymbella (Bacillariophyceae) with Descriptions of Four New Species.

The initial valves of two Cymbella species are observed under a scanning electron microscope, and the perizonium ultrastructure of Cymbella is revealed for the first time. The perizonium is composed of alternate nodes and internodes and lacks transverse perizonium bands. Four new species, Cymbella apiculatophora sp. nov., C. hunanensis sp. nov., C. juglandis sp. nov. and C. menyuanensis sp. nov., are described using light and scanning electron microscopy based on epilithon samples collected from rivers in Hunan and Qinghai Provinces, China. Cymbella menyuanensis is a typical Cymbella species that closely resembles species in the group around C. cymbiformis Agardh, the type species of the genus. Cymbella apiculatophora is similar to C. sinensis Metzeltin & Krammer, while Cymbella hunanensis is closer to the C. hustedtii Krasske group. The last species, C. juglandis, has a cymbelloid valve outline, an obscured intermissio, internal occlusions of the areolae, dorsally deflected distal raphe fissures and a divided apical pore field at each apex, and it does not appear to belong to any group. In addition, new observations on C. cf. excisiformis Krammer and C. hustedtii are reported. The current concept of the genus Cymbella does not represent a monophyletic group as shown by molecular phylogenetic analyses. However, these analyses are still at the preliminary stage and are not yet sufficient to support a complete revision of the genus. Thus, although extremely diverse ultrastructural features are observed in the six Cymbella species investigated in this paper, we prefer to keep them within Cymbella at this moment for the sake of nomenclatural stability.

The Use of Dual-Mobility Implants Through a Direct Anterior Approach as a Safe and Effective Technique for Revision Hip Arthroplasty: The Two-Year Follow-Up of a Case Series.

Background Dislocation is one of the most prominent and challenging complications following the revision of total hip arthroplasty (THA). Dual-mobility cups are an option to address this problem. There is, however, little data on the outcomes of modern modular dual-mobility (MDM) cups in the revision of THA. In this study, the clinical and radiological outcomes following the revision of THA with an MDM cup using the direct anterior approach (DAA) were evaluated. Methodology We retrospectively reviewed patients who underwent a revision of THA between March 2017 and July 2019. The inclusion criteria were a revision of THA using an MDM cup through the DAA. A uniform acetabular implant was used in each revision. Outcome measures were assessed radiographically and clinically. The clinical outcome measures consisted of dislocation, infection, and re-revision. Functional assessment was performed using the Harris Hip Score preoperatively and at the last clinical examination in our department. Results This study retrospectively identified a cohort of 26 patients who underwent a revision of THA. Two patients were excluded due to incomplete follow-up because they died. Finally, 24 patients were included. A total of 17 isolated acetabular revisions and seven complete revisions were performed with a mean follow-up of 39 months (range = 29-59). No dislocations or deep infections were observed in our population to date. Except for one case of early aseptic loosening of the acetabular component, we observed no other signs of loosening, osteolysis, migration, or intraprosthetic dislocation. Conclusions THA revision through the DAA using an MDM cup is a safe and effective procedure. We observed no dislocation in a high-risk population undergoing THA revision surgery during a minimal follow-up of two years.

Adult patients treated for bladder exstrophy at a young age What are their current demands?

Bladder exstrophy-epispadias complex is a rare condition that necessitates numerous surgical procedures during a patient's youth to achieve adequate urine storage and continence. This study aimed to identify the specific needs and functional challenges faced by adults who underwent pediatric bladder exstrophy reconstructions and assess the management of these issues in an adult population. A retrospective chart review was conducted for all bladder exstrophy complex patients who underwent surgery at a young age and were subsequently referred to our center between 2005 and 2020. Inclusion criteria included patients with cloacal or classical bladder exstrophy older than 18 years. We recorded the reasons for referral, management of contemporary complaints, types of past and present urinary reconstructions, and their current functional status. The study included 38 patients. The primary reasons for referral were incontinence (39%) and catheterization difficulties (24%). Management typically involved partial or complete surgical revision of their urinary reservoir, occasionally combined with a bladder neck procedure. Ultimately, only three patients continued to experience incontinence, while none reported catheterization issues after undergoing treatment at our center. Long-term exstrophy-related reconstruction complications included urinary tract infections (39%), stones (29%), stenosis (24%), fistulas (13%), chronic renal disease (16%), metabolic abnormalities (3%), and cancer (3%). Adults who have previously undergone bladder exstrophy reconstruction exhibit a wide range of urologic reconstructions. Their needs often revolve around continence and catheterization concerns. Most patients with satisfactory functional outcomes perform self-catheterization through a continent cutaneous channel and have either a continent pouch or an augmented bladder.

