Complementary Situation Research Articles

Proton-pumping rhodopsins promote the growth and survival of phytoplankton in a highly variable ocean.

Proton-pumping rhodopsins (PPRs) utilize sunlight to produce cellular energy. They are widely distributed in marine phytoplankton and were recently shown to occur in the vacuolar membrane of a marine diatom, making the vacuole a second light transducing organelle. Of course, the first, the chloroplast, is where photosynthesis occurs. However, the two light-driven sources of cellular energy are quite different and, in many ways, complement one another. Photosynthesis works best at low to intermediate light intensities, and is inhibited at high light, while PPR is predicted to work best at high light intensities. And photosynthetic rates decrease with decreasing temperature and are subject to iron limitation, while PPR photochemistry is not directly limited by iron, and is unaffected by temperature. Thus, the two phototrophic systems are favored under different sets of conditions. Placing PPR in the vacuole may benefit this complementary situation where one or the other phototrophic process is favored depending on the environmental conditions. And here, the presence of PPR in the vacuole may be especially beneficial for growth and survival as that organelle often acts as a storage site for cellular energy in the form of the phosphate anhydride bonds of polyphosphates. We hypothesize that this complementary behavior, along with the ability to store excess energy produced by PPR in the vacuole as high energy polyphosphates, represents an important survival strategy in the ocean, where light, iron levels, and temperature vary widely on a variety of spatial and temporal scales.

Complementary Food Situation in Sierra Leone: Nutritional Problems and Possible Strategies—A Review

Complementary Food Situation in Sierra Leone: Nutritional Problems and Possible Strategies—A Review

The role of the in-plane solidity on canopy flows

Turbulent open channel flows developing above submerged canopies made of slender cylinders mounted perpendicular to the channel bed are known to be largely governed by the solidity parameter$\lambda =dh/\Delta S^2$($d$and$h$being the diameter and height of the filament, and$\Delta S$the average spacing between filaments). When the filaments are sufficiently slender, the ratio between the height of the stems and the spacing sets the hydrodynamic regime developing inside and outside the canopy. This ratio also establishes the conditions leading to the transition from a dense to a sparse canopy flow regime (Nepf,Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., vol. 44, 2012, pp. 123–142). In a previous, companion numerical investigation, Montiet al.(J. Fluid Mech., vol. 891, 2020, A9) used large eddy simulation (LES) to study the influence of the canopy height on the onset of the different regimes without modifying the average spacing$\Delta S$between the stems. In that LES study, we were looking at the complementary situation in which the height of the stems is constant while the filaments’ number density of the canopy is changed. It was found that for low values of$\lambda$(i.e. sparse or moderately dense canopies:$\lambda \lessapprox 0.26$), the flows sharing the value of the solidity obtained by either varying$h$or$\Delta S$are very similar. Differently, for higher values of$\lambda$(i.e. in denser canopies), the effects of$h$and$\Delta S$start to diverge although sharing the same nominal value of$\lambda$. In this paper, we analyse the different physical mechanisms that come into play for dense configurations obtained by varying either$\Delta S$or$h$. In particular, we focus on the most relevant length scales and carry out a detailed analysis of the flows using a triple decomposition approach. We show that the inner region of dense canopy flows, characterised by tall stems, is dominated by wall-normal sweeps delivering high momentum in the wall vicinity. Here, the impenetrability condition of the bed redistributes the available momentum in the wall-parallel directions re-energising an otherwise stagnating flow. Differently, in densely packed canopies, the penetration of the outer jet and the momentum transfer from the external flow are limited by the decreasing value of the wall-parallel permeabilities leading to different behaviours, including a reduction of the total drag offered by the canopy.

Non-solvable groups whose character degree graph has a cut-vertex. II

Let G be a finite group, and let $$\textrm{cd}(G)$$ denote the set of degrees of the irreducible complex characters of G. Define then the character degree graph $$\Delta (G)$$ as the (simple undirected) graph whose vertices are the prime divisors of the numbers in $$\textrm{cd}(G)$$ , and two distinct vertices p, q are adjacent if and only if pq divides some number in $$\textrm{cd}(G)$$ . This paper continues the work, started in [8], toward the classification of the finite non-solvable groups whose degree graph possesses a cut-vertex, i.e. a vertex whose removal increases the number of connected components of the graph. While, in [8], groups with no composition factors isomorphic to $$\textrm{PSL}_{2}(t^a)$$ (for any prime power $$t^a\ge 4$$ ) were treated, here we consider the complementary situation in the case when $$t$$ is odd and $$t^a> 5$$ . The proof of this classification will be then completed in the third and last paper of this series [7] that deals with the case $$t=2$$ .

