Complementary Use Research Articles

The Earnings Management Strategy of Indebted Non-Listed Firms: The Case of Italy

Design/methodology/approach: For a sample of Italian non-listed firms that file full financial statements, we conduct a cross sectional regression analysis to determine whether the managers of indebted firms complement real activity-based (REM) with accrual-based (AEM) earnings management. To model each technique, we estimate OLS regressions with robust standard errors to avoid heteroscedasticity problems.Purpose: This research analyses whether the managers of highly indebted Italian non-listed firms, financed mainly by bank-loans, are likely to undertake real activity-based earnings management (REM) and accrual-based earnings management (AEM) as complementary activities to boost the impact of earnings management (EM) on reported earnings and achieve desired earnings targets.Findings: Consistent with the extant literature, we find that indebted firms are likely to complement REM with AEM to enhance their creditworthiness. We also provide evidence that high-quality audit companies constrain neither REM nor AEM initiatives. Finally, firms suffering from financial problems are less likely to engage in either initiative as they are under greater scrutiny from lenders.Originality: The paper investigates the complementary use of accrual-based and real activity-based earnings management techniques in non-listed firms, suffering from a high pressure from lenders in the case of indebtedness.Practical implications: This research should be of interest to banks, managers, and standard setters as it highlights the earnings management strategy employed by firms with a high leverage ratio and provides evidence on the relative costs associated with each earnings management technique.

Stress Measurement of Stainless Steel Piping Welds by Complementary Use of High-Energy Synchrotron X-rays and Neutrons

Probabilistic fracture mechanics (PFM) is increasingly recognized as a viable approach for evaluating the structural integrity of nuclear components, such as piping, primarily affected by stress corrosion cracking (SCC). PFM analysis requires several input parameters, among which welding residual stress is critically important due to its significant influence on SCC initiation and propagation. Recently, a novel technique involving a double-exposure method (DEM) utilizing synchrotron X-rays was introduced as an effective means for measuring welding residual stress with high spatial resolution. In this paper, we applied DEM to assess the residual stress of a plate specimen, which was extracted from a welded pipe through electrical discharge machining. Consequently, detailed stress maps under a plane stress state were generated. Additionally, the residual stress distributions in the welded pipe under a triaxial stress state were evaluated using neutron diffraction. Based on these findings, we proposed a methodology to acquire detailed stress maps of welded pipes by combining high-energy synchrotron X-rays and neutron diffraction.

Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use and Its Determinant Factors in Iranian Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients

Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are the most common chronic diseases with a high global burden of disease. Today, the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) has become more popular. In general, in developing countries, easy access and low cost of traditional medicine, and in developed countries, more access to health information, the prevalence of old age and the increase in chronic diseases are the reasons for this increasing use of traditional medicine. This study aimed to determine the rate and pattern of CAM used and their relationships with demographic characteristics among asthmatic and COPD patients. This research was a cross-sectional study performed on asthma and COPD patients (n=357) referring to the Pulmonary Diseases affiliated with Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran from 2019 to 2020. Data were collected by using semi-structured questionnaires including open and closed questions and face-to-face interviews. Three hundred and thirty-nine patients (95%) used at least one type of CAM in the last year of study. About half of the patients (49.9%) used more than two types of CAM during the last 12 months. Three hundred and four patients (85.2%) used medicinal plants. Few patients reported with the use of CAM to their physician or health care providers (16.1%, 12.5%, and 16.7% of the users of medicinal plants, bloodletting, and dry cupping respectively). Relatives and friends (77.9%) were with the most common sources of recommendation of CAM to the patients. The present study showed the high prevalence of using different types of CAM, especially herbal medicines in Iranian asthmatic and COPD patients. The main incentive for using CAM was for friends and family members, not health care providers. The use of CAM is associated with age patients age, family size, habitat, education, and occupation.

Use of complementary medicine and its association with SARS-CoV-2 vaccination during the COVID-19 pandemic: a longitudinal cohort study.

