Complete Feed Research Articles

Safety and efficacy of a feed additive consisting of β-mannanase produced by Aspergillus nigerCBS 120604 (Nutrixtend Optim) for use in all poultry for fattening (Kerry Ingredients & Flavours Ltd).

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panelon Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of a product containing β-mannanase produced by a non-genetically modified strain of Aspergillus niger (CBS 120604). The commercial name is Nutrixtend Optim and it is intended to be used as a zootechnical feed additive for all poultry for fattening. Based on a tolerance trial in chickens for fattening and the no observed adverse effect level identified in a subchronic oral toxicity study in rats, the additive was considered safe for all poultry for fattening. The Panelconcluded that the use of the product as a feed additive does not give rise to concerns for consumers and the environment. The additive is considered an irritant to skin and eyes and a dermal sensitiser. Due to the proteinaceous nature of the active substance, it is also considered a respiratory sensitiser. The Panelconcludes that the additive has the potential to be efficacious as a zootechnical additive at the level of inclusion in feed of chickens for fattening of 30 U β-mannanase/kg complete feed. This conclusion was extrapolated to all poultry for fattening.

PENGARUH LAMA PENYIMPANAN TERHADAP KADAR AIR, ABU DAN BAHAN ORGANIK WAFER PAKAN KOMPLIT JERAMI JAGUNG

Corn straw contains dry matter and organic matter which are nutrients that are needed by livestock, but have high crude fiber, low digestibility and protein content, are bulky (voluminous) and are not economical and inefficient to be transported to areas other. One of the technologies that can be used is a complete wafer-shaped feed technology that consists of fiber feed, namely corn straw and concentrate with a composition based on the nutritional needs of livestock, efficient in storage and transportation and ensures availability in the season of feed shortages. Based on this, this research was carried out with the aim of knowing the effect of different storage periods on water content, ash content, and organic matter of corn straw complete feed wafers. The materials used in this study were corn straw, finished feed concentrate, additives/complementary materials. The tools used in this research are: lawn mowers/waste such as sickles and choppers, milling machines, presses, heaters and molds with a size (15 x 15 x 5) cm. Parameters measured were water content, ash content, and organic matter. The results of the analysis of diversity showed that the effect of storage time on complete feed wafers of corn straw had a significantly different effect (P0.05) on moisture content and ash content and organic matter of complete feed wafers. Further test Honest Significant Difference on water content and ash content of P0 treatment had no significant effect (P 0.05) with P1; but significantly different (P0.05) higher with P2 and P3, while P2 had the same effect as P3. BNJ test for organic matter treatment P0 was significantly different (P0.05) with P1; P2 and P3; Likewise, P1 was significantly different (P0.05) with P2 and P3, while P2 and P3 were not significantly different (P0.05). Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that complete feed wafers based on corn straw can be stored for up to 6 weeks, based on moisture content, ash content and organic matter.

Inactivation of zearalenone (ZEN) and deoxynivalenol (DON) in complete feed for weaned piglets: Efficacy of ZEN hydrolase ZenA and of sodium metabisulfite (SBS) as feed additives

