Complete 3D Model Research Articles

3D Modelling and Measuring Dam System of a Pellucid Tufa Lake Using UAV Digital Photogrammetry

The acquisition of the three-dimensional (3D) morphology of the complete tufa dam system is of great significance for analyzing the formation and development of a pellucid tufa lake in a fluvial tufa valley. The dam system is usually composed of the dams partially exposed above-water and the ones totally submerged underwater. This situation makes it difficult to directly obtain the real 3D scene of the dam system solely using an existing measurement technique. In recent years, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) digital photogrammetry has been increasingly used to acquire high-precision 3D models of various earth surface scenes. In this study, taking Wolong Lake and its neighborhood in Jiuzhaigou Valley, China as the study site, we employed a fixed-wing UAV equipped with a consumer-level digital camera to capture the overlapping images, and produced the initial Digital Surface Model (DSM) of the dam system. The refraction correction was applied to retrieving the underwater Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of the submerged dam or dam part, and the ground interpolation was adopted to eliminate vegetation obstruction to obtain the DEM of the dam parts above-water. Based on the complete 3D model of the dam system, the elevation profiles along the centerlines of Wolong Lake were derived, and the dimension data of those tufa dams on the section lines were accurately measured. In combination of local hydrodynamics, the implication of the morphological characteristics for analyzing the formation and development of the tufa dam system was also explored.

DIGAN: distillation model for generating 3D-aware Terracotta Warrior faces

Utilizing Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) to generate 3D representations of the Terracotta Warriors offers a novel approach for the preservation and restoration of cultural heritage. Through GAN technology, we can produce complete 3D models of the Terracotta Warriors’ faces, aiding in the repair of damaged or partially destroyed figures. This paper proposes a distillation model, DIGAN, for generating 3D Terracotta Warrior faces. By extracting knowledge from StyleGAN2, we train an innovative 3D generative network. G2D, the primary component of the generative network, produces detailed and realistic 2D images. The 3D generator modularly decomposes the generation process, covering texture, shape, lighting, and pose, ultimately rendering 2D images of the Terracotta Warriors’ faces. The model enhances the learning of 3D shapes through symmetry constraints and multi-view data, resulting in high-quality 2D images that closely resemble real faces. Experimental results demonstrate that our method outperforms existing GAN-based generation methods.

Effect of the Particle Size Distribution of the Ballast on the Lateral Resistance of Continuously Welded Rail Tracks

While the effect of ballast degradation on lateral resistance is noteworthy, limited research has delved into the specific aspect of ballast breakage in this context. This study is dedicated to assessing the influence of breakage on sleeper lateral resistance. For simplicity, it is assumed that ballast breakage has already occurred. Accordingly, nine granularity variations finer than No. 24 were chosen for simulation, with No. 24 as the assumed initial particle size distribution. Initially, a DEM model was validated for this purpose using experimental outcomes. Subsequently, employing this model, the lateral resistance of different particle size distributions was examined for a 3.5 mm displacement. The track was replaced by a reinforced concrete sleeper in the models, and no rails or rail fasteners were considered. The sleeper had a simplified model with clumps, the type of which was the so-called B70 and was applied in Western Europe. The sleeper was taken into consideration as a rigid body. The crushed stone ballast was considered as spherical grains with the addition that they were divided into fractions (sieves) in weight proportions (based on the particle distribution curve) and randomly generated in the 3D model. The complete 3D model was a 4.84 × 0.6 × 0.57 m trapezoidal prism with the sleeper at the longitudinal axis centered and at the top of the model. Compaction was performed with gravity and slope walls, with the latter being deleted before running the simulation. During the simulation, the sleeper was moved horizontally parallel to its longitudinal axis and laterally up to 3.5 mm in static load in the compacted ballast. The study successfully established a relationship between lateral resistance and ballast breakage. The current study’s findings indicate that lateral resistance decreases as ballast breakage increases. Moreover, it was observed that the rate of lateral resistance decrease becomes zero when the ballast breakage index reaches 0.6.