Artificial Intelligence: Expected or Inevitable?

The article discusses the problem of regulating the development and use of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies. The genesis of AI technology is considered. It is shown that the initially accepted definition of AI as a set of methods for modeling human mental functions using computer programs does not correspond to the real focus of research studies due to insufficient knowledge and incomplete understanding of the mechanisms of higher nervous activity. In reality, we should be talking about creating a cognitive technological device. Its methods are capable of realizing all types of human creative activity without repeating or reproducing the functioning mechanisms of the human brain. If a solution to such a problem turns out to be successful, then this will entail the need for a complete revision of the existential positions of man and humanity in all spheres of life, including the value basis of modern civilization.

Genome-Wide Identification, Characterisation, and Evolution of the Transcription Factor WRKY in Grapevine (Vitis vinifera): New View and Update.

WRKYs are a multigenic family of transcription factors that are plant-specific and involved in the regulation of plant development and various stress response processes. However, the evolution of WRKY genes is not fully understood. This family has also been incompletely studied in grapevine, and WRKY genes have been named with different numbers in different studies, leading to great confusion. In this work, 62 Vitis vinifera WRKY genes were identified based on six genomes of different cultivars. All WRKY genes were numbered according to their chromosomal location, and a complete revision of the numbering was performed. Amino acid variability between different cultivars was assessed for the first time and was greater than 5% for some WRKYs. According to the gene structure, all WRKYs could be divided into two groups: more exons/long length and fewer exons/short length. For the first time, some chimeric WRKY genes were found in grapevine, which may play a specific role in the regulation of different processes: VvWRKY17 (an N-terminal signal peptide region followed by a non-cytoplasmic domain) and VvWRKY61 (Frigida-like domain). Five phylogenetic clades A-E were revealed and correlated with the WRKY groups (I, II, III). The evolution of WRKY was studied, and we proposed a WRKY evolution model where there were two dynamic phases of complexity and simplification in the evolution of WRKY.

The LHCb Upgrade I

The LHCb upgrade represents a major change of the experiment. The detectors have been almost completely renewed to allow running at an instantaneous luminosity five times larger than that of the previous running periods. Readout of all detectors into an all-software trigger is central to the new design, facilitating the reconstruction of events at the maximum LHC interaction rate, and their selection in real time. The experiment's tracking system has been completely upgraded with a new pixel vertex detector, a silicon tracker upstream of the dipole magnet and three scintillating fibre tracking stations downstream of the magnet. The whole photon detection system of the RICH detectors has been renewed and the readout electronics of the calorimeter and muon systems have been fully overhauled. The first stage of the all-software trigger is implemented on a GPU farm. The output of the trigger provides a combination of totally reconstructed physics objects, such as tracks and vertices, ready for final analysis, and of entire events which need further offline reprocessing. This scheme required a complete revision of the computing model and rewriting of the experiment's software.

A case of surgical treatment of neck phlegmon after gunshot wound complicated by total posterior mediastinitis using laparoscopic surgical techniques

The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the peculiarities of diagnosis and staged surgical treatment for neck phlegmon after gunshot wound complicated by total posterior mediastinitis using laparoscopic surgical techniques. Inflammatory complications in neck injuries are a serious complication with a rapid course. An important diagnostic method is multislice computed tomography. The use of multislice computed tomography in the dynamics of the postoperative period allows for timely detection of further spread of the mediastinal inflammatory process. In the surgical treatment of neck phlegmon, it is necessary to open all fascial spaces widely and perform drainage of the upper mediastinum. Laparoscopic access is a minimal trauma with good visualization of the posterior mediastinum (middle and lower), which allows for a complete revision, sanitation, and drainage of the posterior mediastinum. To prevent a leakage of purulent contents from the mediastinal cavity into the abdominal cavity, safety drains in both hypocostal areas are placed in subdiaphragmatic spaces to the oesophageal opening.