Patients are increasingly using and requesting complementary medicine therapies, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, it remains unclear whether they use them in conjunction with conventional medicine or to replace vaccination or other approaches and whether they discuss them with their physicians as part of shared decision-making. This study aimed to evaluate the use and initiation of complementary medicine during the COVID-19 pandemic, focusing on the association between complementary medicine use and COVID-19 vaccination status. This study is a part of the longitudinal cohort of the CoviCare program, which follows all outpatients tested for COVID-19 at the Geneva University Hospitals. Outpatients tested for COVID-19 were contacted 12 months after their positive or negative test between April and December 2021. Participants were asked about their vaccination status and if they had used complementary medicine in the past 12 months. Complementary medicine use was defined based on a specific list of therapies from which participants could choose the options they had used. Logistic regression models adjusting for age, sex, education, profession, severe acute respiratory system coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, and pre-existing conditions were used to evaluate the association between being unvaccinated and complementary medicine use. SARS-CoV-2 infection status was evaluated for effect modification in the association between being unvaccinated and complementary medicine use. This study enrolled 12,246 individuals (participation proportion = 17.7%). Their mean age was 42.8 years, 59.4% were women, and 63.7% used complementary medicine. Complementary medicine use was higher in women, the middle-aged, and those with a higher education level, a SARS-CoV-2 infection, or pre-existing comorbidities. A third of cases initiated complementary medicine therapies as prevention against COVID-19. Being unvaccinated was associated with complementary medicine use (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.22 [1.09-1.37]), and more specifically when these therapies were used for COVID-19 prevention (aOR 1.61 [1.22-2.12]). Being unvaccinated was associated with the use of zinc (aOR 2.25 [1.98-2.55]), vitamin D (aOR 1.45 [1.30-1.62]), and vitamin C (aOR 1.59 [1.42-1.78]), and more specifically when these therapies were used for COVID-19 prevention. Only 4% of participants discussed using complementary medicine with their primary care physicians. While complementary medicine is increasingly used, it is rarely discussed with primary care physicians. Complementary medicine use, especially for COVID-19 prevention, is associated with COVID-19 vaccination status. Communication between physicians, patients, and complementary medicine therapists is encouraged to facilitate a truly holistic approach to making a shared decision based on the best available information.

Prevalence and Determinants of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) Use Among Subjects with Diabetes Mellitus (DM) in a Tertiary Institution in South East Nigeria

Background: There is limited data on the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) among patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) in Nigeria. This study aims to examine the prevalence, types, and determinants of CAM use among T2DM patients in Southeast Nigeria.
 Methods: This is a cross-sectional study of 250 diabetic patients who attended the DM clinic in a tertiary institution in South East Nigeria. Each participant completed a questionnaire which had sections on demography, diabetes-related information, and CAM use details. Data collated was analyzed using SPSS version 26.0 for windows.
 Results: The prevalence of CAM use in this study was 34%. After adjustment; the logistic regression results showed that CAM use was significantly associated with age, and place of residence. The most commonly used type of CAM by participants were bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) (56.5%), followed by bitter cola (Garcinia kola) (47%), scent leaf (African basil) (40%), moringer (20%), utazi (Gongronema latifolium) 17.7%), and aloe vera (7.1%) before the rest. The majority of CAM users were referred to use CAM by friends (68.2%), family members (25.9%), or media (14.1%). Most subjects (75.5%) used CAM concurrently with orthodox medications and only 32.9%% knew the constituents of the CAM they were using. However, gender, marital status, occupation, educational level, income, and DM duration did not significantly associate with CAM use in this study.
 Key words. Complementary and Alternative Medicine. Diabetes Mellitus
 Conclusions: The prevalence of CAM use was high among diabetics. Further studies to isolate and purify the constituents responsible for the anti-glycemic activity of each compound may be needed in the future.

Symptom clusters associated with complementary and alternative medicine use by cancer patients: A cross-sectional study.