Multi-view 3D reconstruction of seedling using 2D image contour

3D reconstruction of seedling can provide comprehensive and quantitative spatial structure information, offering an effective digital tool for breeding research. However, accurate and efficient reconstruction of seedling is still a challenging work due to limited performance of depth sensor for seedling with small-size stem and unavoidable error for multi-view point cloud registration. Therefore, in this paper, we propose an accurate multi-view 3D reconstruction method for seedling using 2D image contour to constrain 3D point cloud. The rotation axis is calibrated and optimised by minimising point-to-contour distance between 2D image contour and projected exterior points from 3D point cloud. Then, to remove outliers and noise, we introduce the seedling mask of 2D image to constrained and delete projected outlier points of 3D model from corresponding view. Furthermore, we propose a residual-guided method to recognise missing region for 3D model and complete 3D model of small-size stem. Finally, we can obtain an accurate 3D model of seedling. The reconstruction accuracy is evaluated by average distance between projected contour of 3D model and 2D image contour of all views (0.3185 mm). Then, the phenotypic parameters were calculated from 3D model and the results are close to manual measurements (Plant height: R2 = 0.98, RMSE = 2.3 mm, rRMSE = 1.52%; Petioles inclination angle: R2 = 0.99, RMSE = 0.73°, rRMSE = 1.41%; Leaf area: R2 = 0.66, RMSE = 1.05 cm2, rRMSE = 7.63%; Leaf inclination angle: R2 = 0.99, RMSE = 1.01°, rRMSE = 1.72%; Stem diameter: R2 = 0.95, RMSE = 0.12 mm, rRMSE = 5.43%). Breeders can improve the selection of more resilient varieties and cultivars to different growing conditions starting from the dynamic analysis of their phenotype.

The Lorentz Force at Work: Multiphase Magnetohydrodynamics throughout a Flare Lifespan

The hour-long, gradual phase of solar flares is well observed across the electromagnetic spectrum, demonstrating many multiphase aspects, where cold condensations form within the heated post-flare system, but a complete 3D model is lacking. Using a state-of-the-art 3D magnetohydrodynamic simulation, we identify the key role played by the Lorentz force through the entire flare lifespan, and show that slow variations in the post-flare magnetic field achieve the bulk of the energy release. Synthetic images in multiple passbands closely match flare observations, and we quantify the role of conductive, radiative, and Lorentz force work contributions from flare onset to decay. This highlights how the non-force-free nature of the magnetic topology is crucial to trigger Rayleigh–Taylor dynamics, observed as waving coronal rays in extreme ultraviolet observations. Our C-class solar flare reproduces multiphase aspects such as post-flare coronal rain. In agreement with observations, we find strands of cooler plasma forming spontaneously by catastrophic cooling, leading to cool plasma draining down the post-flare loops. As there is force balance between magnetic pressure and tension and the plasma pressure in gradual-phase flare loops, this has potential for coronal seismology to decipher the magnetic field strength variation from observations.

Concrete Armour Unit Breakwater Physical Model Monitoring With 3D Modeling Tools

SEABIM® is a patented scan to BIM process that can generate a reliable and complete 3D model of a rubble-mound breakwater precast protective layer (Xbloc®, Accropode™, Core-loc™ etc.). Using computer vision techniques, the known 3D shape of the Concrete Armour Units (CAU) is detected in a high-resolution point cloud, which allows to obtain the position and orientation of each unit relative to the cloud. By superimposing 3D models produced from different scans at different dates, the movement of each block can then be quantified and represented as a vector. For natural riprap armours, a point cloud segmentation algorithm is applied. Each rock is identified, and then geometric characteristics of the armour can be computed (apparent rock diameters, placement density), and the movement between each scan can be monitored. This tool has been applied to numerous real-scale projects since 2019, both in the monitoring of newly built infrastructures and in the asset management phase (Aberdeen South Harbour, Calais port 2015, Nouvelle Route du Littoral etc...). Breakwater physical models in laboratories, in wave flumes or basins, also require monitoring of the movement of reduced-scale blocks between each wave series. With SEABIM® this movement can be computed with accuracy for each CAU, allowing for a consistent evaluation of the armour layer response to wave loads. The automatic block detection process can be launched on the point cloud from a survey of the initial physical model, obtained either by photogrammetry or LiDAR. Then a new survey is done after each wave series in order to create a sequence of 3D models. Those models can be compared by computing the displacement vectors of the centers of gravity of the units. The vectors can be visualized using color graded arrows within the 3D model. All the information can then be exported to a spreadsheet for further analysis. Using this technique, settlement, rocking and sliding effects can be identified. In this paper we will discuss in detail the adaptation of the survey techniques from real scale to laboratory projects (difference in scanning technique, scale effect on point cloud density etc.). Then we will explain the 3D modeling process and the applications of the 3D models for engineering analysis purposes.