Impact of business environment on innovation and entrepreneurship in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area

Since the implementation of the development strategy of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, the state has attached great importance to improving the business environment Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the impact of business environment on the entrepreneurial intention of college students in the context of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area. This research mainly uses questionnaire and interview to collect data, and Regression Analysis to screen and calculate the data. Basing on the coefficient caused by different quartiles, analyzing the degree of entrepreneurial intention of college students caused by different factors. Drawing the conclusion that There exists Law of diminishing marginal utility in policy perspective . The tripartite cooperation between Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macau has resulted in a complementary situation within the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Areat , resulting in Pareto improvement, and young people from Hong Kong and Macau are gradually willing to go inland to start their own businesses, etc. Therefore, in order to enhance the impact of business environment on the entrepreneurial willingness of college students, we offer the suggestion that building a platform for entrepreneurship in Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao, and strengthen the interconnection between the three places. Improve entrepreneurial policies and institutional systems, provide entrepreneurial financing support and ease the pressure on entrepreneurial cash flow, etc.

Impact of business environment on innovation and entrepreneurship in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area

Since the implementation of the development strategy of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, the state has attached great importance to improving the business environment Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the impact of business environment on the entrepreneurial intention of college students in the context of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area. This research mainly uses questionnaire and interview to collect data, and Regression Analysis to screen and calculate the data. Basing on the coefficient caused by different quartiles, analyzing the degree of entrepreneurial intention of college students caused by different factors. Drawing the conclusion that There exists Law of diminishing marginal utility in policy perspective . The tripartite cooperation between Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macau has resulted in a complementary situation within the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Areat , resulting in Pareto improvement, and young people from Hong Kong and Macau are gradually willing to go inland to start their own businesses, etc. Therefore, in order to enhance the impact of business environment on the entrepreneurial willingness of college students, we offer the suggestion that building a platform for entrepreneurship in Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao, and strengthen the interconnection between the three places. Improve entrepreneurial policies and institutional systems, provide entrepreneurial financing support and ease the pressure on entrepreneurial cash flow, etc.

Water ecological footprint size, depth and its spatial pattern correlation in the “Four-city Area in Middle China”

Three-dimensional ecological footprint method is used to distinguish the capital flows and capital stocks of water resources, and measure water ecological footprint size (WEFsize) and water ecological footprint depth (WEFdepth) of 38 regional cities “Four-city Area in Middle China” from 2010 to 2019, and analyze its spatial correlation. The research results are as follows: Firstly, WEFsize per capita of 38 regional cities in the “Four-city Area in Middle China” from 2010 to 2019 had obvious differences, and with large inter-annual fluctuations. The high value area of water resource capital flows occupancy rate (ORFLOW) was distributed in the 13 regional cities, its average capital flows occupancy rate was more than 80%. The low value area of ORFLOW was distributed in the 18 regional cities. Secondly, the annual average value of WEFdepth in the 23 cities of the “Four-city Area in Middle China” was all greater than 1. The high value area of use ratio of stocks to flows (URSTOCKFLOW) for water resource was distributed in the 8 regional cities, its average value was as high as 6.97. The low value area of water resource URSTOCKFLOW was distributed in the 15 regional cities, its average value was as low as 0.02. Thirdly, the relationship between WEFsize and WEFdepth has significant regional differences on an intercity scale. The utilization level of capital stocks and capital flows presents complementary situation on the whole. Fourthly, during the study period, WEFsize and WEFdepth across regional cities in the “Four-city Area in Middle China” had a positive spatial autocorrelation. WEFsize had H-H cluster mainly in CS of 2010 and 2019, CS, PX and XY of 2014, CS and LD of 2016. WEFdepth was in H-H cluster in BB of 2010, BB and XT of 2014, BB and HN of 2016 and 2019. These findings not only provided a new research method for water ecological footprint analysis by measuring the size and depth of water ecological footprint in “Four-city Area in Middle China”, but also provided a theoretical basis for sustainable utilization of water resources in other urban agglomerations.

