Complementary Patterns Research Articles

Modeling and Forecasting Aftershocks Can Be Improved by Incorporating Rupture Geometry in the ETAS Model

AbstractWe implemented an extended version of the space‐time Epidemic‐Type Aftershock Sequence (ETAS) model, which simultaneously incorporates earthquake focal depths and rupture geometries of large earthquakes, and applied it to the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake sequence. Results show that the new model corrects the estimation biases of model parameters in the point source ETAS model. The reconstructed patterns of productivity density of aftershocks, along the mainshock rupture plane, form complementary patterns for coseismic slip in space and show significant spatiotemporal migrations. Large aftershocks tend to nucleate at the edges of high productivity density areas. The decay of direct aftershocks near the mainshock rupture is consistent with static stress changes caused by the mainshock. The forecasting capability of the ETAS model can be enhanced by considering the rupture geometries of mainshocks, especially for forecasting aftershocks in the first 1–2 days. In the simulation test, the incorporation of focal depths improves the forecasting resolution.

A gene regulatory network to control EMT programs in development and disease

The Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) regulates cell plasticity during embryonic development and in disease. It is dynamically orchestrated by transcription factors (EMT-TFs), including Snail, Zeb, Twist and Prrx, all activated by TGF-β among other signals. Here we find that Snail1 and Prrx1, which respectively associate with gain or loss of stem-like properties and with bad or good prognosis in cancer patients, are expressed in complementary patterns during vertebrate development and in cancer. We show that this complementarity is established through a feedback loop in which Snail1 directly represses Prrx1, and Prrx1, through direct activation of the miR-15 family, attenuates the expression of Snail1. We also describe how this gene regulatory network can establish a hierarchical temporal expression of Snail1 and Prrx1 during EMT and validate its existence in vitro and in vivo, providing a mechanism to switch and select different EMT programs with important implications in development and disease.

VGluT1 Deficiency Impairs Visual Attention and Reduces the Dynamic Range of Short-Term Plasticity at Corticothalamic Synapses.

The most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, glutamate, is loaded into synaptic vesicles by vesicular glutamate transporters (VGluTs). The primary isoforms, VGluT1 and 2, are expressed in complementary patterns throughout the brain and correlate with short-term synaptic plasticity. VGluT1 deficiency is observed in certain neurological disorders, and hemizygous (VGluT1+/−) mice display increased anxiety and depression, altered sensorimotor gating, and impairments in learning and memory. The synaptic mechanisms underlying these behavioral deficits are unknown. Here, we show that VGluT1+/− mice had decreased visual processing speeds during a sustained visual-spatial attention task. Furthermore, in vitro recordings of corticothalamic (CT) synapses revealed dramatic reductions in short-term facilitation, increased initial release probability, and earlier synaptic depression in VGluT1+/− mice. Our electron microscopy results show that VGluT1 concentration is reduced at CT synapses of hemizygous mice, but other features (such as vesicle number and active zone size) are unchanged. We conclude that VGluT1-haploinsuficiency decreases the dynamic range of gain modulation provided by CT feedback to the thalamus, and this deficiency contributes to the observed attentional processing deficit. We further hypothesize that VGluT1 concentration regulates release probability by applying a “brake” to an unidentified presynaptic protein that typically acts as a positive regulator of release.