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is a commonly used approach among cancer patients, with a reported prevalence of 14.8 to 73.1% depending on multiple factors. Even though a typical patient-reported reason for using CAM is symptom control, no conclusive evidence could be established for specific symptoms being a predictor for CAM use. Symptom clusters are a novel approach for assessing a multidimensional symptom burden, reflecting the impact of diseases on the patient's quality of life and considering the tendency of symptoms to occur in groups. A single-center cross-sectional study on cancer patients during oncological or palliative care was conducted to identify socio-demographical and clinical characteristics, including symptom clusters of CAM users and non-users. Symptom clusters were defined using latent profile analysis, and multivariable analyses were performed to assess significant factors influencing CAM use. Of 171 cancer patients in this study, 63.7% used CAM alongside oncological treatment or palliative care. The most common CAM therapies were biological and physical therapies, including homeopathy (30.3%), supplements (27.4%), herbs (26.6%), massage (24.8%), and acupuncture (22.0%). Four distinct symptom clusters were identified, of which the cluster drowsiness-depression-anxiety was associated with a 3.83-fold increased chance of using CAM compared to low-symptomatic cancer patients. Multivariate analysis did not show any additional significant predictors of socio-demographical factors. Using the concept of symptom clusters revealed a significant predictor for CAM use, suggesting to be a more conclusive method for assessing symptom burden in cancer patients. In addition, understanding why and how cancer patients turn to CAM can enhance the quality of multidisciplinary communication about its use.

FLOOD MAPPING IN MOUNTAINOUS AREAS USING SENTINEL-1 & 2 DATA AND GLCM FEATURES

Abstract. Flooding events have been frequently observed throughout the world and may have devastating effects on the environment. Mapping of flood extent is important for taking the necessary mitigation measures for future. The freely available Sentinel-1 radar and Sentinel-2 optical images allow analysis of flood extent with adequate spatial resolution. However, temporal resolution may be insufficient, and currently only events with the suitable satellite orbital passes can be analyzed with Sentinel sensors. In addition, clouds are often in scene during and shortly after a flood event, which hinders the use of optical imagery. Here, we investigated the complementary use of Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 data with a land cover classification approach based on random forest over a part of northern Türkiye, which frequently confronts floods and landslides. We expanded the feature set with principal components (PC) of gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) variables obtained from Sentinel-1 polarization and Sentinel-2 spectral bands, and also the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and modified normalized difference water index (MNDWI) images produced from the optical data. The training and test data were manually extracted from pre- and post-event optical data. The findings demonstrated that using GLCM PCs significantly increased the overall accuracy (OA = 99% with GLCM and OA = 93% without GLCM) of the classification. Furthermore, the flooded vegetation differs in textural features when compared with the other inundated surfaces, and also permanent water. Therefore, by allowing the separation of flooded vegetation and the other flooded areas, the GLCM data considerably increased the map quality.

Perspective of adults in Saudi Arabia toward complementary and alternative medicine use for autism spectrum disorder: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundAutism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a high-prevalence neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by communicational, social, and behavioral challenges. Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is a group of practices and products that fall outside the realm of conventional medicine practiced worldwide. Traditional CAM is a health practice that comes from a particular culture, such as the use of Zamzam water and black seeds in Saudi Arabia. CAM comprises widely utilized practices in Saudi Arabia for children of various ages and adults. In many cases, CAM is used to treat ASD. The aim of this study is to investigate the perspectives of adults in Saudi Arabia toward CAM for treating ASD.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted by distributing an online questionnaire to adults in different regions of Saudi Arabia.ResultsA total of 4,311 adults participated in this study; 66.8% were females and 33.2% were male. Half of the participants reported that they knew about ASD (54.7%). More than half of the participants indicated that CAM—including art therapy (69.0%), physical exercise (67.0%), and limiting the use of electronic (55.4%)—could help in ASD management. Around half of the respondents indicated a belief that traditional treatment cannot help in treating ASD (53.9%). Only 20.0% of the respondents thought that ASD could be entirely treated using CAM therapies. The most common source of knowledge about CAM was social media and the internet (58.6%).ConclusionsThe majority of participants in this study did not believe that ASD could be treated entirely using CAM. In addition, fewer than half of the participants believed that CAM therapies could improve different aspects of ASD, such as behavioral issues. The study highlighted the need for awareness among residents of Saudi Arabia regarding specific treatments for ASD.