Female pigs respond sensitive both to DON and ZEN with anorexia and endocrine disruption, respectively, when critical diet concentrations are exceeded. Therefore, the frequent co-contamination of feed by DON and ZEN requires their parallel inactivation. The additive ZenA hydrolyzes ZEN while SBS inactivates DON through sulfonation. Both supplements were simultaneously added (+, 2.5 g SBS and 100 U ZenA/kg) to a control diet (CON−, 0.04 mg DON and < 0.004 mg ZEN/kg; CON+, 0.03 mg DON and < 0.004 mg ZEN/kg) and a Fusarium toxin contaminated diet (FUS−, 2.57 mg DON and 0.24 mg ZEN/kg; FUS+, 2.04 mg DON and 0.24 mg ZEN/kg). The 4 diets were fed to 20 female weaned piglets each (6 kg initial body weight) for 35 days; the piglets were sacrificed thereafter for collecting samples. Supplements improved performance and modified metabolism and hematology independent of dietary DON contamination. The mechanisms behind these changes could not be clarified and require further consideration. SBS reduced DON concentration in feed by approximately 20% and to the same extent in blood plasma and urine suggesting that no further DON sulfonate formation occurred in the digestive tract before absorbing DON in the upper digestive tract or that additionally formed DON sulfonates escaped absorption. DON sulfonates were detected in feces suggesting that unabsorbed DON sulfonates reached feces and/or that unabsorbed DON was sulfonated in the hindgut. The observed reduction rate of 20% was evaluated to be insufficient for feeding practice. Galenic form of SBS added to dry feed needs to be improved to support the DON sulfonation in the proximal digestive tract.ZenA was active in the digestive tract as demonstrated by the presence of its hydrolyzed none-estrogenic reaction products hydrolyzed ZEN (HZEN) and decarboxylated and hydrolyzed ZEN (DHZEN) both in feces, systemic circulation, and urine of group FUS+ compared to group FUS−. The presence of these hydrolysis products was paralleled by a significant decrease in high-estrogenic ZEN concentrations which, in turn, was related to a decrease in relative weights of uteri and ovaries when compared to group FUS−. Thus, ZenA was proven to be effective; both in terms of biomarkers and biological effects.

Comparative Evaluation of Extruded Complete Feeds based on Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana) Straw, Areca (Areca catechu) Sheath and Maize (Zea mays) Cob in Mandya Lambs

Background: Although crop residues rich in lignocellulose are a potential source of energy, their utilization is limited due to lack of lignolytic activity of the rumen microbial population. Feed processing by heat treatment is known to break the ligno-cellulolse complexes, in which extrusion has been reported as one of the best processing techniques to improve the nutritional value and efficient utilization of complete diets. A comparative evaluation of extruded complete feed based on finger millet straw, a conventional crop residue, along with areca sheath and maize cob has been taken up in this study. Methods: The extruded complete feed was prepared using roughage and concentrate at proportion of 40:60, respectively. Twenty four Mandya lambs of about 3 to 4 months of age with body weight ranging from 7.8 to 12.9 kg were divided into three groups of eight each in a completely randomized design. Feeding trial was carried out for 12 weeks. The animals were randomly assigned to one of the treatment groups viz., T1 (Finger millet straw based extruded complete feed), T2 (Areca sheath based extruded complete feed) and T3 (Maize cob based extruded complete feed). Digestion trial was conducted using 5 animals in each group during the last week of the growth trial. Result: Analysis of chemical composition (%) revealed that, maize cob and areca sheath were comparable with finger millet straw except that the maize cob contained lower total ash (2.52 v/s 8.61) and higher NDF and hemicellulose content (86.66 v/s71.61; 29.79 v/s17.18). Rumen in vitro net gas (ml / 200 mg DM / 24 h) production and energy density (ME MJ / kg DM) was higher in areca sheath and maize cob as compared to finger millet straw. There was significant difference in total DMI (g/d and g/kgW0.75) among the treatment groups (P£0.05). There was also a significant difference in OM, CP, EE and ADF intake (P£0.05). The ADG (g) and FCR (g DMI/ g BW gain) for T1, T2 and T3 groups were statistically non-significant. The mean apparent digestibility (%) of DM, OM, CP, NDF and ADF was significantly different among the treatment groups(P£0.01). The per cent Digestible organic matter in dry matter (DOMDM) (T1:70.89,T2:76.13and T3:63.33) was also significantly different among the treatments (P£0.01). It was concluded that the growth rate of lambs fed finger millet straw, areca sheath and maize cob based extruded complete feeds was comparable and could be utilized to sustain production performance of growing Mandya lambs.

Consumption and Digestibility Studies in Goats Fed with Complete Feed Corn Tumpi and Red Dragon Fruit Peel Flour (Hylocereus Sp.)

