Complete Copy Research Articles

La escritura publicitaria del Gud. lat. 148: el texto del "Liber monstrorum"

The ms. Gud. lat. 148 contains the most complete copy of the Liber monstrorum , in which the copyist has used typical resources of advertising writing to highlight specific parts of the work ( incipit/ explicit, indices , intertitles, capitals) and also to fulfill with their paratextual functions in a paleographical level.

Developing IntegrityCatalog, a software system for managing integrity‐related metadata in digital repositories

SummaryDigital repositories must periodically check the integrity of stored objects to assure users of their correctness. Prior solutions calculate integrity metadata and require the repository to store it alongside the actual data objects. To safeguard and detect damage to this metadata, prior solutions rely on widely visible media (unaffiliated third parties) to store and provide back digests of the metadata to verify it is intact. However, they do not address recovery of the integrity metadata in case of damage or adversarial attack. We introduce IntegrityCatalog, a novel software system that can be integrated into any digital repository. It collects all integrity‐related metadata in a single component and treats them as first class objects, managing both their integrity and their preservation. We introduce a treap‐based persistent authenticated dictionary managing arbitrary length key/value pairs, which we use to store all integrity metadata, accessible simply by object name. Additionally, IntegrityCatalog is a distributed system that includes a network protocol that manages both corruption detection and preservation of this metadata, using administrator‐selected network peers with 2 possible roles. Verifiers store and offer attestations on digests and have minimal storage requirements, while preservers efficiently synchronize a complete copy of the catalog to assist in recovery in case of a detected catalog compromise on the local system. We present our approach in developing the prototype implementation, measure its performance experimentally, and demonstrate its effectiveness in real‐world situations. We believe the implementation techniques of our open‐source IntegrityCatalog will be useful in the construction of next‐generation digital repositories.

Missing data — mechanisms and possible solutions / Datos ausentes: mecanismos y posibles soluciones

One of the most common problems facing empirical researchers is when a portion of the data is missing. We will review three different types of ‘missingness’, namely missing completely at random, missing at random and missing not at random, and we will discuss how missing data can affect data analysis. We review methods to deal with missing data, including the simple ‘complete-case analysis’ approach, in which we only use the observations in the data set for which all the data is available, and the more sophisticated ‘multiple imputation’ approach, in which we repeat the analysis using multiple (completed) copies of the data set, and obtain the estimates of interest by averaging across all analyses. We will demonstrate how to implement solutions to missing data and review the limitations of the methods.

An Unrecorded Copy of Wynkyn de Worde’s 1506 Edition of Contemplations of the Dread and Love of God

THE late medieval devotional prose work Contemplations of the Dread and Love of God (also known as Fervor Amoris) was printed by Wynkyn de Worde in 1506 (STC 21259) and reprinted by him [1519?] (STC 21260). De Worde attributed the text (incorrectly) to Richard Rolle. Only three copies of the first edition have hitherto been known: in the British Library, in the John Rylands University Library in Manchester, and in Durham University Library.1 This degree of rarity makes my identification of a further copy of some importance. There is one in the Russell Library at St Patrick’s College, Maynooth (now part of the National University of Ireland). This is a complete copy, and in generally good condition, if rather dirty and torn in places. The bottom of the final page is damaged, but the colophon with the date remains intact: ‘Enprynted at London in fletestrete in þe sygne of the sonne By Wynkyn de Worde. Anno dni M CCCCC.vi.’. The edition is bound at the end of RB 362, after a collection of late seventeenth- and early eighteenth-century items, eighteen in total, which were printed in London between 1685 and 1720. These have been bound together since the nineteenth century.

A rare case of plastid protein-coding gene duplication in the chloroplast genome of Euglena archaeoplastidiata (Euglenophyta).