Techno-economic assessment of integrated NH3-power co-production with CCS and energy storage in an LNG regasification terminal

Energy efficiency and carbon capture and storage (CCS) are two key levers to attain global warming targets. Integration of various industrial and energy processes as well as complementary use of fuels with low carbon intensity such as natural gas with renewable sources will enable to mitigate environmental impacts in a cost competitive manner. This study proposes one such opportunity through integration of LNG cold exergy utilization for liquid N2 energy storage during regasification coupled to a novel NH3-electricity co-production scheme with CCS. A techno-economic benchmarking between standalone NH3 production process with net electricity imports (Case A), an integrated co-production solution (Case B) and non-integrated co-production plant with a standard combined cycle for power generation (Case C) is performed. Base economic assumptions are a natural gas price of 6.5 €/ton, CO2 tax of 100 €/ton, NH3 selling price of 400 €/ton and electricity average price of 80 €/MWh. At varying power generation capacity factors CFEl ranging from 30 to 50%, the electricity price premium required by the co-production schemes to break even with Case A is 2.5–9.9 €/MWh lower for Case B compared to Case C, with a premium as low as 12.9 €/MWh at 50% CFEl for the former when 2 days' worth of energy storage capacity is constructed. Thus, integration improves economic competitiveness for short storage times, applicable to regions with reliable year-round solar resources. However, the competitive advantage disappears when storage periods longer than one week are considered, such as power systems with high wind shares or seasonal solar availability.

Evaluation of thirst severity, death anxiety, and complementary and supportive therapy use as predictors of urinary incontinence-related quality of life in older adults.

This correlational survey study aimed to evaluate thirst severity, death anxiety, and the use of complementary and supportive therapy as predictors of urinary incontinence-related quality of life in older adults. The study included 368 participants aged 60 or older. Data were collected by face-to-face interviews using a participant information form, the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Short Form (ICIQ-SF), Visual Analog Scale for thirst severity, Death Anxiety Scale, a modified version of the Mini Mental State Examination, and questions about their use of complementary and supportive therapies. The participants had a mean age of 70.5 ± 6.9years (54.9% female). Mean ICIQ-SF score was significantly correlated with daytime frequency of urine leakage and thirst severity score. Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that thirst severity was a significant predictor of urinary incontinence-related quality of life. Most of the older adults said they had never used complementary or supportive therapies for urinary incontinence. Thirst severity should be assessed in older adults with urinary incontinence in addition to other factors that may affect ICIQ-SF scores.

Combination of computational new approach methodologies for enhancing evidence of biological pathway conservation across species

The ability to predict which chemicals are of concern for environmental safety is dependent, in part, on the ability to extrapolate chemical effects across many species. This work investigated the complementary use of two computational new approach methodologies to support cross-species predictions of chemical susceptibility: the US Environmental Protection Agency Sequence Alignment to Predict Across Species Susceptibility (SeqAPASS) tool and Unilever's recently developed Genes to Pathways – Species Conservation Analysis (G2P-SCAN) tool. These stand-alone tools rely on existing biological knowledge to help understand chemical susceptibility and biological pathway conservation across species. The utility and challenges of these combined computational approaches were demonstrated using case examples focused on chemical interactions with peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (PPARα), estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1), and gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit alpha (GABRA1). Overall, the biological pathway information enhanced the weight of evidence to support cross-species susceptibility predictions. Through comparisons of relevant molecular and functional data gleaned from adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) to mapped biological pathways, it was possible to gain a toxicological context for various chemical-protein interactions. The information gained through this computational approach could ultimately inform chemical safety assessments by enhancing cross-species predictions of chemical susceptibility. It could also help fulfill a core objective of the AOP framework by potentially expanding the biologically plausible taxonomic domain of applicability of relevant AOPs.

Improved GSA Method Based on Deep Convolutional Features

With the rapid development of remote sensing platforms, sensors and other technologies, remote sensing, as an important technical means of collecting information on land cover and its changes, plays an important role in land cover classification and dynamic monitoring. Due to the limitation of the imaging mechanism of in-orbit optical remote sensing sensors, it is difficult for to take into account both spatial resolution and spectral resolution. There is a need for complementary use of different sensor images and to improve the accuracy of feature interpretation. In this study, based on the Gram-Schmidt Adaptive (GSA) and its classical extension, a neural network-based multi-source remote sensing image fusion method is proposed by combining the U-Net coding and decoding structure with the Non-Local spatial attention mechanism. Using two sets of experimental datasets, three kinds of fusion evaluation metrics without reference and three kinds of fusion evaluation metrics with reference, the improved method and the existing fusion method are compared.