Utilization of unconventional materials such as corn tumpi and dragon fruit peel flour as an alternative feed ingredient for ruminants, especially goats. This study aims to examine the effect of providing complete feed containing corn tumpi with dragon fruit peel flour at different levels on consumption and digestibility of goats. This study used 12 local male goats with ages ranging from 1 to 1.5 years which were randomly assigned to metabolic cages. The study used a Randomized Block Design (RBD) method with 3 treatments and 4 groups. The treatments consisted of P1: Complete feed containing 50% corn tumpi, P2: Complete feed containing 45% corn tumpi and 5% dragon fruit peel flour and P3: Complete feed containing 40% corn tumpi and 10% dragon fruit peel flour. The results showed that the treatment of complete feed containing corn tumpi with dragon fruit peel flour at different levels had a significant effect (P&lt;0.05) on dry matter consumption and organic matter consumption. Dry matter consumption ranged from 296.88 – 461.64 g/h/day, and nitrogen consumption was between 265.74 – 407.72 g/h/day. Treatment of complete feed containing corn tumpi with dragon fruit peel flour at different levels had no significant effect (P&gt;0.05) on dry matter digestibility and organic matter digestibility. Dry matter digestibility ranged from 82.75 – 87.50 %, and organic matter digestibility between 84.5 – 88.75 %. It was concluded that based on estimates of dry matter consumption and organic matter consumption, the use of alternative ingredients for corn tumpi with dragon fruit peel flour up to a level of 10% could be used as a complete mix of feed ingredients for ruminants, especially goats.

A Study on the Training Needs of Veterinary Officers Working in Andhra Pradesh, India

The quality of the animal health care services delivered depends on the Knowledge and Skill updation of the qualified veterinary service providers (Veterinary Officers- VO). This study was aimed at studying the Training Need Assessment (TNA) of the VO’s in Andhra Pradesh. A survey was conducted through Google forms in a structured interview schedule by electronically, from 130 veterinary Officers working under state government of Andhra Pradesh. Data was collected through Gmail and WhatsApp, regarding the training needs of VO’s on different parameters covering different major subject areas of field importance and was presented in means and percentages. Most of the respondents were Males (74%) with an average experience in the field is 10 years and majority of them attended 8 subject related trainings in their service. Majority opined that they need training on Blood sample examination (72%), Sheep farming(65%), Ethno veterinary medicine (85%), Skill in surgical operations (86%), Infertility cases therapeutics (84%), Metabolic diseases (75%), Service rules and regulations (97%) and Complete feed preparation (79%). Majority of the respondents needed such trainings once in six months (68%), to be conducted as three day residential (57%) including much practical aspects (92%). Provision of the adequate resources and support by the public and private stakeholders for organizing need based trainings to the Veterinary Officers will help in achieving the knowledge updation of the field veterinarians.

105 Effects of Monensin on Intake, Growth Performance, and Health of Newly-Received Feedlot Calves

Abstract Monensin is an ionophore commonly fed to feedlot cattle to increase feed efficiency (gain:feed ratio; G:F) typically by decreasing dry matter intake (DMI) when fed at the commonly adopted dose of 33 mg∙kg DM-1. During the receiving period when intake is often suppressed due to management stressors, feeding monensin to light-weight feedlot calves may be detrimental to DMI and consequently to growth performance. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of feeding sodium monensin to newly-received feedlot calves. A total of 380 crossbred beef steers [initial body weight (BW) = 231 ± 25 kg and approximately 8 months of age] were sourced from local auctions in Delhi, LA and transported approximately 16 h to Clayton, NM. Upon arrival, steers were processed, blocked by off-truck shrunk BW, randomly assigned to 20 pens (19 animal∙pen-1), and pens were then randomly assigned to one of two dietary treatments (n = 10 pens/treatment): control (CON; no feed additive) or sodium monensin at 170 mg∙animal-1∙day-1 (MON; Rumensin 90; Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN). The basal diet consisted of a complete starter feed composed predominantly of wet corn gluten feed (RAMP; Cargill Sweet Bran, Dalhart, TX). The experiment was 56 days in length. The amount of feed offered to each pen was adjusted based on the DMI of the previous day and bunks were managed to contain trace amounts of feed at 0600 h. Body weight was recorded on days 0, 14, 28, and 56 for average daily gain (ADG) and G:F calculation. Dietary net energy for maintenance (NEm) and gain (NEg) were estimated based on observed growth performance. Daily animal health evaluations were performed using a 4-point scale method based on depression, appetite, respiration, and temperature throughout the experiment. All data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design using SAS with pen serving as the experimental unit. Feeding MON did not affect feed intake (P = 0.58) compared with CON, yet ADG was increased (P &amp;lt; 0.01) by 12.5% in steers fed MON compared with CON. Thus, there was a 10.7% increase (P &amp;lt; 0.01) in G:F for MON, which corresponds with a greater (P = 0.02) observed NEm and NEg for MON compared with CON. Feeding MON tended (P = 0.07) to elicit a 2.9% increase in final BW compared with CON. Additionally, there was no treatment effect (P ≥ 0.57) on morbidity based on the number of therapeutic treatments among calves which were treated for indications of bovine respiratory disease. Moreover, treatments did not affect mortality rate. In summary, feeding monensin at 170 mg∙animal-1∙d-1 (26 mg∙kg DM-1) increases growth performance of light-weight, newly-received feedlot cattle without influencing DMI or animal health.

