Completely Randomized Design Research Articles

Effect of Drought Stress on Morphology and Chlorophyll Content of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench)

Sorghum is a type of cereal plant that easily adapts to stressful environmental conditions. Sorghum has many benefits as it can be used as food, feed, and energy sources, making it a promising crop for development on dry land in Indonesia. Drought impacts plants during their growth process, causing physiological and biological changes. This study aims to determine the effect of drought stress on the morphology and chlorophyll content of sorghum plants. Preliminary research was conducted by planting three varieties of sorghum (Numbu, Super 1, and Super 2). Subsequent planting involved selecting the variety most resistant to drought based on data analysis of several parameters. The basic design used in this experiment was a completely randomized design (CRD) with one factor: the level of drought stress, which had four levels -no drought stress as a day 0 (control) and drought stress for 3, 6 and 9 days by withholding water. The results showed a decrease in the total chlorophyll content of the leaves over time. Drought stress for 6 and 9 days without watering resulted in water content dropping below 25%, indicating severe drought stress and disrupting plant growth. Severe drought stress was characterized by low soil and leaf water content, yellowing and curling of the leaves.

Assessment of Sensory and Nutritional Attributes of Finger Millet-based Traditional Food Products of Assam, India

Background: Millet based diets contain multiple health promoting components and considered as climate-resilient course grain cereals. The United Nations designated 2023 as the 'International Year of Millets' to spotlight the resilience and health benefits of these climate-adaptable crops. In line with this, the Shree Anna (Millet) Gram Yojana was initiated to promote millet production and consumption, aiming to combat malnutrition. An essential aspect of this initiative is the substitution of millet for rice in traditional recipes, a strategy for sustainable food and nutritional security. This study, conducted by the AICRP on Women in Agriculture at Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, focused on utilizing Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana) in Assam's traditional food products—Burbhuria pitha, Pat pitha, Tel pitha, and Mithoi. Aim: Evaluating the quality of these millet-based food products in terms of organoleptic properties and nutritional composition. Methodology: A nine-point hedonic scale was used to conduct sensory evaluations by ten trained and semi-trained panelists from the Department of Food Science and Nutrition, and nutritional composition was examined. ICAR WASP software was utilized to analyze the data using the Completely Randomized Design method. Results: Results indicated that Finger Millet substituted for rice in traditional food products of Assam received higher acceptability scores and exhibited improved nutritional profiles compared to control products. Conclusion: This study underscores the potential of value-added products with Finger Millet to enhance flavour, texture, taste, and nutritional value of traditional foods, offering benefits to the populace of Assam.

Enhancing Genetic Diversity and Blast Resistance in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Through Ethyl Methane Sulfonate (EMS) Mutagenesis

ABSTRACTPlant diseases cause significant losses to food crop production with blast being one of the most destructive diseases affecting rice. Breeding for disease resistance is an effective approach for developing varieties that can withstand such diseases, ultimately contributing to stable yields in rice. Besides hybridization, chemical mutagenesis is a potential method of bringing desirable genetic alteration towards disease resistance in seed propagated crops like rice. Therefore, a study was conducted to generate variants employing ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) mutagenesis, evaluate the resulting mutants for variability and identify genotypes resistant to rice blast disease following a completely randomized design (CRD). Seeds of BRRI dhan28 were mutagenized with LD50 (0.108 M) of EMS to develop 100 mutants. The mutants demonstrated notable variation in all traits assessed. The higher level of phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation was assessed together with high heritability as well as genetic advance in percent of mean for filled grains panicle−1, tillers hill−1, grain and straw yield hill−1 and harvest index. Plant height, panicle length, tillers hill−1, branches panicle−1 and grains panicle−1 showed a statistically significant and positive correlation with grain yield. The cluster analysis grouped the mutants into seven main clusters, and the PCA demonstrated 42.96% of total variation for the first two components. Screening of the mutants against leaf blast disease exhibited variable responses from resistant to highly susceptible. A total of 9 mutants were found as resistant and 35 as moderately resistant against blast disease. Seed mutagenesis with EMS is an effective technique for generating variability towards blast resistance in susceptible rice varieties, and the identified resistant genotypes can serve as valuable resources for further research in improving blast resistance in rice.