Renormalisable Non-Local Quark–Gluon Interaction: Mass Gap, Chiral Symmetry Breaking and Scale Invariance

We derive a Nambu–Jona-Lasinio (NJL) model from a non-local gauge theory and show that it has confining properties at low energies. In particular, we present an extended approach to non-local QCD and a complete revision of the technique of Bender, Milton and Savage applied to non-local theories, providing a set of Dyson–Schwinger equations in differential form. In the local case, we obtain closed-form solutions in the simplest case of the scalar field and extend it to the Yang–Mills field. In general, for non-local theories, we use a perturbative technique and a Fourier series and show how higher-order harmonics are heavily damped due to the presence of the non-local factor. The spectrum of the theory is analysed for the non-local Yang–Mills sector and found to be in agreement with the local results on the lattice in the limit of the non-locality mass parameter running to infinity. In the non-local case, we confine ourselves to a non-locality mass that is sufficiently large compared to the mass scale arising from the integration of the Dyson–Schwinger equations. Such a choice results in good agreement, in the proper limit, with the spectrum of the local theory. We derive a gap equation for the fermions in the theory that gives some indication of quark confinement in the non-local NJL case as well. Confinement seems to be a rather ubiquitous effect that removes some degrees of freedom in the original action, favouring the appearance of new observable states, as seen, e.g., for quantum chromodynamics at lower energies.

Promotion and Framework Act on Sport in South Korea and Japan : A Comparative Study

PURPOSE This study aimed to explore the enactment and background of Korean and Japanese sports laws, comparatively analyze the major sports-related laws of both countries, namely Korean National Sports Promotion Act, Japanese Sport Promotion Act, and the Framework Act on Sport of both countries, and derive implications for the Korean Framework Act on Sport, sports-related laws, and sports policy.METHODS Research related to sports law were collected through academic databases and major search portals in both countries and analyzed.RESULTS First, as reviewed in previous studies, the Korean National Sports Promotion Act at the time of its enactment imitated the Japanese Sport Promotion Act in almost all articles. Second, Japanese Basic Act on sport, which was a complete revision of Japanese Sport Promotion Act, further expanded the concept of “sports,” and specified nonexistent “sports rights,” “sport nation,” and “sport as a universally shared human culture,” was evaluated as having quasi-constitutional character. Third, the Framework Act on Sport of both countries specified similar sports policies and concepts in many individual articles. The Korea’s Framework Act on Sport independently included articles for superordinate law, spread of sports values into environmental and political fields, inter-Korean exchange and cooperation in sports, sports donation culture, and so on . Japan’s Basic Act on Sport independently specified preamble, sports integrity-related articles, articles for prompt and appropriate resolution of sports disputes, and for promoting anti-doping activities, and so on.CONCLUSIONS This study offers suggestions for clarifying the legal concepts of “sports” and “physical education,” resolving contradictions in the articles of the Korean Sports-related Act, establishing an independent sports policy implementation organization, establishing the legal system of the Korean Sports-related Act, and supporting the “life career” from the time of active athletes.

Adult patients treated for bladder exstrophy at a young age: What are their current demands?