63 Influence of diet and body condition on blood chemistry and body composition during the refeeding process

Starved horses with low body condition scores (BCS, < 3 out of 9) continues to be a prominent welfare concern, yet limited nutritional studies on the reconditioning process exist. The aim of this study was to determine how alternative diets affected blood chemistry panels and body composition in mature, starved (initial BCS 1 or 2) light breed horses during the refeeding process (final BCS 4, UTK IACUC 2811–1220). Horses (n = 10, 18.8 ± 2.5 y (mean ± SD), BCS 1.4 ± 0.5, 3 geldings and 6 mares, light breeds) were placed on a control diet (C; 100% digestible energy, DE, from grass hay and Purina Free Balance) or a concentrate diet (S; 50 % DE from grass hay and 50% DE from Purina Equine Senior). Diets were formulated to increase caloric intake in accordance with previously established refeeding recommendations and the NRC (2007), where horses were increased from 50% DE to 100% DE over 10 d to prevent refeeding syndrome, and then were increased up to 145% DE as needed based on weekly body weight (BW) until a BCS of 4 was reached. Weekly BW and BCS were assessed by 3 independent reviewers and plasma samples collected at each BCS increase based on reviewer average and an increase in of 16–20 kg in BW. Diet and BCS effects on blood chemistry and body composition were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models in SAS, with breed and individual animals as random effects, and mean separation using Tukey's adjustment.Significance was detected at P < 0.05 (SAS 9.4, Cary, NC). Non-normally distributed data were rank transformed as determined by Shapiro-Wilk. Of the 10 horses in the study, 3 were euthanized within 10d of enrollment due to infectious disease or colic unassociated with dietary treatment, 1 was disenrolled due to pneumonia, and the remaining 6 horses were fully reconditioned (C: n = 3, S: n = 3). Horses were recovered similarly between diet groups (change in BW: C = 46.15 ± 9.9 kg, S = 41.8 ± 14.9 kg, mean ± SD, P > 0.05). Plasma creatine kinase differed by BCS (P = 0.0007), whereas creatinine differed by both diet (P = 0.006) and BCS (P < 0.0001); however, all values were within normal limits. Lactose was lower in BCS 4 horses compared with all other scores, yet all values were also within normal ranges (P = 0.0007). Rib fat thickness was greater in BCS 4 horses (C = 0.35(0.08)mm, S = 0.38(0.20)mm, median(IQR)) than all other BCS (P = 0.001). Rump fat thickness was highest in BCS 4 horses (S = 0.36 (0.13), C = 0.30 (0.05)). Based on our findings, grass hay and complete feed concentrates can be used to successfully recover emaciated horses. Further studies would be helpful in determining optimal refeeding protocols.