Gene duplication is an important evolutionary process that allows duplicate functions to diverge, or, in some cases, allows for new functional gains. However, in contrast to the nuclear genome, gene duplications within the chloroplast are extremely rare. Here, we present the chloroplast genome of the photosynthetic protist Euglena archaeoplastidiata. Upon annotation, it was found that the chloroplast genome contained a novel tandem direct duplication that encoded a portion of RuBisCO large subunit (rbcL) followed by a complete copy of ribosomal protein L32 (rpl32), as well as the associated intergenic sequences. Analyses of the duplicated rpl32 were inconclusive regarding selective pressures, although it was found that substitutions in the duplicated region, all non-synonymous, likely had a neutral functional effect. The duplicated region did not exhibit patterns consistent with previously described mechanisms for tandem direct duplications, and demonstrated an unknown mechanism of duplication. In addition, a comparison of this chloroplast genome to other previously characterized chloroplast genomes from the same family revealed characteristics that indicated E.archaeoplastidiata was probably more closely related to taxa in the genera Monomorphina, Cryptoglena, and Euglenaria than it was to other Euglena taxa. Taken together, the chloroplast genome of E.archaeoplastidiata demonstrated multiple characteristics unique to the euglenoid world, and has justified the longstanding curiosity regarding this enigmatic taxon.

Code, Cache and Deliver on the Move: A Novel Caching Paradigm in Hyper-Dense Small-Cell Networks

Caching popular content files at small-cell base stations (SBSs) has emerged as a promising technique to meet the overwhelming growth in mobile data demand. Despite the plethora of work in this field, a specific aspect has been overlooked. It is assumed that all users remain stationary during data transfer and therefore a complete copy of the requested file can always be downloaded by the associated SBSs. In this work, we revisit the caching problem in realistic environments where moving users intermittently connect to multiple SBSs encountered at different times. Due to connection duration limits, users may download only parts of the requested files. Requests for files that failed to be delivered on time by the SBSs are redirected to the coexisting macro-cell. We introduce an optimization framework that models user movements via random walks on a Markov chain aimed at minimizing the load of the macro-cell. As the main contribution, we put forward a distributed caching paradigm that leverages user mobility predictions and innovative information-mixing methods based on the principle of network coding. Systematic experiments based on measured traces of human mobility patterns demonstrate that our approach can offload 65 percent more macro-cell traffic than existing caching schemes in realistic settings.

Single-cell cytokine profiling of tumor-infiltrating T cells to measure patient responses to anti-PD-1 therapy.

49 Background: Functional alteration of tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes (TILs) may serve as a predictor for clinical outcome in cancer patients receiving immunotherapy.To evaluate TILs function unleashed by anti-PD-1 blocking, we employed a single-cell technology integrated with automated bioinformatics to simultaneously measure 17 cytokines secreted by single TILs, permitting the full spectrum delineation of anti-tumor T cell functions in patients with metastatic melanoma. Methods: TILs were enriched from biopsied melanoma tissues digested with enzymes, stimulated with anti-CD3 at 37°C, 5% CO2 for 24 hrs and loaded into a single-cell barcode chip (SCBC) containing ~12000 microchambers. Each chamber (~1.2 nl) was pre-patterned with a complete copy of a 17-plex antibody array. Cells on the SCBC were imaged and incubated for 16 hrs at 37°C, 5% CO2; single-cell cytokine signals were captured with a microarray scanner. The polyfunctional expression (2+ cytokines per cell) of single TILs was evaluated across 4 groups: Effector (Granzyme B, IFN-γ, MIP-1α, Perforin, TNF-α), Stimulatory (GM-CSF, IL-2, IL-5, IL-8, IL-9), Regulatory (IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, IL-22), and Inflammatory (IL-6, IL-17A, MCP-1). Results: Single-cell TILs analysis revealed significant increase of polyfunctional cytokines in patients who responded to anti-PD-1 therapy, compared to those resistant to therapy or in the control group. It was further revealed that the major contributions to enhanced polyfunctional strength are dominated by effector and stimulatory cytokines – both associated with anti-tumor immunity. Notably, TILs of patients responding to therapy exhibited polyfunctional secretions containing a subset of cells co-secreting Granzyme B, IFN- γ, MIP-1 α, and IL-8, which upon further validation is potentially a biomarker to predict clinical outcome of melanoma patients treated by checkpoint immunotherapy. Conclusions: Single-cell multiplexed cytokine profiling is capable of dissecting the full spectrum of immune functions associated with anti-tumor T cell immunity and more accurately measuring the function of TILs for predicting the response of patients receiving anti-PD-1 blocking therapy.

A novel inversion in the chloroplast genome of marama (Tylosema esculentum).