The Effect of The Solvent-To-Leaf Ratio in The Extraction Process of Moringa leaves on Erythrocyte and Lecocyte of Tilapia

Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is a freshwater aquaculture fish that has a fairly high economic value among the Indonesian people. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the ratio between the number of moringa leaves and the extracting solution in the extraction process on total lekocytes and total erythrocyte of tilapia. The research was designed in a completely randomized design (CRD) with 5 treatments, namely the comparison of the number of moringa leaves and water solvents. The treatments are control (A), without extract), moringa leaves 5 gr + 10 ml solvent (B), moringa leaves 40 gr + 10 ml solvent (C), moringa leaves 70 gr + 10 ml solvent (D), and moringa leaves 100 gr + 10 ml solvent (E). Each solution was added to the feed as much as 50 ml / 30 grams and given to the fish for 16 days. Erythrocytes and leukocytes were counted on day 0, day 1, day 2, day 3, day 7 and day 16. The results showed that the addition of moringa leaf extract solution in feed affect (P<0.05) the total erythrocytes and total leukocytes in the first day until the 16th day of administration. The best observation results were shown in the addition of 5 g moringa leaf extract solution dissolved with 10 ml of water.

The effect of fermentation water spinach (ipomoea aquatica forsk.) Flour on performance super native chicken grower phase

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of water spinach fermentation (Ipomoea aquatica Forsk.) on the performance and Income Over Feed Cost (IOFC) of super native chickens in at grower phase. The material used water spinach flour which was fermented anaerobically for 14 days then mixed in the diets. The research treatment used super free-range chicken aged 4-8 weeks, EM4, and granulated sugar. The rations consisted of ground corn, fine bran, palm kernel cake, tofu dregs, fish meal, minerals and fermented water spinach flour. The study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 6 replications, each replication containing 4 free-range chickens in the grower phase of 4 weeks old. P0 (basal diet without fermented water spinach flour). P1 (basal diet with 3% fermented water spinach flour), P2 (basal diet with 6% fermented water spinach flour), P3 (basal diet with 9% fermented water spinach flour). Parameters observed included ration consumption (g), body weight gain (g), ration conversion, final body weight (g), Income Over Feed Cost (IOFC), and mortality. The results of the analysis showed that the provision of fermented water spinach flour was not significantly different from ration consumption, body weight gain, feed conversion ration, and final body weight. The use of fermented water spinach flour up to 9% in the growt of super native chickens being quite good due to the increasing by feed intake, body weight gain, final final weight, and low feed conversi ration. The best level of using fermented water spinach flour on the Income Over Feed Cost (IOFC) of super native chickens in the grower phase is in the P2 treatment, which 6% could be provides greater benefits than other treatments. Percentage mortality was low. Key words : Super chicken grower phase, fermented water, spinach flour

THE INCREASE IN BODY WEIGHT, SMALL INTESTINE LENGTH, AND FEED CONVERSION RATIO (FCR) OF BROILER CHICKENS GIVEN HEAT STRESS AND BANANA BLOSSOM PEEL EXTRACT (Musa paradisiaca)

This study aims to determine the increased of body weight, small intestine length, and food conversion ratio (FCR) of broiler chickens given heat stress and banana blossom peel extract (Musa paradisiaca). This study was an experimental study using a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of five treatments. The experimental animals used in this study were female broiler chickens of the Cobb strain, 2 weeks old and weighing between 350-400 g, totaling 25 chickens. Chickens in P0 were not exposed to heat stress and banana blossom peel extract, while the chicken in P1, P2, P3, and P4 were exposed to heat stress and administered with 0.0, 500, 1000, 1500 mg/L banana blossom peel extract, respectively. The temperature in the heated cage accumulated slowly starting at 10:00 WIB and was maintained stable at 33±1° C for five hours. Banana blossom peel extract was given by dissolving it in drinking water for two hours (at 10:00) before the temperature in the cage reached 33±1° C. The data obtained were processed using the Kruskal-Wallis and continued with the Mann-Whitney Test. The results showed that there was a significant difference between treatments P1 and P4 on body weight gain and small intestine length (P0.05). Meanwhile, for the FCR value, only the P4 group met the standard, which was 1.57. Giving banana blossom peel extract at a dose of 1500 mg/L has been able to increase body weight, small intestine length, and decrease the FCR value in broiler chickens experiencing heat stress with a temperatu re of 33±1° C for 5 hours with a duration of 20 days.