Training on Making "Complete Feed" for Goat Feed in Wanagiri Village, Sukasada SubSubdistrict, Buleleng Regency

Wanagiri Village is a village located in Sukasada SubSubdistrict, Buleleng Regency. Most of the people's livelihoods are farmers, ranchers, and coffee processors, which have the potential to be developed. From the main output of coffee, a complete feed will be made that utilizes coffee waste as feed for the PE goats that are widely raised there. In addition, the partners lacked knowledge in the field of feed, especially utilizing coffee waste as feed by mixing it with superior forage available there, both grass and legumes. Therefore, the right ratio formulation technique can be given to FE goats. Solutions made to solve problems faced by partners in making complete feed for goats. The method that will be used is the farmer's active participation extension method and explorative.

Application of feed additives obtained from fish roe and glycerin in trout diet

These studies were carried out in the Rostov region on the replacement and broodstock of amber trout in the second and fourth stages of maturity. The purpose of the work: to study the effect of newly developed feed additives from pond fish milt and glycerin on the performance of salmon fish. As part of achieving this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks: to analyze various proportions of pond fish milt and glycerin; carry out feeding of salmon fish from the second to the fourth stage of maturity; study the growth rates of fish. According to the scheme of the experiment, the first (control) group of fish received complete feed without additives. In the complete feed for the second experimental group, 2% glycerol was included by weight of the feed. The diet for trout of the third group included pond fish milt with glycerol 50 to 50% in the amount of 2.0% by weight of the feed. In the second stage of maturity, a significant increase in gross growth in the second and third groups by 13.5% and 14.4% (P&lt;0.01) was found in relation to the control group. There was also a tendency to increase the length of the body in the experimental groups by 0.7 and 0.6 cm, respectively. The highest coefficient of fatness was in the group with 2% glycerol (6.97%). In the fourth stage of maturity, the trend towards a significant increase in gross growth continued. In the second experimental group, this indicator was higher than the control by 18.2% (P&lt;0.01) and by 17.1% (P&lt;0.01) in the third. The fatness coefficient in the control group was 1.74, in the second group it was significantly higher by 5.2% (P&lt;0.01).

Respon Konsumsi Kambing Peranakan Etawa terhadap Pemberian Pakan Komplit Berdasarkan Kadar Pulp Kakao yang Berbeda

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Addressing the need for sustainable goat feed solutions, the utilization of agricultural waste emerges as a viable option. However, the current practice primarily involves transforming cocoa pods into goat feed, neglecting the potential of the discarded cocoa pulp, which contributes to environmental pollution. This study aims to evaluate the consumption patterns of crude protein and crude fiber in corn cobs-based complete feed enriched with varying levels of cocoa pulp, administered to Etawa crossbreed goats. The experiment was structured around a 4x4 Latin Square Design, encompassing four treatments and four periods. The treatments encompassed P0, which comprised complete feed without cocoa pulp; P1 with 5% cocoa pulp; P2 with 10% cocoa pulp, and P3 with 15% cocoa pulp. By employing this design, researchers sought to ascertain the influence of cocoa pulp concentration on consumption patterns. The findings shed light on the average daily consumption of crude protein (in grams per head) for each treatment: P0 recorded 40.52, P1 exhibited 67.95, P2 observed 55.35, and P3 noted 51.75. Furthermore, the daily consumption of crude fiber (in grams per head) across treatments yielded the following results: P0 reported 77.19, P1 registered 135.99, P2 showed 113.97, and P3 demonstrated 94.56. In conclusion, the study demonstrates that incorporating cocoa pulp as a replacement for molasses in corn cobs-based complete feed formulation has no significant impact on the consumption of crude protein or crude fiber. This finding suggests that the integration of cocoa pulp in goat feed formulation is a promising approach that can contribute to sustainable resource management, without adversely affecting goats' dietary patterns.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Microbiological Quality of Feed