Bladder exstrophy-epispadias complex is a rare condition that necessitates numerous surgical procedures during a patient's youth to achieve adequate urine storage and continence. This study aimed to identify the specific needs and functional challenges faced by adults who underwent pediatric bladder exstrophy reconstructions and assessing the management of these issues in an adult population. A retrospective chart review was conducted for all bladder exstrophy complex patients who underwent surgery at a young age and were subsequently referred to our center between 2005 and 2020. Inclusion criteria included patients with cloacal or classical bladder exstrophy older than 18 years. We recorded the reasons for referral, management of contemporary complaints, types of past and present urinary reconstructions, and their current functional status. The study included 38 patients. The primary reasons for referral were incontinence (39%) and catheterization difficulties (24%). Management typically involved partial or complete surgical revision of their urinary reservoir, occasionally combined with a bladder neck procedure. Ultimately, only three patients continued to experience incontinence, while none reported catheterization issues after they underwent treatment at our center. Long-term exstrophy-related reconstruction complications included urinary tract infections (39%), stones (29%), stenosis (24%), fistulas (13%), chronic renal disease (16%), metabolic abnormalities (3%), and cancer (3%). Adults who previously underwent bladder exstrophy reconstruction exhibit a wide range of urologic reconstructions. Their needs often revolve around continence and catheterization concerns. Most patients with satisfactory functional outcomes perform selfcatheterization through a continent cutaneous channel and have either a continent pouch or an augmented bladder.

Lower Rates of Reoperation Following Partial or Complete Revision Arthroplasty Compared to Debridement, Antibiotics, and Implant Retention for Early Postoperative and Acute Hematogenous Periprosthetic Hip Infection

BackgroundThis study aimed to: 1) compare treatment outcomes between debridement, antibiotics, and implant retention (DAIR) and partial or complete revision arthroplasty (RA) for early postoperative and acute hematogenous total hip arthroplasty periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) and 2) identify factors associated with treatment outcome. MethodsThe study consisted of a retrospective cohort of patients who underwent surgery for PJI between 2004 and 2021. There were 76 patients (74.5%) who underwent DAIR and 26 patients (25.5%) who underwent RA. Treatment success was defined as treatment eradication at a minimum of a 2-year follow up. Bivariate regression analysis was used to assess the effect of different factors on treatment outcomes. Kaplan-Meier survivorship was performed to compare survivorship between cohorts. ResultsAt a mean follow-up of 8.2 years (range, 2.2 to 16.4), significantly more DAIR failed treatment (DAIR, 50 [65.8%]; 10 [38.5%]; P = .015). The 8-year Kaplan-Meier survivorship was 35.1% [95% confidence interval (CI), 24.3 to 45.9] for patients treated with DAIR and 61.5% [95% CI, 42.9 to 80.1] for those treated with RA (log rank = 0.039). Bivariate regression analysis showed performing a RA was associated with a higher likelihood of treatment success (odds ratio 4.499, 95% CI 1.600 to 12.647, P = .004), whereas a higher body mass index was associated with treatment failure (odds ratio 0.934, 95% CI 0.878 to 0.994, P = .032). ConclusionsTo reduce the rate of recalcitrant infection following early postoperative or acute hematogenous total hip arthroplasty PJI, RA may be of benefit over DAIR. This is especially relevant in the early postoperative period, when components can be readily exchanged.

CASE REPORT: SEROTONIN SYNDROME IN AN INJURED SERVICEMAN DURING TREATMENT OF BLAST INJURY

Background. Serotonin syndrome is a life-threatening condition that may be caused by an unanticipated interaction of serotonergic drugs. Medications of this category are routinely prescribed during treatment of blast injury. Their effect on serotonin receptors should be taken into account to prevent the development of serotonin syndrome. Case description. A patient was transported from another hospital directly to the ICU to continue treatment of consequences of multiple blast injuries of lower limbs and abdomen, complicated by wound infection and clinical depression. Treatment with linezolid and duloxetine combined with repeated surgical interventions with opioid-based anesthesia has resulted in development of the serotonin syndrome, manifesting as tremor and frequent clonic seizures. Complete revision of the prescribed pharmacological therapy as well the approach to sedation and anesthesia has led to a complete resolution of clinical symptoms of this complication. Conclusion. In this case, improvement was achieved through discontinuation of fluoxetine and linezolid. All unfavorable drug interactions must be taken into account in management of complex blast injury. Limiting opioid use through regional anesthesia and prescription of sedative agents that do not promote serotonin accumulation may prevent the development of serotonin syndrome in such patients.

Taxonomic revision of the native Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) species of Brazil.