Tylosema esculentum (marama bean) is being developed as a possible crop for resource-poor farmers in arid regions of Southern Africa. As part of the molecular characterization of this species, the chloroplast genome has been assembled from next-generation sequencing using both Illumina and Pac-Bio data. The genome is of typical organization with a large single-copy region and a small single-copy region separated by a pair of inverted repeats and covers 161537 bp. It contains a unique inversion not present in any other legumes, even in the closest relatives for which the complete chloroplast genome is available, and two complete copies of the ycf1 gene. These data extend the range of variability of legume chloroplast genomes. The sequencing of multiple individuals has identified two different chloroplast genomes which were geographically separated. The current sampling is limited so that the extent of the intraspecific variation is still to be determined, leaving open the question of legume chloroplast genomes adapted to particular arid environments.

Air France Internet Marketing: Optimizing Google, Yahoo!, MSN, and Kayak Sponsored Search

Rob Griffin, senior vice president and U.S. director of search for Media Contacts, a communications consulting firm, is faced with the task of optimizing search engine marketing (SEM) for Air France. At the time of the case, SEM had become an advertising phenomenon, with North American advertisers spending $9.4 billion in the SEM channel, up 62% from 2005. Moving forward, Griffin wants to ensure that the team keeps its leading edge and delivers the results Air France requires for optimal Internet sales growth. The case centers upon Air France's and Media Contacts' efforts to find the ideal SEM campaign to provide an optimal amount of ticket sales in response to advertising dollars spent. This optimal search marketing campaign is based on choosing effective allocation of ad dollars across the various search engines, as well as selecting appropriate keywords and bid strategies for placement on the search result page for Internet users.In determining the optimal strategy, the case presents background information on the airline industry as well as the Internet search options available at the time, including Google, Microsoft MSN, Yahoo!, and Kayak. Additionally, background information is provided on SEM and its associated costs and means of measuring the successfulness of each marketing effort. The case illustrates how one must first determine the key performance indicators for the project to guide analysis and enable comparison of various SEM campaigns. Cost per click and probability to produce a sale differ among publishers. Therefore, using a portfolio application model's quadrant positions can be used to determine optimal publisher strategies. Additionally, pivot tables help illustrate campaigns and strategies that have historically been most successful in meeting Air France's target Internet sales. Multiple recommendations on how Media Contacts can assist Air France in improving its SEM strategy can be derived from the data provided.Students learn how to optimally leverage the Internet in generating customer sales in a cost-effective manner. Students will analyze and manipulate a variety of data using pivot tables to determine optimal strategies for obtaining maximum total online bookings through the various online channels available. Using a portfolio application model, students can determine an optimal publisher strategy and complete copy improvement analysis.

Ulan-Ude Manuscript Kanjur

This study investigates the Mongolian manuscript Kanjur preserved at the Center of Oriental Manuscripts and Xylographs of the Institute for Mongolian, Buddhist and Tibetan studies of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The manuscript previously belonged to the Chesan Buddhist monastery of Central Transbaikalia and was brought to the Buruchkom, a first academic institute of the Republic of Buryat-Mongolia (Ulan-Ude) by the eminent Buryat writer Khotsa Namsaraev. The manuscript is an almost complete copy of the Ligdan Khan’s Kanjur presumably made in the late seventeenth to early eighteenth century in Beijing. The article presents a description, analysis and brief catalogue of Ulan-Ude manuscript Kanjur.

ALFONSO PECHA'S TREATISE ON THE ORIGINS OF THE GREAT SCHISM: WHAT AN INSIDER “SAW AND HEARD”

TheConscriptioof Alfonso Pecha that treats the origins of the Great Schism of the West has not attracted the attention it deserves. Alfonso Pecha was the confessor and trusted familiar of Cardinal Pedro de Luna at the time of the outbreak of the Schism and was well located to be minutely informed of events surrounding the fateful conclave of April 1378. Hence his detailed narrative, albeit explicitly written to promote the cause of Urban VI, is a very valuable source. Aside from recounting numerous lively conversations and depicting vivid scenes, it contains a report of a hitherto unknown mission in the summer of 1378 to King Charles V of France that probably resulted in emboldening the cardinals to break unanimously with Urban in a new election. Moreover, the Schism narrative constitutes only one of three parts of Alfonso'sConscriptio: the other two seek to prove Urban VI's legitimacy by means of supernatural visions and confirmations from canon law. By the analysis of diverse evidence the conclusion is reached that Alfonso Pecha composed theConscriptioin Genoa in 1386. The work was published by Franz Bliemetzrieder in 1909 on the basis of a single manuscript located in Basel. The present study with appended edition draws on a second complete manuscript copy located in Prague, particularly important for revealing the identity of the dedicatee, a councilor of Giangaleazzo Visconti. It also draws on a small portion of the text from a manuscript in Uppsala.