A Highly Integrated MIMO Antenna Unit: Differential/Common Mode Design

A novel concept of antenna design, termed differential mode/common mode (DM/CM) design, is proposed to achieve a highly integrated multi-input multi-output (MIMO) antenna unit in mobile terminals. The inspiration comes from a dipole fed by a differential line which can be considered a DM feed. What will happen if the DM feed is transformed into a CM feed? Some interesting features are provided in this article. By symmetrically placing one DM antenna and one CM antenna together, a DM/CM antenna can be achieved. Benefitting from the coupling cancellation of antiphase currents and the different distributions of the radiation currents, a DM/CM antenna can obtain high isolation and complementary patterns, even if the radiators of the DM and CM antennas are overlapped. Therefore, good MIMO performance can be realized in a very compact volume. To validate the concept, a miniaturized DM/CM antenna unit is designed for mobile phones. The 24.2 dB isolation and complementary patterns are achieved in the dimension of $0.330 \lambda _{0} \times 0.058\lambda _{0} \times 0.019 \lambda _{0}$ at 3.5 GHz. One $8 \times 8$ MIMO antenna array is constructed by using four DM/CM antenna units and shows good overall performance. The proposed concept of DM/CM design may also be promising for other applications that need high isolation between closely packed antenna elements and wide-angle pattern coverage.

Intervention-specific patterns of cortical function plasticity during auditory encoding in people with schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is a neurocognitive illness characterized by behavioral and neural impairments in both early auditory processing and higher order verbal working memory. Previously we have shown intervention-specific cognitive performance improvements with computerized, targeted training of auditory processing (AT) when compared to a computer games (CG) control intervention that emphasized visual processing. To investigate spatiotemporal changes in patterns of neural activity specific to the AT intervention, the current study used magnetoencephalography (MEG) imaging to derive induced high gamma band oscillations (HGO) during auditory encoding, before and after 50 h (∼10 weeks) of exposure to either the AT or CG intervention. During stimulus encoding, AT intervention-specific changes in high gamma activity occurred in left middle frontal and left middle-superior temporal cortices. In contrast, CG intervention-specific changes were observed in right medial frontal and supramarginal gyri during stimulus encoding, and in bilateral temporal cortices during response preparation. These data reveal that, in schizophrenia, intensive exposure to either training of auditory processing or exposure to visuospatial activities produces significant but complementary patterns of cortical function plasticity within a distributed fronto-temporal network. These results underscore the importance of delineating the specific neuroplastic effects of targeted behavioral interventions to ensure desired neurophysiological changes and avoid unintended consequences on neural system functioning.

Cloning and expression analysis of metallothionein family genes in response to heavy metal stress in sugarcane (<italic>Saccharum officinarum</italic> L.)