The genus Magnolia (Magnoliaceae) has a wide and disjunct geographic distribution ranging from Eastern and South Asia to Malaysia, extending across the Neartics and reaching into the Neotropics. Regarding its infrageneric classification, the genus is divided into three subgenera: Yulania, Gynopodium and Magnolia, the latter including the section Talauma in which the native Brazilian taxa are classified. The species of Magnoliasect.Talauma can be recognized by two parallel longitudinal scars on the petiole formed by the shedding of the stipules, in addition to a woody syncarp that breaks into irregular plates at dehiscence. Currently, in Brazil, species recognition is not clear on national platforms that are widely used by the Brazilian botanical community (e.g. Flora do Brasil), with only two native Magnolia species being accepted: M.amazonica and M.ovata. The lack of knowledge about the species and their respective characteristics has resulted in many identification errors in Brazilian herbaria, which contributes to the lack of knowledge about their current conservation status. We conducted a complete taxonomic revision based on extensive fieldwork, a herbarium survey, along with literature study. Based on this, we propose to recognize three previously described species, supporting the acceptance of five native Magnolias occurring in Brazil, namely: M.amazonica, M.brasiliensis, M.irwiniana, M.ovata and M.sellowiana. However, we follow the Flora do Brasil in maintaining M.paranaensis as a synonym of M.ovata. Additionally, we designate a lectotype for M.sellowiana. We present morphological descriptions and the geographic distribution for each species, in addition to an identification key to all of these plus the two introduced ornamental species from Asia and North America, illustrations, photographs, ecological data, updated conservation status and taxonomic notes.

Outcomes After Total Ankle Arthroplasty in Patients Aged ≤50 Years at Midterm Follow-up.

Ankle arthritis differs from arthritis of the hip and knee in that 80% is posttraumatic and thus often occurs in a younger patient population. The literature supporting total ankle arthroplasty (TAA) in younger patients has increased over recent years and has bolstered the argument that in the short term, TAA in younger patients has successful outcomes that are comparable to older, lower-demand patients.The purpose of our study was to evaluate patient-reported outcomes (PROs) and implant survivorship at midterm after primary TAA in patients ≤ 50 years of age at the time of surgery. A retrospective chart review was conducted of patients ≤ 50 years of age who underwent primary TAA at a single institution from 2000 to 2017. Patient demographics, outcome measures, and complications were recorded. All patients had a minimum clinical follow-up of 5 years. PRO measures were evaluated at preoperative, 1-year postoperative, and final follow-up visits. Paired t tests were performed to compare individual patient changes in PROs from preoperative. Implant survivorship was evaluated based on need for revision of either the tibial or talar component. The need for additional surgery related to the TAA was also evaluated. A total of 58 patients were included. The average age at the time of the index surgery was 43.3 years (range 22-50 years). All patients had a minimum follow-up of 5 years with a mean follow-up of 8.8 years. A total of 11 patients required additional surgery related to their TAA. Six patients (10.3%) required bone grafting of peri-implant cysts, 3 patients (5.2 %) required gutter debridement, and 1 patient underwent complete revision of metal components. Mean visual analog scale, 36-item Short Form Health Survey, Short Musculoskeletal Function Assessment, and American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society hindfoot scores significantly improved from preoperative to 1-year postoperative and final postoperative follow-up. The patients aged ≤50 years treated with a TAA whom we have been able to observe for a minimum of 5 years showed generally maintained improvement in functional scores and thus far have had a relatively low rate of secondary surgeries.Level of Evidence:Level III, retrospective cohort study.

State and prospects of development of the Russian criminal legislation

The current version of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation contains a number of defects of a technical, systemic and criminal-political nature. This is not enough to adopt a fundamentally new Criminal Code, because the current state of Russian society does not require changing the conceptual foundations of criminal legislation based on the Constitution of the Russian Federation. When preparing a new version of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, it is necessary to carry out a complete revision of its General and Special parts in order to identify and eliminate defects, modernize the norms of Military Criminal Law in accordance with the principle of full codification of criminal legislation, and resolve the issue of recognizing or denying the death penalty as a type of criminal punishment by constitutional and legal means. According to the author, the actual ban on the use of the death penalty was carried out by the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation incorrectly.