Psychosocial factors predicting risky sexual behaviour among long distance truck drivers in Lagos, Nigeria

Long distance truck drivers (LDTDs) have been identified as one of the groups at higher risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Understanding how certain social and psychological variables that have a strong theoretical basis contribute to sexual risk behaviour will guide in the implementation process of HIV risk-reduction intervention in the trucking population. In line with the conceptualisation of Information, Motivation and Behavioural skills model, we examined the extent that HIV knowledge, attitude towards condom use, peer support to condom use, perceived vulnerability to HIV/AIDS, and condom use self-efficacy will independently and jointly explain sexual risk behaviours of LDTDs in a haulage company in Lagos, Nigeria. A cross-sectional survey design was used and 154 drivers with ages ranging from 27 to 68 years (M = 44.03, SD = 8.82) completed copies of a questionnaire comprising demographics and measures of psychological variables. Psychological factors that included HIV knowledge, attitude towards condom use, perceived vulnerability to HIV/AIDS, peer support to condom use, and condom use self-efficacy significantly jointly predicted sexual risk behaviours (R2 = .59, F(5, 148) = 42.63; p < .05), by accounting for about 59% of the explained variance in sexual risk behaviours. Social factors that included age, number of years of education, number of wives, number of intercourses in the last three months, number of partners apart from primary partners, and number of weeks spent outside home significantly jointly predicted sexual risk behaviour (R2 = .15, F(6, 147) = 4.39; p < .05) by accounting for about 15% of the explained variance in sexual risk behaviour among the drivers. It is concluded that all the psychological and social factors examined as predictor variables could jointly play important roles in prevention intervention programmes for reducing sexual risk behaviours of LDTDs. Stakeholders should sensitise LDTDs on the need to realise that they are a high-risk group and are more vulnerable to HIV infection; thus, behaviour change is indispensable in their sexual relationships.

The Cloud Technology Double Live Data Center Information System Research and Design Based on Disaster Recovery Platform

In the current information age, usually the data resources are much higher than the value of the computer equipment itself. In recent years, with the rapid development of network technology, the formation of a high concentration of data stored in the network environment, the simplified data management, improve operational efficiency, reduce the cost of investment at the same time, the data security is experiencing more severe test. As a kind of data disaster recovery data security technology, through a complete copy of the data in real time to the disaster recovery center, in order to keep a copy of the basic means of providing a last line of defense for the security of the data. Since the disaster recovery started, people have made a lot of research, but there are still some problems first, as the diversification of the storage subsystem structure of infrastructure, so to build a disaster recovery system need to do a lot of personalized treatment followed by a single, storage technology has been unable to meet the needs of various industries on the disaster intensity of third and if the security of the backup data cannot be guaranteed, for sensitive confidential data, even worse than no backup. To solve the above problems, this paper related to the key technology of disaster recovery data backup based on virtual storage research, the main work is as follows. Based on the characteristics of storage technology in disaster tolerant system in the analysis, choose to use the virtual storage technology support as the basis of disaster recovery system to realize data backup, and through in-depth analysis of the virtual storage technology and its application status in the disaster recovery system, pointed out that the current application of virtual storage technology in disaster tolerant system in the challenge and the starting point of this article. Analysis of the structure of the internal computer system with virtual memory and the disaster recovery system based on the needs of the design of a virtual network storage model and disaster tolerant architecture based on this model. The advantages and disadvantages of three virtual memory mapping mechanism at present, designed for disaster recovery system virtual memory mapping mechanism and cache mechanism. On the basis of this mapping mechanism is established on data disaster tolerance strategy can be realized, and the upper user language abstraction, form a complete set of disaster recovery mechanism. Through a detailed analysis of the virtual disk transparent encryption mechanism, proposed the use of the mechanism to realize the transparent protection of backup data, combined with the characteristics of backup data, and optimized the virtual disk transparent encryption mechanism, focus on strengthening the management of keys, the encryption mechanism is analyzed on how the role of disaster recovery system. Quasi double live disaster recovery storage based cloud computing data center technology problems of the equipment malfunction need to manually switch the business system, business recovery time. In order to solve this problem, this paper uses Net App 3250 double live disaster recovery storage technology Metro Cluster to build a double live a real sense of cloud computing data center. When the double live data center renyiyitai main memory based equipment malfunction, another main memory automatically and quickly take over the business, to achieve zero down live migration, to ensure the continued operation of the business system, provide a solid guarantee for the information construction unit.