Metallothioneins (MTs) are cysteine-rich, low-molecular-weight proteins. Plant MTs play important roles in detoxification and cellular redox regulation. In this study, hydroponic experiments of sugarcane ( Saccharum officinarum L. cv. Badila) were carried out to study the effects of CdCl2, ZnSO4, and CuCl2 treatments on plantlet growth. And then three kinds of heavy metal content in both shoots and roots of sugarcane were detected, showing an enrichment and tolerance ability to Cd2+, Zn2+, and Cu2+ in Badila seedlings. Three metallothionein genes, termed as ScMT 1 (accession number: KJ504373), ScMT 2-1-5 (accession number: MH191346), and ScMT 3 (accession number: KJ5043704), were isolated from Badila. ScMT 1 contained an open reading frame (ORF) of 228 bp encoding 75 amino acids residues. The first (52 bp) and second (176 bp) extrons of ScMT 1 were separated by an intron (283 bp). ScMT 2-1-5 contained an ORF of 246 bp encoding 81 amino acids residues. The first (64 bp), second (87 bp), and third (101 bp) extrons of ScMT2-1-5 were separated by two introns (483 bp and 853 bp). ScMT 3 contained an ORF of 198 bp encoding 65 amino acids residues. The first (50 bp) and second (148 bp) extrons of ScMT 3 were separated by an intron (259 bp). The deduce protein ScMT1, ScMT2-1-5, and ScMT3 were categorized into the subfamily of plant type1, type2, and type3 MTs, respectively. The expression profiles of the three genes under different heavy-metal stresses were investigated by real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis. When treated with Cd2+, the expression of ScMT 2-1-5 was continuously and significantly up-regulated in both shoots and roots, while that of ScMT 1 showed a delayed up-regulation pattern. The expression of ScMT 3 showed a delayed up-regulation pattern in shoots and a trend of first raising and then suppressing in roots. The results suggested that ScMT 2-1-5 might play a more active role in response to Cd2+ in sugarcane while ScMT 3 might not, and ScMT 1 is involved in the molecular responses of Cd2+ stress at the later stage. When treated with Cu2+, the expression of ScMT 1 was continuously and significantly up-regulated, and that of ScMT 2-1-5 and ScMT 3 general up-regulated in shoots. As in the roots, the expression of both ScMT 1 and ScMT 2-1-5 showed a delayed up-regulation pattern which was significantly up-regulated at the later stage, while that of ScMT 3 significantly up-regulated at the early stage. It revealed that ScMT 1 cooperated with ScMT 2-1-5 and ScMT 3 is involved in the positive response to Cu2+ stress in roots, and might play a more positive role than ScMT 2-1-5 and ScMT 3, and the three genes are successively involved in the molecular responses of Cu2+ stress in roots. When treated with Zn2+, the expression of ScMT 1 and ScMT 3 increased only in shoots and roots, respectively. The expression of ScMT 2-1-5 was up-regulated at the early stage and then suppressed in both shoots and roots. It suggests that ScMT 1 and ScMT 3 mainly function in shoots and roots, respectively, when exposed to Zn2+ stress. ScMT 2-1-5 was involved in the molecular responses of Cd2+ stress at the early stage. ScMT 1, ScMT 2-1-5, and ScMT 3 showed similar or complementary expression patterns in different tissues of sugarcane when exposed to heavy metals, which revealed the functional diversity of sugarcane MTs in detoxification and cellular redox regulation, and their spatiotemporal coordination in mitigating or even preventing tissue injury caused by excessive heavy metals. The results provide a basic information for further research on mechanisms in the synergistic enhancement of tolerance to heavy metals for MTs family genes in the highly polyploid sugarcane.

Roles of mtDNA damage and disordered Ca2+ homeostasis in the joint toxicities of cadmium and BDE209

Cadmium, a typical heavy metal, causes serious toxicities on many organs and tissues. As the last partially controlled class of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), BDE209 can also induce various health issues. Although apoptosis mediated by mitochondria has been known to be a key player in inducing toxicities by cadmium, the detailed mechanisms are incompletely understood. Moreover, co-existence of cadmium and PBDEs has been found in various environment context and human body. However, studies on the joint toxicity of cadmium and PBDEs are still limited with largely unknown mechanisms. In the present study, we investigated the adverse effects and mechanisms of single or combined treatment of CdCl2 and BDE209 on hepatocytes. We observed that apoptosis were significantly induced by CdCl2, and the combined treatment of CdCl2 and BDE209 greatly promoted the progression of apoptosis. BDE209 induced mild apoptosis. Mitochondria was the pivot of several mechanisms to induce apoptosis, including ROS production, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), mtDNA damage and disordered calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis. However, we found that mtDNA damage and disordered Ca2+ homeostasis were the main mechanisms for CdCl2-induced apoptosis while ROS production played important roles in BDE209-induced apoptosis. Less mtDNA damage occurred in BDE209-treated cells. In the cells with combined treatment, CdCl2 and BDE209 exhibited a complementary pattern for the underlying mechanisms of apoptosis, leading to the joint toxicities, in which CdCl2 showed more contributions. In a conclusion, our results demonstrated that combined exposure to cadmium and BDE209 causes joint adverse effects on hepatocytes through diverse mechanisms as mediated by mitochondria.

A putative AGO protein, OsAGO17, positively regulates grain size and grain weight through OsmiR397b in rice.