Complementary use of atom probe tomography (APT) and differential hall effect metrology (DHEM) for activation loss in phosphorus-implanted polycrystalline silicon

The objectives of this study are to explore the activation ratios of implanted phosphorus dopants in polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si), and to reveal the role of grain boundary segregation in incomplete activation using atom probe tomography (APT) and differential Hall effect metrology (DHEM). After implantation and rapid thermal annealing, the results of APT revealed pronounced segregation toward grain boundaries that provides rapid diffusion paths for phosphorus. Peak concentrations of phosphorus segregations in the grain boundaries of the regrown and non-regrown regions were measured to be 4.38E21 and 2.17E21 atoms/cm³ that correspond to activation ratios of 6 % and 1 %, respectively. In contrast, phosphorus concentrations within grain interiors were found to be 6.86E20 and 1.72E19 atoms/cm³, corresponding to activation ratios of 39 % and nearly 100 % in the regrown and non-regrown regions, respectively. This research highlights a novel approach for evaluating site-specific activation ratios in poly-Si through the integrated use of DHEM and APT.

A hybridized mechano-electroporation technique for efficient immune cell engineering

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Partitioning blue and green water sources of evapotranspiration using the water evaluation and planning (WEAP) model

Abstract Understanding agricultural water use by sources such as rainwater (green water) or irrigation water (blue water) is vital to manage scarce freshwater resources. Tracing sources of evapotranspiration increases water management efficiency. This study proposes a two-bucket soil moisture water balance approach to trace sources of evapotranspiration over irrigated landscapes in the Awash Basin, Ethiopia, which is modeled in the water evaluation and planning model. Algorithms are devised to separate actual evapotranspiration into blue and green sources. The results showed annual basin renewable water of 15.78 BCM in the form of streamflow (4.65 BCM), stored water (3.54 BCM), and groundwater percolation (7.59 BCM). Annual actual evapotranspiration over irrigated landscapes was 805 MCM, which was separated as blue evapotranspiration (88.4%) and green evapotranspiration (11.6%). The findings also demonstrate that blue evapotranspiration predominantly occurs during dry months, indicating heavy reliance on stored water for irrigated landscapes. Subbasin-level analyses showed varying blue/green evapotranspiration patterns based on precipitation and irrigated agriculture. Irrigation accounted for less than 3% of the streamflow in upstream basins, while midstream and downstream basins utilized up to 30 and 70%, respectively. The complementary use of rainfall and irrigation in most parts of the basin is considered to be of interest to water managers.

The prevalence and pattern of complementary and alternative medicine use among cancer patients in a tertiary oncology center: a cross-sectional study.

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is widely used nationally and internationally for multiple medical conditions, including different stages of cancer. It is used by the patients for multiple purposes, including to cure diseases or resolve symptoms, as patients have the misconception that natural remedies are safer than radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The aim of this research is to investigate the prevalence, pattern, and purpose of CAM use by cancer patients at Princess Noorah Oncology Center (PNOC), King Abdulaziz Medical City, in Jeddah (KAMC-JD). This was a cross-sectional study that examined 293 patients (selected through random computerized sampling) who were seen at PNOC during the study period. To be eligible for the study, participants had to be cancer patients over the age of 18 who were seen at PNOC. The authors excluded patients who had privacy requests or did not fit our inclusion criteria. Of the sample, 52.9% [95% confidence interval (CI), 47.0-58.7] used CAM. Only 5.8% of patients delayed their medical treatment to use CAM. A significantly higher proportion of females used CAM than males (61.8% vs. 40.0%, P<0.001). The most common types of CAM were Zamzam water (67.7%), Quran recitation (42.6%), water read upon Quran (41.3%), and black seed (Nigella sativa) (41.3%). The most frequently reported reasons for CAM use were to treat cancer (53.5%), increase immunity (34.2%), and religious beliefs (23.9%). Generally, 57.4% of CAM users felt improvement with CAM modalities. In conclusion, more than 50% of our sample used CAM; 5.8% of patients delayed the medical treatment to use CAM. The most common type of CAM was Zamzam water, and the most frequently reported reason for CAM use was to treat cancer. Of CAM users, 57.4% felt improvement with CAM modalities. Further studies that involve qualitative designs and include a more diverse sample are recommended in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to understand CAM utilization patterns.

Multi-Institutional Analysis of Cancer Patient Exposure, Perceptions, and Trust in Information Sources Regarding Complementary and Alternative Medicine.