Density of Green Mussels (Perna viridis) and Its Impact on Growth and Lead Accumulation in Polyculture Systems in Tropical Waters

Aims: Green mussels (Perna viridis) are filter-feeding organisms known for accumulating heavy metals, including lead (Pb), in their tissues, making them valuable bioindicators of water quality. Study Design: This study aimed to assess the impact of different stocking densities on the growth and lead accumulation in Perna viridis. Place and Duration of study: This study was conducted at a traditional pond in Ujungpangkah Subdistrict, Gresik, East Java, over a period of 21 days, from June 27 to July 18, 2024. Methodology: A Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was employed with three treatment groups: Treatment A (10 mussels/m²), Treatment B (20 mussels/m²), and Treatment C (30 mussels/m²). The parameters measured included the absolute flesh width, daily growth rate, and lead content in the mussels. Result: Statistical analysis using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) revealed no significant differences in the daily growth rate among the treatments (p > 0.05), suggesting that stocking density did not significantly influence growth. However, significant differences in the absolute flesh width were observed, with Treatment C showing the largest absolute flesh width at higher density. Additionally, lead accumulation increased with stocking density, with mussels in Treatment C accumulating the highest levels of lead (1.14 mg/L). This suggests that, while the growth rate was unaffected by density, the absolute flesh width are influenced by stocking density. The bioaccumulation of lead in mussels was also interpreted descriptively, considering the mussels' need for a suitable environment to mitigate environmental stressors. The findings underline the importance of considering both the growth and environmental health of the mussels, especially in relation to density management to prevent heavy metal accumulation.

PENGARUH IMBANGAN TAPE KETAN HITAM DAN BUAH NAGA MERAH TERHADAP MUTU ORGANOLEPTIK PADA SNACK BAR DIABETES MELITUS

Oxidative stress in DM patients can be inhibited by consuming foods that are high in antioxidants. Black glutinous tape and red dragon fruit were chosen as snack bar ingredients because they contain high fiber, low Glycemic Index (IG), and high antioxidants. The study aimed to analyze the organoleptic quality of the formulation of black glutinous rice tape snack bars and red dragon fruit. The design of this study was experimental with a Complete Random Design (RAL) consisting of independent variables and dependent variables. The independent variable was the balance of black sticky rice tape: red dragon fruit F1=75:25, F2=60:40, and F3=50:50. The dependent variable is the organoleptic quality of the Snack Bar DM product. The hedonic test involved 30 moderately trained panelistsThe analysis used was the One-Way Anova test and the Duncan follow-up test. The results showed that there was no difference in terms of color, aroma and texture in the three black glutinous rice snack bar and red dragon fruit snack bar formulas. However, there were organoleptic differences in taste in various balances of black glutinous rice tape snack bars and red dragon fruit p=0.032. Duncan's test results show that the best snack bar flavor is a snack bar with formula 3 with a balance of 50% black glutinous tape: 50% red dragon fruit.

Physicochemical Quality of Reduced Fat Mayonnaise with Aloe vera Powder as a Natural Antioxidant

Aims: This research aims at determining the effect of different percentages (2%, 4%, and 6%) of Aloe vera powder (AVP) on antioxidant activity, fiber, protein, and color analysis (L a* b*). Study Design: The research was designed as laboratory experimental method. Place and Duration of Study: This research was conducted at the Animal Product Technology Laboratory, Egg Processing Division, Faculty of Animal Science, Brawijaya University. The study was conducted over a period of one month (July-August). Methodology: The research used a laboratory experimental method with a CRD (Completely Randomized Design), using four treatments and six replications. The data were analyzed using ANOVA, and any significant or highly significant differences were further tested using DMRT. Results: The result of this study shows that the addition of Aloe vera powder can enhance antioxidant activity (3.28%-30.52%), crude fiber (0.89%-1.24%), protein (13.80%-15.37%, reducing fat content (41.49%-72.84%), and improve the color quality of reduced fat mayonnaise (RFM). Conclusion: The addition of AVP to RFM can increase the antioxidant activity, crude fiber, and protein content, while reducing the fat content. The addition of AVP also affects the color of the mayonnaise, making it brighter and more appealing. The addition of 6% AVP can improve the physicochemical quality of RFM.