SummaryArgonaute (AGO) proteins and small RNAs (sRNAs) are core components of the RNA‐induced silencing complex (RISC). It has been reported that miRNAs regulate plant height and grain size in rice, but which AGO is involved in grain size regulation remains unclear. Here, we report that enhanced expression of OsAGO17, a putative AGO protein, could improve grain size and weight and promote stem development in rice. Cytological evidence showed that these effects are mainly caused by alteration of cell elongation. Expression analyses showed that OsAGO17 was highly expressed in young panicles and nodes, which was consistent with the expression pattern of OsmiR397b. SRNA sequencing, stem‐loop RT‐PCR and sRNA blotting showed that the expression of OsmiR397b was reduced in ago17 and enhanced in the OsAGO17 OE lines. Four OsmiR397b target laccase (LAC) genes showed complementary expression patterns with OsAGO17 and OsmiR397b. Combined with the results of immunoprecipitation (IP) analysis, we suggested that OsAGO17 formed an RISC with OsmiR397b and affected rice development by suppression of LAC expression. In conclusion, OsAGO17 might be a critical protein in the sRNA pathway and positively regulates grain size and weight in rice.

M57 THE IMPACT OF COPY NUMBER VARIANTS ON BRAIN MORPHOMETRY

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have been associated with atypical cortical gray and subcortical white matter development. Neurodevelopmental theories postulate that a relation between cortical maturation and structural brain connectivity may exist. We therefore investigated the development of gyrification and white matter connectivity and their relationship in individuals with ASD and their typically developing peers.T1- and diffusion-weighted images were acquired from a representative sample of 30 children and adolescents with ASD (aged 8–18 years), and 29 typically developing children matched for age, sex, hand preference, and socioeconomic status. The FreeSurfer suite was used to calculate cortical volume, surface area, and gyrification index. Measures of structural connectivity were estimated using probabilistic tractography and tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS).Left prefrontal and parietal cortex showed a relative, age-dependent decrease in gyrification index in children and adolescents with ASD compared to typically developing controls. This result was replicated in an age-and IQ-matched sample provided by the Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange (ABIDE) initiative. Furthermore, tractography and TBSS showed a complementary pattern in which left prefrontal gyrification was negatively related to radial diffusivity in the forceps minor in participants with ASD.The present study builds on earlier findings of abnormal gyrification and structural connectivity in the prefrontal cortex in ASD. It provides a more comprehensive neurodevelopmental characterization of ASD, involving interdependent changes in microstructural white and cortical gray matter. The findings of related abnormal patterns of gyrification and white matter connectivity support the notion of the intertwined development of 2 major morphometric domains in ASD.

Can intercropping with the Chinese medicinal herbs change the water use of the aged rubber trees?

Intercropping the medicine herbs (i.e., Amomum villosum and Clerodendranthus spicatus) with rubber tree in Xishuangbanna prefecture of southwestern China is regarded as a promising solution to reduce the negative hydrological effects which were caused by the monocultural cultivation of rubber tree and improve the sustainability of aged rubber plantation. However, the water-use characteristics of rubber tree in these agroforestry systems (AFSs) were still rarely reported, and our current understanding of the below-ground competition in such tree and herb AFSs is also insufficient. Therefore, we adopted the techniques of stable isotopes to study the water use efficiency (WUE; through leaf δ13C) and the water-absorbing patterns (through δ2H and δ18O) of the aged rubber trees and the intercropped herbs for the investigation of their water competition, and we also measured the contents of their leaf carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) to check the competition effects on the nutrient status of rubber tree. As the results of Bayesian mixing model (MixSIAR) suggested, the aged rubber trees in the rubber monoculture still absorbed the surface and shallow soil water (0–15 cm depths) mainly, same as the intercropped herbs in these AFSs, but rubber trees in the AFSs prefer to absorb the middle and deep soil water (below 15 cm depths). Such phenomenon verified that the water-absorbing patterns of these aged rubber trees were still flexible. However, the leaf δ13C of the rubber trees in these AFSs indicated their WUE was not improved through the intercropping, and thus the soil water content decreased in the AFSs. In short, intercropping the shallow roots medicine herbs (i.e., A. villosum and C. spicatus) can help the aged rubber trees use deeper soil water, and thus help the rubber tree and intercrops form complementary water-absorbing patterns in the pronounced dry season, but there is no improvement in their WUE and the soil water conditions. In addition, the decreased leaf N of rubber trees in the AFSs suggests that the N absorption of rubber trees was limited. Therefore, intercropping the medicine herbs with rubber tree still need more consideration on the design of such AFSs, especially in terms of the soil water conservation and management.