Point Cloud Reduction Method Based on Curvature Grading and Voxel Filtering

In the context of automated assembly engineering based on reverse engineering in the aerospace field, redundant data will make it impossible to complete 3D model reconstruction efficiently and quickly, and point cloud data must be streamlined. A single simplification method cannot accurately retain the feature information of the scanned point cloud. Aiming at this background, a point cloud simplification method combining curvature grading and octree voxel filtering is introduced. The obtained curvature is divided into different levels by using the properties of logarithmic function, and the strong and weak feature points are distinguished. The weak feature points are filtered by octree voxel, and the filtered results are merged with the strong feature points to obtain the final streamlined results. This method is compared with the random sampling method and the point cloud simplification method combining 3D-SIFT feature extraction and voxel filtering. The experimental results show that this method not only greatly reduces the amount of data, but also preserves the local details of the original point cloud data, so as to achieve the purpose of efficiently compressing point cloud data.

In search of the glow—Three‐dimensional reconstruction of Latia neritoides with specific focus on the mantel cavity (Mollusca; Gastropoda; Hygrophila)

AbstractThe freshwater snail Latia neritoides occurs in certain streams and lakes of New Zealand's North Island. It defends itself against predators with a unique mechanism – the release of sticky, glowing mucus. Two possible origins of this defence mucus had earlier been suggested: the foot and the pneumostome area. After examining the glandular system of the foot in a previous study, in the present study we examined the general morphology of L. neritoides, focusing on the mantle cavity. With the first complete 3D model of L. neritoides now available, it is possible to evaluate previous morphological studies and to give non‐specialists a better understanding of the soft part anatomy of this fascinating gastropod. As a by‐product of this, we also compared the capabilities of μ‐CT and HREM on a methodological level. We characterized the two most common gland types in the mantel cavity (Lmcg1/Lmcg2) on the basis of their ultrastructure. They are present in large numbers and, therefore, regarded as likely candidates for being the producers of one or more components of the defence mucus. This notion was confirmed by histochemical analyses of Lmcg1 and Lmcg2 and other gland types in L. neritoides.

Recursive autoencoder network for prediction of CAD model parameters from STEP files

Databases of 3D CAD (computer aided design) models are often large and lacking in meaningful organisation. Effective tools for automatically searching for, categorising and comparing CAD models, therefore, have many potential applications in improving efficiency within design processes. This paper presents a novel asymmetric autoencoder model, consisting of a recursive encoder network and fully-connected decoder network, for the reproduction of CAD models through prediction of the parameters necessary to generate a 3D part design. Inputs to the autoencoder are STEP (standard for the exchange of product data) files, an ISO standard CAD model format, compatible with all major CAD software. A complete 3D model can be accurately reproduced using a STEP file, meaning that all geometric information can be used to contribute to the final encoded vector, with no loss of small detail.In a CAD model of overall size 10 × 10 × 10 units, for 90% of models, the class of an added feature is estimated with maximum error of 0.6 units, feature size with maximum error of 0.4 units and coordinate values representing position with maximum error of 0.3 units. These results demonstrate the successful encoding of complex geometric information, beyond merely the shape of the 3D object, with potential application in the design of search engine functionality.

A complete physical 3D model from first principles of vibrational-powered electromagnetic generators