Anatomia przestępstwa. 25 lat minęło. Interesujący przypadek kradzieży książek i wykrycia zbrodni po latach

The 11th September 2003 was quite an ordinary working day in the Royal Library – at least for the first few hours in the morning. At approximately 11.00 a.m., however, I was interrupted by the telephone. A polite lady introduced herself as the rare book specialist from Christie’s in London. From a consignor she had received the following work for sale: Propalladia de Bartholome de Torres Naharro.Dirigida... Napoles: por Ioan Pasqueto de Sallo, Naples 1517. Her investigation of a critical edition of Torres Naharro’s works from 1943 had established that only two copies of this particular work were known to exist. One incomplete copy in the National Library of Spain in Madrid, and one complete copy in The Royal Library in Copenhagen. This puzzled the keeper of books at the auction company, and she was keen to know whether she had a historic sensation in her hands or simply a stolen book.

Dirk Schelte (1639-1714)

Abstract Dirk Schelte (1639-1714). The informal sociability and poetics of a rhymer Dirk Schelte was an Amsterdam jeweler who published in 1713 an enormous book of poetry, Rym-werken. The book is more or less an account in rhyme in various genres, such as letters, epithalamic poems or epigrams, of his relations with his family, friends, business contacts and colleagues, and as such a representative and at the same time extreme example of occasional poetry. He himself is the center of his attention and he tells with relish the larger or smaller events of his daily life. In this he is the tail-end of the so called anti-idealist poetics of e.g. Constantijn Huygens, whom he admired, and Jan Six van Chandelier. His style, however, is simple and focused on being easily understood. A son in law made a complete calligraphed copy of all Schelte’s poems, as a kind of family monument, thinking they would never be published, but soon after completion of that manuscript, now in the Leiden university library, Schelte decided to have his work printed after all. Because of the subjects, only interesting to direct relations, and the lack of poetic power, his work was soon forgotten or only remembered as a sample of what poetry should not be.

2 Baruch and the Syriac Codex Ambrosianus (7a1): Studying Old Testament Pseudepigrapha in Their Manuscript Context

This article presents three hypotheses that may shed light on the place of 2 Baruch in the Syriac Codex Ambrosianus, the sixth-/seventh-century Old Testament codex that contains the only known complete copy of 2 Baruch. Whereas scholars of 2 Baruch have generally treated this copy in isolation from the rest of the manuscript, using it primarily as a witness to the (hypothetical) early Jewish text, this essay approaches 2 Baruch as an integral part of the codex, exploring codicological elements, the order and organization of books, as well as paratextual features. Inspired by the perspective of New Philology, this article contributes to the ongoing discussions about the origins, transmission and transformation of the so-called Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, claiming the importance of studying them in the manuscript contexts in which they are copied. The article will also be a contribution to the further study of the Codex Ambrosianus and the engagement with 2 Baruch among Syriac Christians.

La Vita S. Adelelmi (BHL 71): primera edición completa del texto, transmitido en las Vitae sanctorum de Bernardo de Brihuega

The Vita s. Adelelmi (BHL 71) is a prose account of the Benedictine monk Adelelmus († 1097 ?), abbot of Chaise-Dieu (France), and Saint John of Burgos (Spain). It was written in the early XIIth century by Rodulfus of Chaise-Dieu in Burgos. The only known manuscript (Burgos, Monasterio de Cistercienses Calatravas de San Felices, s. n.) containing this work is mutilated but a complete copy of the text is preserved in the Vitae Sanctorum of Bernardo of Brihuega (MS Salamanca, BGHU, 2539). This paper analyses the corpus of Latin texts on St. Adelelmus and contains the first complete edition of the work written by Rodulfus of Chaise-Dieu.