The antioxidant content and activity of lemongrass [Cymbopogon citratus (DC. ex Nees) Stapf] under the combination of drought stress and nano-silica treatments

The study aimed to determine the effect of a combination of drought stress and nano-silica treatments to increase the content of antioxidant compounds and antioxidant activity of lemongrass [Cymbopogon citratus (DC. ex Nees) Stapf] and determine the optimal combination. The research used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with two factors with 5 replications. The first factor was the level of drought stress (without drought stress, moderate, and severe). The second factor was the nano-silica dose, (0 mg/L, 125 mg/L, and 250 mg/L) with a volume of 10 mL per plant. The parameters measured were carotenoid content, proline content, total phenolics content, and antioxidant activity. Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The results showed that there is a specific combination of drought stress and nano-silica which can increase the content of carotenoids, proline, total phenolics, and antioxidant activity in lemongrass. The treatment of moderate and severe drought stress with 125 and 250 mg/L nano-silica increased the carotenoid and proline content maximally. Higher total phenol content and antioxidant activity were obtained from the combination of 250 mg/L nano-silica without drought stress. The highest chlorophyll content was recorded from the combination of severe drought stress and 250 mg/L nano-silica. Drought stress treatment with 250 mg/L nano-silica could increase the antioxidants of lemongrass plants, but maximum production of antioxidants required different combinations of drought stress and nano-silica treatments. Nano-silica treatment at a dose of 250 mg/L in conditions of sufficient water or lack of water can be an optimal combination treatment in lemongrass cultivation.

Exploring the Potential Effects of Soybean By-Product (Hulls) and Enzyme (Beta-Mannanase) on Laying Hens During Peak Production.

This study determined the interaction between soybean hulls (SHs) and enzymes (β-mannanase) to improve the sustainability and efficacy of feeding programs for laying hens during peak production while ensuring the best health and efficiency. In a completely randomized design (CRD), 200 golden-brown hens were fed for four weeks (33 to 36 weeks) and randomly distributed into four groups, each containing four replicates of ten birds, with one group receiving a control diet (P0) and the others receiving diets that contained four combinations of SHs and enzymes (ENZs). e.g., 3% SHs and 0.02 g/kg ENZs (P1), 3% SHs and 0.03 g/kg ENZs (P2), 9% SHs and 0.02 g/kg ENZs (P3), and 9% SHs and 0.03 g/kg ENZs (P4). Although most egg quality measures remained similar, the P2 group showed enhanced (p = 0.630) egg weight, albumen weight, and height. Moreover, the P2 group improved gut (p < 0.05) shape by increasing villus width, height, crypt depth, and surface area throughout intestinal sections, while the P4 group markedly improved total cholesterol and LDL (p = 0.022) levels. The P1, P2, and P4 groups exhibited a significant enhancement in dry matter (p = 0.022) and crude fiber (p = 0.046) digestibility, while the P2 group demonstrated superior crude protein digestibility (p = 0.032), and the P1 and P2 groups showed increased crude fat digestibility compared to the other groups. In conclusion, adding 3% of SHs and 30 mg/kg of ENZs (β-mannanase) to the feed may help laying hens, enhance gut health and some egg quality indices, and decrease blood cholesterol and LDL levels without compromising nutrient digestibility.