Research on Credit Risk Assessment of Commercial Banks Based on KMV Model

Under the background of the new normal economy, the financing mode of local governments has changed, which has led to the emergence of a new pattern in China's financing market. Under this background, banks are facing the development pressure of subject diversification, financial disintermediation and cross-border competition. Commercial banks also actively promote the compliance development of emerging businesses such as financial market through the "comprehensive direction", so as to form a balanced and complementary development situation with traditional credit business. Therefore, this paper taking credit risk and related theories as the starting point, KMV model is selected to study domestic bank risk monitoring. Then, China Merchants Bank is taken as the research object, Shengjing Bank, Harbin Bank, Qingdao Bank and Chongqing Bank are taken as horizontal comparison. The data sampling time span is January to December 2018, as vertical comparison. Five banks were evaluated for credit risk, and it was found that the default distance of China Merchants Bank was relatively small and the default probability was relatively large. However, according to the calculation and analysis of KMV model, the default probability and return volatility of China Merchants Bank rank first among the five commercial banks, but at the same time, it maintains a high net profit margin of 129.3% in 2018, which shows that China Merchants Bank has a strong ability to control credit risk.

A remark on the field of moduli of Riemann surfaces

Let S be a closed Riemann surface of genus $$g\ge 2$$ and let $$\mathrm{Aut}(S)$$ be its group of conformal automorphisms. It is well known that if either: (i) $$\mathrm{Aut}(S)$$ is trivial or (ii) $$S/\mathrm{Aut}(S)$$ is an orbifold of genus zero with exactly three cone points, then S is definable over its field of moduli $${{\mathcal {M}}}(S)$$. In the complementary situation, explicit examples for which $${{\mathcal {M}}}(S)$$ is not a field of definition are known. We provide upper bounds for the minimal degree extension of $${{\mathcal {M}}}(S)$$ by a field of definition in terms of the quotient orbifold $$S/\mathrm{Aut}(S)$$.

CASA-1000: ITS POTENTIAL FOR REGIONAL TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT

The Central Asia South Asia Electricity Transmission and Trade Project (CASA-1000) is a trans-regional project aiming transition of 1300 megawatts hydroelectric power from Central Asian states; Tajikistan and Kyrgyz Republic, to South Asian countries; Afghanistan and Pakistan. This is not merely an energy project transiting electricity but having potential to enhance bilateral and multilateral cooperation among participating states beyond the regional level. After its successful completion, the project will help increasing regionalism to connectivity, surge development to mutual trade and serve energy complementary situation to new openings in multidimensional fields. The paper aims to highlight the likely opportunities and benefits of realization of the project.

A Quantitative Measure for Shared and Complementary Situation Awareness

As team structures evolve and become more complex, with human and automated agents working together to accomplish team goals, measurement approaches for system situation awareness must also adapt. This paper proposes a novel approach to the measurement of SA for human automation teams. Limitations of existing individual SA measurement approaches are highlighted with a particular focus on the sensitivity of current measures to knowledge held across human and automated agents in complex sociotechnical systems. We propose that elements from team communication data can be used as a basis for the quantification of shared and complementary situation awareness. We present a conceptual measurement approach for using communication data to measure shared and complementary situation awareness for human-automation teams, appropriate for both open or closed loop communication. This paper discusses how such a measurement approach would be applied specifically for human-automation teams, including automation that functions as decision aids, as managers, and automation that learns with the human operator, and discusses implications of our measure for training and design.

Remanufacturing and pricing decisions with random yield and random demand

Remanufacturing is creating considerable benefit to industry and community, but the uncertainties in both supply and demand sides bring significant difficulty to the production and marketing management of remanufactured products. This paper considers the remanufacturing and pricing decisions when both the remanufacturing yield and the demand for remanufactured products are random. Two typical sequential decision strategies are explored: First-Remanufacturing-Then-Pricing (FRTP) and First-Pricing-Then-Remanufacturing (FPTR). The optimal remanufacturing quantity and selling price of the remanufactured product are developed for each strategy, under negligible salvage value and shortage penalty. We also conduct a numerical study to investigate the scenario where the salvage value and shortage penalty are non-negligible, and explore the parameter sensitivity of the systems. We find that FRTP strategy is more preferable for low remanufacturing cost, market-price sensitivity, and variance of demand randomness, and for high shortage penalty, salvage value, and variance of remanufacturing yield; while FRTP strategy is more preferable for the complementary situation.