Insolvency of Small Civil Engineering Firms: Critical Strategic Factors

Construction industry insolvency studies have failed to stem the industry’s high insolvency tide because many focus on big civil engineering firms (CEF) when over 90% firms in the industry are small or micro (S&M). This study thus set out to uncover insolvency criteria of S&M CEFs and the underlying factors using mixed methods. Using convenience sampling, storytelling method was used to execute interviews of 16 respondents from insolvent firms. Narrative and thematic analysis were used to extract 17 criteria under 2 groups. Criteria were used to formulate questionnaire of which 81 completed copies were received and analysed using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and relevance index score for reliability and ranking respectively. The five most relevant criteria are: economic recession, immigration, too many new firms springing up, collecting receivables and burden of sustainable construction. The 4 underlying factors established through factor analysis are: market forces, competence-based management, operations efficiency and other management issues and information management. The factors were in line with Mintzberg’s and Porters’ strategy theories. Results demonstrate that insolvency factors affecting big and small CEF can be quite different and sometimes, even opposite. This research will provide a unique resource on the ‘beware’ factors for potential owners of S&M CEF. The criteria are potential variables for insolvency prediction models for S&M CEFs.

Ta!kirah-i Khayr al-bayān: The Earliest Source on the Career and Poetry of Ṣā#ib Tabrīzī (d. ca. 1087/1676)

In this article, I describe a source which represents by far our earliest documentation of the career and poetry of Ṣāʾib Tabrīzī (d. ca. 1087/1676), and which has gone largely unaddressed in scholarship. It occurs in a still-unpublished biographical dictionary (taẕkirah) of poets entitled Khayr al-bayān, written by Malik Shāh Ḥusayn Sīstānī and known to survive in several manuscripts. The oldest, and possibly the only complete copy, is MS Or. 3397 at the British Library.1 Shāh Ḥusayn wrote this taẕkirah between 1017/1608–9 and 1036/1627; the section containing the notice on Ṣāʾib was added in 1035/1625–6. Signifcantly, Or. 3397 was copied in 1041/1631 by a scribe named Muḥammad Mīrak b. Khwājah Mīr Farāhī. This means that the text of the passage on Ṣāʾib dates to shortly after his emigration to Kabul (thence to India) in 1034/1624–5, while our manuscript dates to shortly before he left Kashmir to return to Iran in 1042/1632. The source thus falls entirely within the period of young Ṣāʾib’s seven-year adventure on the Indian Subcontinent, and represents a rare vignette of the beginning of an illustrious career. Since it is important that we treat taẕkirahs as valuable and multifaceted works in their own right, this article begins with an overview of the Khayr al-bayān (which has seen little use by researchers thus far) and basic information about its author. I then describe the material on Ṣāʾib in detail, including several important features of the manuscript itself. Finally, I review the implications of the text for Ṣāʾib’s biography, with particular regard to the origin of one of his nicknames, “Mustaʿidd Khān.” The source also has bearing on the study of his work, since eleven of his poems, quoted in the Khayr al-bayān, may now be dated to the earliest part of his career. This all comes at a time of growing academic and popular interest in Ṣāʾib, who is increasingly recognized as one of the preeminent ghazal poets of the classical tradition. To assist the reader in following the more detailoriented parts of this article, I append photographs of the relevant pages in Or. 3397.2

Magister Jacobus de Ispania, Author of the Speculum Musicae. By Margaret Bent

The surviving texts of medieval treatises, together with their ‘metadata’ (prohemiums, explicits, marginalia, etc.) are often the richest sources of information about their authors. Unfortunately, the ‘Jacobus’ who completed a monumental Speculum musicae in the 1320s is remarkably cagey about his identity, limiting himself to indicating in the Prohemium that his first name may be obtained by forming an acrostic from the first letters of each of the seven books that comprise the treatise. Alas, for a long time readers did not connect the litterae (albeit with at least one important exception cited below) and misread an explicit in the only complete manuscript copy of the Speculum, with the result that the treatise was attributed to Jacobus’s contemporary Johannes de Muris from the sixteenth to the twentieth centuries. It was only in the 1920s that the acrostic was finally resolved, pointing to ‘Jacobus’ as the author of the treatise. Passing references to liégeois chant melodies in the tonary of Book VI were taken to imply that Jacobus spent the final years of his life in Liège. This speculation led Roger Bragard to formulate a new one in the 1950s—namely, that because it was relatively common at that time to retire in one’s place of origin, Liège was also the likely city of Jacobus’s birth. Since then, the Speculum musicae has been generally ascribed to a ‘Jacques de Liège’ with more or less conviction, perhaps due to the lack of credible alternatives rather than to the strength of Bragard’s argument.