The dynamic behavior of a vibrational electromagnetic generator using a magnetic levitation architecture was theoretically and experimentally studied in great detail, when operating under a wide range of three-dimensional excitations. We developed a complete rigorous physical model from first principles based on the theory of electrodynamics of continua, centered on the laws of electrodynamics and balance of mass, linear momentum, angular momentum, energy and entropy. Local electromagnetic and gravitational body forces, couples and powers were considered, and the surface tractions were divided into constraint and friction components, as well as those due to external mechanical energy sources. The balance of linear momentum, angular momentum and circuit equations resulted in up to 13 non-linear differential equations describing the dynamics of the levitating-magnet and container, relating input forces and torques with output displacement, constraint forces and voltage. The balance of energy yielded a consistent equivalence between the time rate of change of the internal kinetic and potential energies of the generator and the output power, associated with the external circuit, Ohmic losses and friction losses, as well as the input mechanical power being supplied to the system by the environment. Both the input and output powers were proven to tend to increase equally when operating the generator under resonant conditions. The levitating generator was shown to be sensitive to axial translational and centrifugal inertial forces, each one effectively resulting in a uni-stable or bi-stable system. The dynamical response yielded multiple initial conditions dependent steady-states, hysteretic frequency output and chaotic characteristics. Relevant guidelines to optimize the energy conversion efficiency of energy harvesters are provided. This model was validated by experimental tests, including general 3D motions combining translations and rotations: cross-correlations exceeding 90% were achieved. Such Newtonian and Langrangian modelling approaches hold great potential to be easily adapted to a wide range of other electromagnetic generators, with multiple degrees-of-freedom and operating under various environments, such that significant advances in energy technologies can be supported.

3D Modelling of Sanggrahan Temple Using UAV Imagery and Terrestrial Photogrammetry Method

As evidence of ancient Majapahit civilization existence, Sanggrahan Temple has been officially recognized as a cultural heritage building by Indonesian government in 2019. Sanggrahan temple is located in Boyolangu District, Tulungagung Regency, East Java. Conservation efforts in Sanggrahan temple have been done by BPK Wilayah XI Jawa Timur. Many parts of the temple have been damaged and are believed in different condition from its past original design. Therefore, a 3D documentation of Sanggrahan Temple needs to be carried out to provide sufficient data for future conservation efforts. The photogrammetry method which utilizes UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) and terrestrial imagery offers great efficiency in terms of fieldwork and cost. The technique applied close range photogrammetry for image-acquisition and Structure from Motion (SfM) processing. There are roughly 500 images captured for 3D modelling purposes. For georeferencing and geometric accuracy assessment, the Ground Control Point measurement was also carried out using GPS receiver and total station. The result show that the combination of aerial (UAV) and terrestrial images provide complete 3D model. The generated 3D model can provide architectural views of the temple from all sides which help architects and archaeologists to interpret architectural design and detail of the building. Accuracy assessment based on the coordinate measurement shows that the 3D model results meet the specified accuracy standard of 10 cm which is suitable for many architectural drawing applications.

SH-BAW devices with abnormal mass-loading effect for chemical sensing

Surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices are promising for chemical and biological sensing applications. This work studies the basic operating principles and the physical behaviors of the “Rayleigh”-SAW and the “Shear Horizontal (SH-)” bulk acoustic wave (BAW), particularly in relation to the chemisorption process. A complete 3D delay line SAW model is developed and performed by the finite element analysis, and a methodology was introduced for characterizing the transmission characteristics (S21) of these devices. Notably, our investigation unveils an intriguing phenomenon in the behavior of SH-BAW in response to loading mass. We observed an anomalous shift in the central frequency, which increases as the chemical adsorbate concentration rises. Leveraging these insights, we designed and constructed a SAW-based gas sensor, and the vinyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxane was synthesized for the detection of chloroform, a challenging pollutant to identify. Through a comparative study, we illustrate distinct responses of Rayleigh-SAW and SH-BAW devices to accumulated loading mass and gaseous contaminants. These experimental results validate and corroborate our simulations. This work demonstrates a unique mass-loading effect exhibited by SH-BAW devices, which differs from the existing theories. These findings offer the opportunity to refine and enhance models for accurately describing the functionality of delay line SAW sensors, thereby contributing to improved sensor reliability.

A Three-Dimensional Triangle Mesh Integration Method for Oblique Photography Model Data

Oblique photography 3D models are increasingly used in 3D modeling and visualization, urban planning and design, smart cities, smart mines, and other fields. To ensure that 3D models can be replaced and updated, it is necessary to deal with the model holes and incomplete areas caused by the incorrect matching of feature points in the modeling process. Moreover, in 3D models of the planning and management of certain mining areas or urban areas to be developed, regions can also be delineated for replacements and updates. Due to the unsatisfactory display effect of the manually modeled models used to replace and update, the authenticity of the model texture and the detail characteristics of the model triangle meshes cannot be guaranteed during integration. Therefore, this paper proposes a 3D model triangle mesh integration method for oblique photography data which integrates the real and complete 3D models used for replacement with the incomplete part or the part of the original model that needs to be replaced. The experimental results show that this method can integrate the original terrain model and the replacement model efficiently and quickly, the integrated model has no gap, and the display effect is good, effectively achieving model repair or model update and replacement.

ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE 3D MODELLING USING UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES MULTI-VIEW IMAGING

Abstract. Today, Architectural Heritage 3D models are created using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) imagery and processing through Computer Vision (CV) methods. They are becoming more acceptable as reliable sources for study, documentation, diagnostics, intervention planning, monitoring, and management decision-making. The Deir-e-Kaj caravanserai, located in Qom, Iran, is a massive and half-destroyed architectural heritage that belongs to the Seljuk era. The obstructed access due to illegal deep excavations and the extensive demolished structure did not allow for a complete mapping using traditional and terrestrial techniques. Considering the condition and vulnerability of the artifact, it looks necessary to use a safe, non-destructive, and remote method for 3D documenting. The literature review shows in most of the research UAVs are used for acquiring nadir images, which are combined with the terrestrially acquired data for complete 3D modelling. In this case, a multi-view UAV imaging strategy is considered for the as-is 3D modelling of Deire-e-Kaj. Three different imaging angles are designed and used to carry out the comprehensive and all-needed data acquisition. The nadir images are acquired to cover the plan and enclosure, and the horizontal and oblique images cover the façades and interior spaces of the artifact. Adopting a suitable photogrammetric process based on the SfM workflow allows for obtaining an accurate, high-quality, and textured 3D model of the caravanserai. Accuracy evaluation of the result using Ground Control Points shows a total accuracy of ±1 cm. This study demonstrates the efficiency of multi-view UAV photogrammetry as a rapid, safe, and precise method to create a complete 3D model of massive, hard-to-access, and vulnerable Architectural Heritage.

ANALYSIS OF WALLS AND PILLARS OF THE HYPOSTYLE HALL AT THE QH31 TOMB (ASWAN, EGYPT) BASED ON 3D MODELS

Abstract. This study describes the methodology developed and the results obtained about the geometric behaviour of walls and pillars of one of the most prominent rock-cut funerary structures of the Middle Kingdom period located in the Necropolis of Qubbet el-Hawa. More specifically, we selected the hypostyle hall of the QH31 hypogeum, one of the greatest in the Necropolis, to apply this methodology. The main objective is related to obtaining geometrical aspects of walls and pillars in order to understand the constructive procedure carried out almost four millennia ago. The methodology was based on photogrammetric and TLS surveys that allowed us to obtain a complete combined 3D model of the structure, geometrically contrasted and with real texture. From this product we obtained a high density point cloud, where some planes were fitted considering the walls and pillars that defined the structure. These planes were characterized by their normal vectors, which were used to analyse several geometric aspects such as inclinations, parallelism and perpendicularity. As results, we have obtained important information about the level of accuracy of the constructive procedure carried out by the ancient Egyptians. In this sense, the values obtained allow us to suggest and confirm several hypotheses about the construction of this hypogeum. The proposed methodology has demonstrated its feasibility for determining these geometric aspects of funerary structures through the analysis of the fitted planes obtained from the 3D model.

Creating a partial 3D model in selected biological areas using a small number of photographs

Currently, we are registering a great boom in computer technology, which allows us to use ICT techniques and procedures even in those areas in which it was not common. One such area is the creation of partial or complete realistic 3D models of real bodies in biology - in our case, trees or wood. Their great advantage is that they can capture various cases of growth deformations, interesting shapes or atypical formations. Many are temporary and unstable. An example can be a wood rotting fungus. These can then be studied outside the place of their growth and at the same time preserved for future comparisons. This leads to another possibility of their use in the educational process. We must also point out that a real 3D model with preserved dimensional proportions and true colors is a much better solution for studying than a classic photograph. We use photogrammetry to create 3D models. Its great advantage is that the 3D model is created from a series of photos that capture the part of the real object from which we want to create a partial 3D model. A classic touchscreen mobile phone is enough to get these photos. However, many problems and complications are associated with the creation of 3D models. It is not always possible to get quality photos. This can be caused by e.g. height, terrain or other obstacles. To obtain the desired partial 3D model, it is ideal if several conditions are met when obtaining photos, such as overlapping photos, sharpness, color, visible texture, etc. But in real cases it is not always possible to achieve this and therefore in our contribution we focus on the subsequent processing by which we can achieve our goal - even under the aforementioned unfavorable conditions to create a 3D model.