Effect of Using Cassava Pulp on Bio-fertilizer Pellet to Nutrient Elements Value

This study was aimed to utilize waste from cassava factories such as cassava pulp in the production of bio-fertilizers pellets, as well as to investigate the nutritional elements value from the production of fertilizer with a mixture of cassava pulp that varies from 0-30% of each fertilizer formula containing: manure, waste vegetables, bio-fertilizer and Extract micro-organism (EM). Using the Completely Randomized Design (CRD) experimental model that consists of 3 replications and 6 treatments. In the production of this fertilizer was fermented in a black tank and will take a total of 45 days of fermentation. Then bring the fertilizer to be compressed into pellets and the pellets will be taken to analysis the nutrient elements value, such as pH, OM, N, P2O5 and K2O before and after being compressed into pellets. From the research on the nutrient value, it was shown that: in each fertilizer formula, there were significance at 95%. And the nutrient elements value was higher in cassava pulp 15% (T3) of fertilizer content both before and after by OM (34.13%), N (0.62%), P2O5 (55.55 mg/kg), K2O (79.00 mg/kg) and pH = 7.08 value. When compared with the treatments group was significance at p&lt;0.05. and followed by the treatment with cassava pulp 10% of fertilizer content (T2). Moreover, when compared with the control (T1 = 100% bio-fertilizer) with nutrients elements value both before and after such as pH, OM, N, P2O5 and K2O was showed significantly difference and the nutrients elements value was increased up to 3-5 times. From this study, it can be said that cassava pulp can help increase the nutrients elements value in each fertilizer formula and there is a statistical relationship.

Application of Trichoderma harzianum enhances salt tolerance and yield of Indian mustard through increasing antioxidant enzyme activity.

Growth and yield reduction of crops due to salt stress have become a serious issue worldwide. Trichoderma is very well known as a plant growth-promoting fungi under abiotic stress conditions. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the effect of Trichoderma harzianum on the growth, yield, nutrient uptake, and antioxidant activity of three Indian mustard genotypes under saline condition (EC 9.28dSm-1). A two-factorial (Trichoderma and Indian mustard genotypes) pot experiment was conducted following a completely randomized design (CRD) with four replicates. Trichoderma was applied to soil as compost and suspension. The BD-7104 genotype showed better performance than Tori-7 under saline conditions. Compared to control, application of T. harzianum showed better performance in enhancing growth and yield of all the genotypes by increasing plants' tolerance to salt stress. Again, Trichoderma application increased the chlorophyll, proline, and oil content of Indian mustard. The generation of antioxidant enzymes viz., SOD, CAT, APX, and POD was significantly increased and, synthesis of H2O2 and MDA was decreased to a variable degree under different Trichoderma treatments. On average, application of Trichoderma as compost enhanced seed yield by 23% than control. The better growth and yield in Trichoderma treated plants were the results of better uptake and assimilation of N, P, S, Ca, Mg, and K and reduced uptake of Na with a lower Na/K. Overall, BD-7104 genotype can be grown in soil treated with Trichoderma as compost at a rate of TdC12.5 for obtaining better yield and nutritional quality under salinity stress condition.

Unveiling the amalgamation of growing substrates and cultivars for low-cost plantlet multiplication in banana

The cultivated bananas (Musa spp.) have a complex reproductive physiology which favours the vegetative methods of propagation, particularly sucker or tissue culture, as the commercial methods. Propagation of banana through macro-propagation technique can be employed to produce quality planting materials using less inputs. With this background, a scientifically designed investigation was carried out for optimizing composition of growing substrate for low-cost planting material production in banana. This study investigates the efficacy of macro-propagation techniques using different growing substrates and bio-fertilizers for two banana cultivars: ‘Grand Naine, AAA’ and ‘Alpan, AAB’. The experiment was laid out in complete randomized design (CRD) with eight different combinations of growing substrate with five replications. Results showed significant differences in the emergence of primary, secondary and tertiary buds, as well as root development. The treatment comprising sawdust (50 %) and banana fiber waste (50 %) with Trichoderma consistently outperformed others in terms of days taken primary (21.45), secondary (46.91) & tertiary bud emergence (58.99), and maximum number of primary (4.21), secondary (7.16) & tertiary shoots (19.91). Same growing media also recorded minimum days taken for root emergence (17.61 days), maximum number of roots per shoot (161.10), primary roots (24.89), secondary roots (46.32), tertiary roots (89.90) & highest root length (21.88 cm). The cultivar ‘Grand Naine, AAA’ exhibited superior performance across most parameters compared to ‘Alpan, AAB’. Overall, the treatment comprising sawdust (50 %) and banana fiber waste (50 %) with Trichoderma found to be a cost-effective and efficient method for producing high-quality banana planting materials, enhancing banana production and sustainability.