Migratory flight on the Pacific Flyway: strategies and tendencies of wind drift compensation.

Applications of remote sensing data to monitor bird migration usher a new understanding of magnitude and extent of movements across entire flyways. Millions of birds move through the western USA, yet this region is understudied as a migratory corridor. Characterizing movements in the Pacific Flyway offers a unique opportunity to study complementary patterns to those recently highlighted in the Atlantic and Central Flyways. We use weather surveillance radar data from spring and autumn (1995-2018) to examine migrants' behaviours in relation to winds in the Pacific Flyway. Overall, spring migrants tended to drift on winds, but less so at northern latitudes and farther inland from the Pacific coastline. Relationships between winds and autumn flight behaviours were less striking, with no latitudinal or coastal dependencies. Differences in the preferred direction of movement (PDM) and wind direction predicted drift patterns during spring and autumn, with increased drift when wind direction and PDM differences were high. We also observed greater total flight activity through the Pacific Flyway during the spring when compared with the autumn. Such complex relationships among birds' flight strategies, winds and seasonality highlight the variation within a migration system. Characterizations at these scales complement our understanding of strategies to clarify aerial animal movements.

A novel sunshine duration-based photothermal time model interprets the photosensitivity of flower maturity of pecan cultivars.

Although it is well-known and established that light plays important roles in plant development, up to now, there is no substantial improvements in how to deal with the light factor of spring phenology under natural condition. By monitoring the local meteorologic data and mature dates of two types (male and female) of flower from four pecan cultivars during 9years, it was found that the complementary pattern of growing degree day and sunshine duration helped to maintain a threshold of driving force related to the maturity of pecan flower during 9years. A novel photothermal time model based on the linear combination of growing degree day and sunshine duration was then proposed and validated to interpret the variance of mature dates of pecan cultivars. Comparative analysis showed that the new model had made extremely significant improvements to the traditional thermal time model. In addition, this model introduced the conversion coefficient K, which quantified the effect of light on the flowering drive, and revealed the differences of base temperature among cultivars. This was the first time that sunshine duration instead of photoperiod was adopted to develop into a verified model on spring phenological event of tree species. It will help to model the spring phenologies of other tree species more reasonably.

Hierarchical control of locomotion by distinct types of spinal V2a interneurons in zebrafish

In all vertebrates, excitatory spinal interneurons execute dynamic adjustments in the timing and amplitude of locomotor movements. Currently, it is unclear whether interneurons responsible for timing control are distinct from those involved in amplitude control. Here, we show that in larval zebrafish, molecularly, morphologically and electrophysiologically distinct types of V2a neurons exhibit complementary patterns of connectivity. Stronger higher-order connections from type I neurons to other excitatory V2a and inhibitory V0d interneurons provide timing control, while stronger last-order connections from type II neurons to motor neurons provide amplitude control. Thus, timing and amplitude are coordinated by distinct interneurons distinguished not by their occupation of hierarchically-arranged anatomical layers, but rather by differences in the reliability and probability of higher-order and last-order connections that ultimately form a single anatomical layer. These findings contribute to our understanding of the origins of timing and amplitude control in the spinal cord.