A Family of Approaches for Full 3D Reconstruction of Objects with Complex Surface Reflectance

3D reconstruction of general scenes remains an open challenge with current techniques often reliant on assumptions on the scene’s surface reflectance, which restrict the range of objects that can be modelled. Helmholtz Stereopsis offers an appealing framework to make the modelling process agnostic to surface reflectance. However, previous formulations have been almost exclusively limited to 2.5D modelling. To address this gap, this paper introduces a family of reconstruction approaches that exploit Helmholtz reciprocity to produce complete 3D models of objects with arbitrary unknown reflectance. This includes an approach based on the fusion of (orthographic or perspective) view-dependent reconstructions, a volumetric approach optimising surface location within a voxel grid, and a mesh-based formulation optimising vertices positions of a given mesh topology. The contributed approaches are evaluated on synthetic and real datasets, including novel full 3D datasets publicly released with this paper, with experimental comparison against a wide range of competing methods. Results demonstrate the benefits of the different approaches and their abilities to achieve high quality full 3D reconstructions of complex objects.

Dual-function depth camera array for inline 3D reconstruction of complex pipelines

Efficiently reconstructing dense, complete, and accurate 3D models of long and complex pipelines remains a challenging task. The complex pipelines often contain geometrically unknown curved segments that are difficult to reconstruct by the existing monocular or stereo camera-based approaches. This paper proposes a dual-function depth camera array (DF-DCA) based inline inspection (ILI) system for automated 3D reconstruction of underground pipelines that contain arbitrarily curved segments. This newly developed DCA system consists of a central-positioned depth camera for pipes routes estimation based on a reference-assisted vSLAM framework and four oblique-viewed depth cameras for pipe surface mapping. A subvolume-based approach is used to merge the RGBD sequences from the cameras to obtain an accurate 3D map of the pipeline without using DCA calibration. The results showed that the system can reconstruct high-quality 3D models of the pipes with <0.2% distance error for straight pipes, and with centimeter-level geometric accuracy for pipelines with both straight and curved sections.

Integration of multi-photos and laser scanner data to form a complete 3d model

Nowadays, laser scanners are widely used to get three-dimensional modeling, but sometimes some obstacles on the site or choosing the wrong scan width and the shadow areas due to different planes lead to the appearance of some gaps in the objective to be scanned. Mobile phone images (Conventional terrestrial photogrammetry technique) can be used to compensate for these missing data after transforming the image coordinates to ground coordinates. So, the main objective is to develop a technique to transform image coordinates to ground ones through the Direct Linear Transformation model (DLT) depending on a computer algorithm using the least-squares adjustment method. Four field experiments were made on AL-ASHRAFI QAITBAY . The obtained results showed that the putative technique can be applied to form a full 3D model with precision (11–22 mm) and it is compatible with the precision of a laser scanner.

Implant Model Generation Method for Mandibular Defect Based on Improved 3D Unet

The accurate reconstruction of a defective part of the mandible is a time-consuming task in maxillofacial surgery. In order to design accurate 3D implants quickly, a method for generating a mandibular defect implant model based on deep learning was proposed. First, an algorithm for generating a defective mandible 3D model randomly from a complete mandible 3D model was proposed due to the insufficiency of 3D models. Then a mandible 3D model dataset that consists of defective mandible 3D models and a complete mandible 3D model was constructed. An improved 3D Unet network that combines residual structure and dilated convolution was designed to generate a repaired mandibular model automatically. Finally, a mandibular defect implant model was generated using the reconstruction–subtraction strategy and was validated on the constructed dataset. Compared with the other three networks (3D Unet, 3D RUnet, and 3D DUnet), the proposed method obtained the best results. The Dice, IoU, PPV, and Recall for mandible repair reached 0.9873, 0.9750, 0.9850, and 0.9897, respectively, while those for implants reached 0.8018, 0.6731, 0.7782, and 0.8330. Statistical analysis was carried out on the experimental results. Compared with other methods, the P value of the method proposed in this paper was less than 0.05 for most indicators, which is a significant improvement.