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT STOCKING DENSITIES IN BIOFLOC-BASED CATFISH (Clarias batrachus) CULTIVATION ON WATER QUALITY AND PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE

Biofloc Technology (BFT) is an innovation in fish farming aimed at improving feed efficiency and water quality by assisting heterotrophic bacteria. This study aims to improve water quality (ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, sulfate, phosphate) and fish production performance (average daily growth/ADG, average body weight/ABW, production, specific growth rate/SGR, feed conversion ratio/FCR, survival rate/SR). Catfish with an initial weight of 18.7±0.1 g and length of 11.48±0.02 cm were reared for 40 days with feed amounting to 2-4% of body weight. Parameters were measured every 10 days and analyzed using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 4 treatments (A: without biofloc; B, C, D: using biofloc with densities of 100, 125, and 175 fish/m³). The results showed that biofloc improved water quality (ammonia 0.2165-0.5322 mg/L, nitrite 0.0044-0.0616 mg/L, nitrate 0.2863-19.6422 mg/L, phosphate 0.0169-0.8865 mg/L, and sulfate 2.6097-34.0627 mg/L), and enhanced fish production performance (ADG 1.625-3.85 g/fish/day, ABW 65-154 g/fish, production 5.251-16.176 kg, SGR 3.633-4.642%, FCR 0.849-1.007, and SR 65-89%). Biofloc technology effectively supports catfish survival up to a density of 175 fish/m³, demonstrating that BFT is a cost-effective, sustainable, and environmentally friendly aquaculture technology.

Aktivitas Antijamur Ekstrak Biji Kopi Hijau Robusta (Coffea canephora) Terhadap Candida albicans.

Acne is a disease that can be caused by bacteria, one of which is Staphylococcus epidermidis. Acne can be treated with active compounds derived from natural ingredients such as cucumbers and tomatoes. Gel masks peel off. This study aims to determine the average diameter of the inhibition zone, the difference in the average diameter of the inhibition zone, and the antibacterial activity of the peel-off from a mixture of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) with a concentration of 5%, 10 %, 15%, 20% against Staphylococcus epidermidis. This experimental study uses a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of one factor and 6 levels. The results showed that the average diameter of the inhibition zone of the anti-acne peel-off gel mask preparation of cucumber and tomato extracts against Staphylococcus epidermidis at a concentration of 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% were 16.38 mm, respectively. ; 24.88 mm; 29.88 mm and 34.88 mm. There was a significant difference in the average diameter of the inhibition zone of the peel off mixture of cucumber and tomato extracts with a concentration of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%; against Staphylococcus epidermidis. gel mask preparation peels off from a mixture of cucumber and tomato extracts against Staphylococcus epidermidis at a concentration of 5%, 10% concentration, 15% concentration and 20% concentration, namely strong, very strong, very strong and very strong. Keywords: staphylococcus epidermidis, gel mask peel-off, cucumber, tomato

Examining the Impact of Microbial Compost from Anaerobic Digestion on Soil Fertility and Maize Crop Nutrient Uptake

This research study was to evaluate the effects of combining microbial compost and mineral fertilizer on soil properties, maize growth, and nutrient uptake. Therefore, after selecting normal soil, 10 kg of soil was placed in each pot. Nine treatments with three replications were applied by using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) for the study layout. The results revealed that the maximum plant height (101.73 cm), shoot fresh weight (69.36 g), shoot dry weight (128.6 g), root fresh weight (1.68 g), and root dry weight (0.89 g), as well as the highest content of nitrogen (1.66%), the highest phosphorus concentration (1.04%), and the maximum potassium concentration (2.13%) were noted in SF+MM + ½ NPK, while contents of iron (80.2 mg/kg), zinc (98.46 mg/kg), copper (78.66 mg/kg), and manganese (67.7 mg/kg) were also recorded in SF+MM + ½ NPK compared to other treatments. After harvesting maize crops, the lowest pH (7.27), highest EC (0.38 dS/M), and the highest contents of organic matter (1.03%) were recorded in SF+MM + ½ NPK. Maximum nitrogen content in soil (37 mg/kg), phosphorus content in soil (19.7 mg/kg), and potassium content in soil (105.8 mg/kg) were recorded in T8, while maximum contents of iron (4.88 mg/kg), zinc (1.80 mg/kg), copper (0.51 mg/kg), and manganese (1.95 mg/kg) were recorded in SF+MM + ½ NPK. The combination of SF+MM + ½ NPK showed to be the most effective treatment, whereas the usage of compost and chemical fertilizer alone remained the least effective.