Subcortical connectivity correlates selectively with attention’s effects on spatial choice bias

Neural mechanisms of attention are extensively studied in the neocortex; comparatively little is known about how subcortical regions contribute to attention. The superior colliculus (SC) is an evolutionarily conserved, subcortical (midbrain) structure that has been implicated in controlling visuospatial attention. Yet how the SC contributes mechanistically to attention remains unknown. We investigated the role of the SC in attention, combining model-based psychophysics, diffusion imaging, and tractography in human participants. Specifically, we asked whether the SC contributes to enhancing sensitivity (d') to attended information, or whether it contributes to biasing choices (criteria) in favor of attended information. We tested human participants on a multialternative change detection task, with endogenous spatial cueing, and quantified sensitivity and bias with a recently developed multidimensional signal detection model (m-ADC model). At baseline, sensitivity and bias exhibited complementary patterns of asymmetries across the visual hemifields: While sensitivity was consistently higher for detecting changes in the left hemifield, bias was higher for reporting changes in the right hemifield. Remarkably, white matter connectivity of the SC with the neocortex mirrored this pattern of asymmetries. Specifically, the asymmetry in SC-cortex connectivity correlated with the asymmetry in choice bias, but not in sensitivity. In addition, SC-cortex connectivity strength could predict cueing-induced modulation of bias, but not of sensitivity, across individuals. In summary, the SC may be a key node in an evolutionarily conserved network for controlling choice bias during visuospatial attention.

Surface Patterning for Enhanced Protein Stability: Insights from Molecular Simulations.

Reduced activity of enzymes upon immobilization is a major challenge for the industrial use of enzymes. Enzyme-surface interactions and interactions between the immobilized enzymes are thought of as primary reasons for the reduced activity. In the current paper, we study the thermal and structural stability of proteins on a patterned hydrophobic surface in the framework of a hydrophobic-polar lattice model. Our results indicate that, while a homogeneous hydrophobic surface denatures the proteins, carefully patterned surfaces can dramatically increase the stability of adsorbed proteins. The size, shape, and the distance between surface patterns play a significant role in determining the stability of proteins. When the spacing between the patterns is large, maximum stability is observed when the surface pattern is complementary to the exposed hydrophobic domain of the protein, while at smaller spacing, patterns with lower hydrophobicity stabilize the protein more compared to the complementary pattern. The findings from the paper can be rationalized to design novel enzyme-specific surfaces for immobilization with enhanced enzymatic activity.

Characterization and Performance of an Ultra-Wideband Wide-Coverage Multimode MIMO Antenna

A new ultra-wideband multimode (MM) antenna design that enables the detection/transmission of two orthogonal field components over a nearly hemispherical coverage area is presented in this paper. It integrates and colocates two perpendicularly oriented bow-tie dipole elements, a short convex monopole and four horizontally oriented tapered slot antenna (TSA) elements (formed by the dipoles) in order to produce four decoupled and complementary gain patterns. The antenna feeding structure includes four single-ended transmission lines supporting the desired set of individual excitation modes. Experimental verification confirms the predicted negligible coupling between the antenna operating modes and orthogonality of the corresponding radiated field patterns. These unique features can be exploited in applications where pattern and polarization diversity are of importance. In this study, we have evaluated the proposed antenna as a MIMO base station antenna and characterized it in two different propagation scenarios. For this example, it has been shown that the utilization of the additional monopole and TSA modes plays an important role in maximizing MIMO efficiency in line-of-sight (LOS) scenarios and at the same time provides additional independent data streams in rich scattering scenarios. In both considered scenarios, the antenna is shown to have a MIMO frequency bandwidth of 85%.

Cross-border electricity trade for Nepal: a SWOT-AHP analysis of barriers and opportunities based on stakeholders’ perception

ABSTRACT Endowed with over 40,000 MW of economic hydropower potential relative to its nascent domestic demand, Nepal can export electricity to its power-deficit neighbours in the BBIN (Bhutan, Bangladesh, India and Nepal) region as a strategic economic opportunity. The untapped hydro potential in Nepal, coupled with BBIN’s complementary seasonal demand patterns, difference in peak load timing, and rapidly growing growth of electricity demand in Bangladesh and India, are favourable for regional electricity cooperation, especially for Nepal. This study uses the SWOT-AHP-TOWS approach to identify the key barriers and opportunities for cross-border electricity trade and to provide insights on possible strategies for Nepal.