Computer assisted solution of an equality problem of mean values

Given weighted quasi-arithmetic means M, N the problem is when the mean of the formφ-1φ(x)+φ(y)-12(φ(M(x,y))+φ(N(x,y)))is again quasi-arithmetic. It was answered in [5] by Daróczy and Páles under the assumption that M=N is arithmetic. We investigate the complementary situation where at least one of the weighted arithmetic means M, N is not arithmetic and solve the problem locally, assuming that the generators of means are four times continuously differentiable. For the computation we use the software package Mathematica 4.0.

Mysterious Quantum Effects Observed with Neutrons

Single-particle interference phenomena can be observed with neutrons, and the "entanglement of degrees of freedom", i.e. the contextuality, can be verified and used in further experiments. Entanglement of two photons or atoms is a complementary situation to the double-slit diffraction of a single photon, neutron, or atom. In this respect, neutrons are proper tools for testing quantum mechanics, because they are massive, they couple to electromagnetic fields due to their magnetic moment, and they are subject to all basic interactions, and they are sensitive to topological effects as well. The4π-symmetry of spinor wave functions, the spin-superposition law, and many topological phenomena can be made visible, which shows interesting intrinsic features of quantum physics. Related experiments will be discussed. Deterministic and stochastic partial absorption experiments can be described by Bell-type inequalities. Recent neutron interferometry experiments based on post-selection methods have renewed the discussion about quantum non-locality and the quantum measuring process. It has been shown that interference phenomena can be revived even when the overall interference pattern has lost its contrast. This indicates a persisting coupling in the phase space even in cases of spatially separated Schrödinger cat-like situations. These states are extremely fragile and sensitive against any kind of fluctuations and other de-coherence processes. More complete quantum experiments also show that a complete retrieval of quantum states behind an interaction volume becomes impossible in principle.

Nuclear spins as quantum memory in semiconductor nanostructures

We theoretically consider solid state nuclear spins in a semiconductor nanostructure environment as long-lived, high-fidelity quantum memory. In particular, we calculate, in the limit of a strong applied magnetic field, the fidelity versus time of P donor nuclear spins in random bath environments of Si and GaAs, and the lifetime of excited intrinsic spins in polarized Si and GaAs environments. In the former situation, the nuclear spin dephases due to spectral diffusion induced by the dipolar interaction among nuclei in the bath. We calculate the decay of nuclear spin quantum memory in the context of Hahn and Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) refocused spin echoes using a formally exact cluster expansion technique which has previously been successful in dealing with electron spin dephasing in a solid state nuclear spin bath. With decoherence dominated by transverse dephasing (T2), we find it feasible to maintain high fidelity (losses of less than 10^{-6}) quantum memory on nuclear spins for times of the order of 100 microseconds (GaAs:P) and 1 to 2 milliseconds (natural Si:P) using CPMG pulse sequences of just a few (~2-4) applied pulses. We also consider the complementary situation of a central flipped intrinsic nuclear spin in a bath of completely polarized nuclear spins where decoherence is caused by the direct flip-flop of the central spin with spins in the bath. Exact numerical calculations that include a sufficiently large neighborhood of surrounding nuclei show lifetimes on the order of 1-5 ms for both GaAs and natural Si. Our calculated nuclear spin coherence times may have significance for solid state quantum computer architectures using localized electron spins in semiconductors where nuclear spins have been proposed for quantum memory storage.

The Structure of a Non-Symmetric Disordered Tetramer: A Crystallographic and Solid State Multinuclear NMR Study of the Properties of 3(5)-Ethyl-5(3)-Phenyl-1H-Pyrazole

The X-ray structure and the solid-state NMR measurements, mainly 15N CPMAS of the labelled compound, allow to determine the static and dynamic properties of 3(5)-ethyl-5(3)-phenyl-1H-pyrazole. The compound is a tetramer formed by three 5-ethyl-3-phenyl-1H-pyrazole and one 3-ethyl-5-phenyl-1H-pyrazole tautomers in dynamic equilibrium with the complementary situation.