Aktivitas Antibakteri Sediaan Masker Gel Peel Off Ekstrak Mentimun (Cucumis Sativus) Dan Tomat (Solanum Lycopersicum) Terhadap Staphylococcus Epidermidis

Acne is a disease that can be caused by bacteria, one of which is Staphylococcus epidermidis. Acne can be treated with active compounds derived from natural ingredients such as cucumbers and tomatoes. Gel masks peel off. This study aims to determine the average diameter of the inhibition zone, the difference in the average diameter of the inhibition zone, and the antibacterial activity of the peel-off from a mixture of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) with a concentration of 5%, 10 %, 15%, 20% against Staphylococcus epidermidis. This experimental study uses a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of one factor and 6 levels. The results showed that the average diameter of the inhibition zone of the anti-acne peel-off gel mask preparation of cucumber and tomato extracts against Staphylococcus epidermidis at a concentration of 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% were 16.38 mm, respectively. ; 24.88 mm; 29.88 mm and 34.88 mm. There was a significant difference in the average diameter of the inhibition zone of the peel off mixture of cucumber and tomato extracts with a concentration of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%; against Staphylococcus epidermidis. gel mask preparation peels off from a mixture of cucumber and tomato extracts against Staphylococcus epidermidis at a concentration of 5%, 10% concentration, 15% concentration and 20% concentration, namely strong, very strong, very strong and very strong.

The Effect of Storage Time of Water Hyacinth Liquid Organic Fertilizer on Microorganism Viability and Potency

The quality of biological organic fertilizer is determined by the viability of microorganisms during storage until the fertilizer is applied to the field. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of length of storage of biological organic fertilizer on the viability of microorganisms, and identify the types of microorganisms that can survive in several storage periods and their potential. The research was conducted at the Payakumbuh State Agricultural Polytechnic Screenhouse from September to November 2024 using a non-factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five treatments and five replications. The treatment of storage duration of biological organic fertilizer includes: T1 = 0 days storage time, T2 = 7 days storage time, T3 = 14 days storage time, 21 days storage time, and 28 days storage time. The results showed that the best storage length for bacterial viability was from 0 to 14 days after fermentation with a bacterial population of 1.0,107-3.3,107 CFU/ml and a fungal population of &lt;10-1.4,102 CFU/ml. Seven potential and multifunctional bacterial isolates were found, B. altitudinis, Bacillus cf. zanthoxylli, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseufomonas. flexibilis, Pseudomonas cf. pharmacofabricae, and Ectopseudomonas mendocina. All bacterial isolates were able to produce IAA hormone with concentrations between 0.0039-0.0057 µg/ml. Bacterial species that have high viability in water hyacinth POH are bacteria from the genera Bacillus spp. and Pseudomonas spp.

On-farm seed priming to alleviate the effect of saline stress during germination of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.)

Crop tolerance to salinity is of high importance particularly in the arid and semi-arid regions and pre-sowing seed treatments have been used to overcome the effect of salt stress problem. In the present experiment, on-farm primed (pearl millet seed soaked in distilled water at 25Cº in the dark for 10 hr) and dry seeds were then germinated in petri dishes under six levels of salinity (control (0), 40, 80, 120, 160 and 200 mM NaCl) under laboratory conditions. The investigation was carried out in a completely randomized design (CRD) with factorial arrangement and each treatment was replicated four times. The results showed that there were significant differences (P &lt; 0.05) for mean germination time (MGT) and time taken for 50% germination (T50) in all salinity levels. Salinity stress decreased the seed germination traits however, on-farm priming improved it. The value of germination index (GI), seed vigor index (SVI) and germination stress index (GSI) decreased by increasing salt stress and value was recorded in case of dry seed sown as compared to primed. Results also indicated that maximum reduction in germination percentage (GP) was 12.61 and 8.57%, however; increase in T50 was 129 and 69% in dry and primed seed respectively, sown at highest level of salinity (120 mM) compared to control treatment. These findings suggest that on-farm priming is an effective method to increase seed germination grown under moderate salt stress. Bangladesh J. Bot. 53(4): 973-980, 2024 (December)