Association between Sociodemographic Factors and Dietary Patterns in Children Under 24 Months of Age: A Systematic Review.

Background: Understanding early-life complementary feeding dietary patterns and their determining factors could lead to better ways of improving nutrition in early childhood. The purpose of this review was to evaluate evidence of the association between sociodemographic factors and dietary patterns (DPs) in children under 24 months. Methods: Medline (PubMed), Cochrane Central, NICE guidelines, and Trip database were searched for observational studies that evaluated sociodemographic factors and their associations with DP. Results: Seven studies were selected for the present review. High education level among mothers was inversely associated with unhealthy DPs and positively associated with healthy DPs. Higher household income was negatively associated with unhealthy DPs. Four studies showed a positive association between low household income and unhealthy DPs and three studies showed a positive association between higher household income and healthy DPs. Additionally, in younger mothers, body mass index (BMI ≥ 30.0 kg/m2) and number of children were positively associated with unhealthy DPs. Conclusions: This review provides evidence of a positive association between mothers’ higher education level, higher household income, higher maternal age, and healthy dietary patterns as well as a negative association between these factors and unhealthy dietary patterns. Further studies from low- and middle-income countries are needed for comparison with associations showed in this review.

The 2018 Mw6.4 Hualien earthquake: Dynamic slip partitioning reveals the spatial transition from mountain building to subduction

The Hualien earthquake of 6 February 2018 occurred on the east coast of Taiwan in the collision zone between the Eurasia and Philippine Sea plates. Even though an event with a moderate magnitude of Mw6.4, it caused widespread surface rupture in and around the city of Hualien, leading to significant loss of life and property damages. In this study, we investigate the rupture process of this earthquake using teleseismic, strong motion, GPS and SAR observations. We first employ the geodetic data to search for the geometry of multiple fault planes, followed by a multi-point source inversion using teleseismic and strong motion waveforms to determine the possible change in mechanism during the rupture process. We parameterize the fault model with three curved segments to represent the complicated fault system involved in the rupture process. An offshore fault was ruptured by the Hualien earthquake showing a curved geometry with the dip angle changing from shallow (∼45°) in the north to sub-vertical (∼80°) in the south. Evidence from tomographic velocity model indicates that the offshore fault is the boundary between the subducted Coastal Range and Meilun Tableland, which is also a plate interface. Finally, a joint inversion is carried out to constrain the complete rupture process. The inversion result reveals that the rupture initiated on the offshore fault interface and propagated unilaterally towards south-southwest. The rupture then jumped on to the sub-vertical Meilun Fault and reached the ground surface. Significant dynamic slip partitioning occurred during the rupture process near the Meilun Fault, with the majority of thrust and strike-slip motions occurring on the off-shore fault and the Meilun Fault, respectively. The afterslip model is inverted with SAR timeseries spanning 6 months after the mainshock. The afterslip model shows a strong complementary pattern with co-seismic slips. The comparison between the 1951 and 2018 Hualien earthquake shows that the rupture behavior of the Meilun Fault does not follow a repeating earthquake pattern: thrust motion may occur on the two side walls of the Meilun Tableland with a “teeterboard” uplift pattern in different earthquake cycles. The change in geometry and slip on the inter-plate fault appears to be related to the transition of the Coastal Range from mountain building to subduction.

Replicating Routines through ICTs: Enacting Complementary Patterns of Augmentation and Adjustment

The replication of routines has been a central theme explaining the rapid expansion of service deliveries. The adoption of information communication technologies (ICTs) provides an opportunity to r...