Why Newtonian gravity is reliable in large-scale cosmological simulations

Until now, it has been common to use Newtonian gravity to study the non-linear clustering properties of large-scale structures. Without confirmation from Einstein's theory, however, it has been unclear whether we can rely on the analysis (e.g. near the horizon scale). In this work we will provide confirmation of the use of Newtonian gravity in cosmology, based on the relativistic analysis of weakly non-linear situations to third order in perturbations. We will show that, except for the gravitational-wave contribution, the relativistic zero-pressure fluid equations perturbed to second order in a flat Friedmann background coincide exactly with the Newtonian results. We will also present the pure relativistic correction terms appearing in the third order. The third-order correction terms show that these terms are the linear-order curvature perturbation times the second-order relativistic/Newtonian terms. Thus, the pure general relativistic corrections in the third order are independent of the horizon scale and are small when considering the large-scale structure of the Universe because of the low-level temperature anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation. Since we include the cosmological constant, our results are relevant to currently favoured cosmology. As we prove that the Newtonian hydrodynamic equations are valid in all cosmological scales to second order, and that the third-order correction terms are small, our result has the important practical implication that one can now use the large-scale Newtonian numerical simulation more reliably as the simulation scale approaches and even goes beyond the horizon. In a complementary situation, where the system is weakly relativistic (i.e. far inside the horizon) but fully non-linear, we can employ the post-Newtonian approximation. We also show that in large-scale structures, the post-Newtonian effects are quite small.

Newtonian versus relativistic nonlinear cosmology

Both for the background world model and its linear perturbations Newtonian cosmology coincides with the zero-pressure limits of relativistic cosmology. However, such successes in Newtonian cosmology are not purely based on Newton's gravity, but are rather guided ones by previously known results in Einstein's theory. The action-at-a-distance nature of Newton's gravity requires further verification from Einstein's theory for its use in the large-scale nonlinear regimes. We study the domain of validity of the Newtonian cosmology by investigating weakly nonlinear regimes in relativistic cosmology assuming a zero-pressure and irrotational fluid. We show that, first, if we ignore the coupling with gravitational waves the Newtonian cosmology is exactly valid even to the second order in perturbation. Second, the pure relativistic correction terms start appearing from the third order. Third, the correction terms are independent of the horizon scale and are quite small in the large-scale near the horizon. These conclusions are based on our special (and proper) choice of variables and gauge conditions. In a complementary situation where the system is weakly relativistic but fully nonlinear (thus, far inside the horizon) we can employ the post-Newtonian approximation. We also show that in the large-scale structures the post-Newtonian effects are quite small. As a consequence, now we can rely on the Newtonian gravity in analyzing the evolution of nonlinear large-scale structures even near the horizon volume.

Non-Locality and Contextuality in Neutron Quantum Optics

Entangelement of two photons, or atoms is a complementary situation to a double slit situation of a single photon, neutron or atom. With neutrons single particle interference phenomena can be observed and the “entanglement of degrees of freedom”, i.e. contextuality can be verified. In this respect, neutrons are proper tools for testing quantum mechanics because they are massive, they couple to electromagnetic fields due to their magnetic moment and they are subject to all basic interactions, and they are sensitive to topological effects, as well. Related experiments will be discussed. Deterministic and stochastic partial absorption experiments can be described by Bell-type inequalities. Recent neutron interferometry experiments based on post-selection methods renewed the discussion about quantum non-locality and the quantum measuring process. It has been shown that interference phenomena can be revived even when the overall interference pattern has lost its contrast. This indicates a persisting coupling in phase space even in cases of spatially separated Schrodinger-cat-like situations. These states are extremely fragile and sensitive against any kind of fluctuations and other decoherence processes. More complete quantum experiments also show that a complete retrieval of quantum states behind an interaction volume becomes impossible in principle.

Spin-galvanic effect.

There is much recent interest in exploiting the spin of conduction electrons in semiconductor heterostructures together with their charge to realize new device concepts. Electrical currents are usually generated by electric or magnetic fields, or by gradients of, for example, carrier concentration or temperature. The electron spin in a spin-polarized electron gas can, in principle, also drive an electrical current, even at room temperature, if some general symmetry requirements are met. Here we demonstrate such a 'spin-galvanic' effect in semiconductor heterostructures, induced by a non-equilibrium, but uniform population of electron spins. The microscopic origin for this effect is that the two electronic sub-bands for spin-up and spin-down electrons are shifted in momentum space and, although the electron distribution in each sub-band is symmetric, there is an inherent asymmetry in the spin-flip scattering events between the two sub-bands. The resulting current flow has been detected by applying a magnetic field to rotate an optically oriented non-equilibrium spin polarization in the direction of the sample plane. In contrast to previous experiments, where spin-polarized currents were driven by electric fields in semiconductor, we have here the complementary situation where electron spins drive a current without the need of an external electric field.