Background: In most countries, the microbiological quality of complete feed mixtures, grains, silages and hay is sadly a much-underrated aspect of official feed control. Monitoring the microbiological quality of feeds downgrades any of the poor quality feeds and stimulates feed mills to produce better quality feeds, therefore, enforcing the prominence of high-quality feeds on the market. Objectives: To collect the results of the microbiological feed quality, done over a period of one year, all of which originate from Croatia, Slovenia, and Switzerland. Furthermore, identify the presence of feedingstuffs with poor microbiological quality in some parts of the European market and therefore have the most impact on animal health and welfare. Methods: Feed quality was assessed through a single Verband deutscher landwirtschaftlicher Untersuchungs - und Forschungsanstalten (VDLUFA) method based on a systematic approach, which categorizes feed into categories from 1 to 4 according to bacteria, moulds, and yeasts content, and their ecology and hazard significance. Results: Although the most analyzed samples of feed belong to the most desirable quality level 1, it should be emphasized that almost all feed types can be found samples of quality level 4, unacceptable for feed. Conclusion: The obtained results give an overview of the advantages of monitoring the microbiological quality of feeds for governmental authorities, producers, and consumers alike and potentially provide more information concerning the new aspects of the risk assessment of certain types of feeds or their raw materials.

Pengaruh Teknik Silase Pakan Komplit Tersuplementasi Ampas Tahu Berprotein Kasar Berlebih pada Domba Secara InVivo

Tofu dregs are feed ingredients with high nutritional content and easy to rot. Therefore a silage storage technique is needed to preserve and reduce environmental pollution. The process of preserving high-protein feed by silage has a weakness in the process of lowering the pH. This happens because the ammonia from the deamination process is alkaline . The silage processing can converting some nutrients into organic acids which can improve livestock health and production. The Complete feed silage which was supplemented with tofu dregs was carried out on thin-tailed local rams aged 8-10 months and body weight 16-18 kg. The rams were grouped to 4 groups. The first gorup was P0 = complete feed which was suplemented with tofu dregs without silage processing compared to P1 = P0 + silage processing which was fermented for at least 14 days. The data then analyzed using t-independent method in a randomized block design on the basis of body weight. The results of the study showed that the average dry matter consumption of livestock was not significantly different P&gt;0.1, the increase in monthly weight was higher in group P1 with a P value &lt;0.05, the silage process increased the efficiency of p&lt;0.05. Both treatment had no effect on cholesterol, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), glucose, red blood grains and white blood grains. So it can be concluded that feeding by silage is better than fresh&#x0D; &#x0D; .&#x0D; Keywords: Silage, rams, tofu dregs&#x0D; &#x0D;

Infl uence of sorgo on the productivity of meat quails

One of the trends in meat production is to reduce feed expenditures per unit of live weight gain while simultaneously increasing the growth rate, slaughter yield, muscle yield and reducing the content of internal fat. Reducing the fat content in the carcasses of quails will improve the feed conversion and increase the yield of muscle tissue. One of the ways to reduce the prime-cost of poultry products is the introduction of non-traditional promising feed ingredients. The purpose of the research was to study the use of sorghum grain in feeding quails of meat productivity. The results of the infl uence of complete nutrient-balanced compound feed with the introduction of 10 % sorghum on livestock and economic indicators in the rearing of meat quails have been presented the article. It was found that the live weight of quails in the experimental group increased by 0,46 %, while the average daily feed intake decreased by 4,39 %. Feed expenditures per 1 kg of live weight gain of the experimental group were 5,08 % lower due to better assimilation of feed nutrients. It was found according to the results of physiological (balance) experiment that the digestibility of crude protein increased by 6,92 abs.%, crude fat by 0,73 abs.%, crude fi ber by 0,82 abs.%. It was found when calculating economic indicators that the use of sorghum in compound feed for quails allowed to increase the yield of meat and revenue from its sale by 5,81 %. Despite the increase in the total cost of the feed consumed by the experimental group by 1,43 %, the profi t was received by 58,14 % more. The prime-cost of production of 1 kg of quail meat in the experimental group decreased by 6,20 % compared with the control group.