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use during cancer treatment is controversial. We aim to evaluate contemporary CAM use, patient perceptions and attitudes, and trust in various sources of information regarding CAM. A multi-institutional questionnaire was distributed to patients receiving cancer treatment. Collected information included respondents' clinical and demographic characteristics, rates of CAM exposure/use, information sources regarding CAM, and trust in each information source. Comparisons between CAM users and nonusers were performed with chi-squared tests and one-way analysis of variance. Multivariable logistic regression models for trust in physician and nonphysician sources of information regarding CAM were evaluated. Among 749 respondents, the most common goals of CAM use were management of symptoms (42.2%) and treatment of cancer (30.4%). Most CAM users learned of CAM from nonphysician sources. Of CAM users, 27% reported not discussing CAM with their treating oncologists. Overall trust in physicians was high in both CAM users and nonusers. The only predictor of trust in physician sources of information was income >$100,000 in US dollars per year. Likelihood of trust in nonphysician sources of information was higher in females and lower in those with graduate degrees. A large proportion of patients with cancer are using CAM, some with the goal of treating their cancer. Although patients are primarily exposed to CAM through nonphysician sources of information, trust in physicians remains high. More research is needed to improve patient-clinician communication regarding CAM use.

Complementary medicine use in cancer patients receiving intravenous antineoplastic treatment

ObjectiveComplementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use has grown considerably, although there is little research on the topic in Spain. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of complementary medicine use in adult cancer patients at the same time as they were receiving conventional treatment in a Spanish referral cancer centre. MethodAn observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted in the Ambulatory Treatment Unit during 2 consecutive weeks in March 2015. Adult patients who were receiving intravenous chemotherapy were included. Study variables were obtained from a questionnaire and medical records. Results316 patients were included. 32.3% of the patients reported complementary medicine use during this period and 89% were ingesting products by mouth, herbs and natural products being the most commonly used. 81% of patients started to use complementary medicine after diagnosis, and family/friends were the main source of information. 65% of the patients reported improvements, especially in their physical and psychological well-being. Significant predictors of CAM use were female gender (P=0.028), younger age (P<0.001), and secondary education (P=0.009). Conclusions: A large proportion of cancer patients receiving intravenous chemotherapy also use complementary medicine, which they mainly take by mouth. Due to the risk of chemotherapy-CAM interactions, it is important for health-professionals to keep abreast of research on this issue, in order to provide advice on its potential benefits and risks.

South African Manufacturing: The challenge of growth with jobs

This paper evaluates South African manufacturing performance over 25 years. It reports the evolution of five basic variables: employment, mark-ups, exports, domestic sales, and investment, using an aggregated sample of firms from a reliable business database. The approach differs from other economic models by the complementary use of management perceptions in estimated equations.The results reinforce some previous findings; for example, wage pressure tends to constrain domestic sales while the relative wage incentivizes capital investment. The exchange rate matters for exports and investment is constrained by skill shortages. Other findings add evidence to contested issues such as the importance of the interest rate level for investment and exchange rate stability for export growth.Relationships between key variables can help to identify growth constraints and the potential for manufacturing jobs. In particular, the lack of transmission from exports to employment or to domestic sales and the response of the mark-up to investment suggest institutional failures in coordinating market activity.

Lava flow daily monitoring: the case of the 19 September–5 October 2022 eruption at Piton de la Fournaise

Taking prompt and effective actions to mitigate risks associated with an effusive eruption greatly depends on the monitoring of lava flow emplacement. Here we report on the monitoring of the lava flow emplaced during the 19 September to 05 October 2022 eruption at Piton de la Fournaise (La Réunion) that involves an unprecedentedly large data set acquired using multiple techniques and sensors. These include aerial photogrammetry to construct digital surface models and define lava flow geometry during and after emplacement. Complementary use of multiple satellite sensors (visible, infrared, and radar) allowed lava flow field contour definition and an estimation of time-averaged discharge rate with daily frequency. Evolution of the eruptive cone morphology was also monitored through aerial photogrammetry and radar multi-viewing angle imagery. This combination of data obtained from several institutes and using various techniques—from ground, air and space—allowed detailed tracking of lava flow advance and serves as an example for future eruptions at Piton de La Fournaise and at other active volcanic sites.