Brewer’s grains are promising raw materials for the production of feed

The transformation of brewery waste into complete feed will help not only to solve environmental problems and recycling, but also to obtain additional products from animal husbandry with minimal costs for their production. Brewer’s grains are a high-protein product with a high carbohydrate content, it can become a promising raw material for the production of feed. The purpose of the experiment was to study the feed value of diff erent types of brewer’s grains for the production of feed. Samples of brewer’s grains were obtained using three types of malt: No. 1 – Pale Ale Viking+Vienna VIKING MALT (Austria + Finland), No. 2 – Souffl et+ Castle Malting Cara Clair (Russia + Belgium) and No. 3 – Pilsner Viking Malt (Finland). In the studied samples of brewer’s grains the highest content of soluble carbohydrates (21,60 %) was found in sample No. 1 (malt – Pale Ale Viking + Vienna VIKING MALT), and easily hydrolyzable carbohydrates (24,30 %) in sample No. 2 (malt – Souffl et + Castle Malting Cara Clair). These types of brewer’s grains can later be used in combination with hydrolytic enzymes and microorganisms to produce high-protein biomass. The level of crude protein was higher in the dry matter in sample No. 2 (6,20 %) it was signifi cantly lower in sample No. 1 (4,42 %). Thus, knowing the chemical composition of raw brewer’s grain with the right decision to obtain a quality product and use it in the market of animal feed products

Improvement of the design of the feed mixer and analysis of its performance

BACKGROUND: It has been proven by science and practice that feeding animals with complete feed mixtures can increase the productivity of feed. The preparation of loose feed mixtures has become most widespread. The analytical review of scientific and research works in the field of machinery and technology for the preparation of complete feed mixtures showed the advantage of using batch feed mixers. This is related to the fact that due to the circulation of feed components in a mixer, high quality of feed mixtures is achieved. At the same time, the issue of research and selection of reasonable parameters for improved ideological options in the direction of reducing energy and resource costs remains relevant.&#x0D; AIMS: Improvement of the design of a vertical batch mixer, elimination of cases of delay in unloading the finished mixture, which negatively affects productivity and the energy, labor and material costs associated with it.&#x0D; METHODS: The object of the research is the technology and design of a batch feed mixer. The cyclic and hourly average productivity of the mixer is studied. Mathematical expressions that describe the dependence of the loading and unloading duration on the mixer tankage are given. The influence of the mixer tankage on the mixer performance, expressed with a special coefficient, is analyzed. The coefficient range, which positively affects the performance of the facility, has been determined.&#x0D; RESULTS: It has been established that with the constructive and technological improvement of mixers and ensuring the proper operation, the tankage does not serve as the main factor for productivity increase.&#x0D; CONCLUSIONS: The maximum productivity of the vertical batch mixer is mainly ensured with the number of cycles of the auger and with the periodic forced supply of the mixture, whereas the quality of mixing depends on the angle of the vane opener.

Safety of a feed additive consisting of lignosulphonate for all animal species (Borregaard AS).

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety of lignosulphonate, when used as a technological additive (functional group: binders) in feed for all animal species. In two previous assessments, the FEEDAP Panel concluded that the maximum level proposed of 10,000 mg lignosulphonate/kg complete feed is safe for weaned piglets, pigs for fattening, chickens for fattening, laying hens and cattle for fattening, but a margin of safety could not be identified. Consequently, these conclusions could not be extrapolated to other animal species/categories. In the current application, the applicant proposed to reduce the maximum content of lignosulphonate in feed for all animal species to 8,000 mg/kg complete feed. The results of two newly submitted tolerance studies allowed the Panel to conclude that 8,000 mg lignosulphonate/kg complete feed is also safe for dairy cows and salmonids, with a margin of safety of at least 1.25. Considering the results of the studies previously assessed and those of the two new tolerance studies, the FEEDAP Panel concluded that lignosulphonate is safe for all animal species when used at a maximum content of 8,000 mg/kg complete feed.

Safety and efficacy of feed additives consisting of an essential oil and tincture from the berries of Juniperus communis L. (juniper oil and juniper tincture) for use in all animal species (FEFANA asbl).

Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of juniper oil and juniper tincture obtained from the berries of Juniperus communis L., when used as sensory additives for all animal species. The EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) concluded that juniper oil is safe up to the maximum proposed use levels in complete feed of 5 mg/kg for laying hens, 15 mg/kg for veal calves (milk replacer) and cattle for fattening and 20 mg/kg for ornamental fish. For the other species, the calculated safe concentrations in complete feed were 4 mg/kg for chickens for fattening, 5 mg/kg for turkeys for fattening, 7 mg/kg for piglets, 8 mg/kg for pigs for fattening, 10 mg/kg for sows, dairy cows, 16 mg/kg for sheep, goats and horses, 6 mg/kg for rabbits, 17 mg/kg for salmonids, 18 mg/kg for dogs and 3 mg/kg for cats. These conclusions were extrapolated to other physiologically related species. For any other species, the additive was considered safe at 3 mg/kg complete feed. The FEEDAP Panel concluded that juniper tincture is safe up to the maximum proposed use level in feed of 45 mg/kg complete feed or water for drinking for all animal species. No concerns for consumers and the environment were identified following the use of the additives to the highest safe level in feed. The additives under assessment should be considered as irritants to skin and eyes, and as skin and respiratory sensitisers. Since the berries of J. communis and their preparations are recognised to flavour food and their function in feed would be the same as that in food, no further demonstration of efficacy was considered necessary.

Safety and efficacy of a feed additive consisting of halofuginone hydrobromide (STENOROL®) for chickens for fattening and turkeys for fattening/reared for breeding (Huvepharma N.V.)

Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a new scientific opinion on the coccidiostat halofuginone hydrobromide (STENOROL®) when used as a feed additive for chickens for fattening and turkeys for fattening/reared for breeding. The Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) concludes that the safety for turkeys for fattening established in its previous opinion can be extended to turkeys for breeding up to 12 weeks of age. Based on the new data provided on the safety for consumer, environment and efficacy, the Panel updates its previous conclusions as follows: halofuginone hydrobromide is not genotoxic. Applying an uncertainty factor of 100 to the lowest no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of 0.03 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day, an acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 0.3 μg halofuginone/kg bw is established. The chronic exposure of consumers to residues of halofuginone would amount to 6-19% of the ADI after 3 days of withdrawal. Therefore, the Panel considers that the additive is safe for the consumer of tissues obtained from chickens for fattening and turkeys for fattening fed the additive at a maximum level of 3 mg/kg complete feed at a 3-day withdrawal time. For control purposes, the Panel recommends the setting of the following maximum residue limits (MRLs): liver, 50 μg/kg; kidney, 40 μg/kg; muscle, 3 μg/kg; skin/fat, 10 μg/kg wet tissue. Based on an updated environmental risk assessment, no concern for groundwater is expected. Halofuginone is unlikely to bioaccumulate and the risk of secondary poisoning is not likely to occur. No safety concerns are expected for terrestrial and aquatic environments. The additive has the potential to control coccidiosis in chickens for fattening and turkeys for fattening/reared for breeding up to 12 weeks of age at a minimum level of 2 mg/kg complete feed.

Safety and efficacy of a feed additive consisting of an essential oil obtained from the oleoresin of Pinus pinaster Aiton (pine white oil) for use in all animal species (FEFANA asbl).

Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of an essential oil obtained from the oleoresin of Pinus pinaster Aiton (pine white oil, also known as turpentine oil), when used as a sensory additive in feed and water for drinking for all animal species. The Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) concluded that the essential oil under assessment is safe up to the maximum proposed use levels of 35 mg/kg for laying hens, piglets, pigs for fattening, sows, rabbits, salmonids, 50 mg/kg for veal calves (milk replacer), cattle for fattening, dairy cows, horses, dogs and ornamental fish, 20 mg/kg for cats. For the other species, the calculated safe concentrations in complete feed were 25 mg/kg complete feed for chickens for fattening, 33 mg/kg for turkeys for fattening and 14 mg/kg for ornamental birds. These conclusions were extrapolated to other physiologically related species. For any other species, the additive was considered safe at 20 mg/kg complete feed. No concerns for consumers were identified following the use of pine white oil up to the maximum proposed use levels in feed. The additive under assessment should be considered as irritant to skin and eyes, and as a skin and respiratory sensitiser. The use of pine white oil at the proposed use level in feed was not expected to pose a risk for the environment. Pine white oil was recognised to flavour food. Since its function in feed would be essentially the same as that in food, no further demonstration of efficacy was considered necessary.