Complementary Milk Research Articles

Production of Infant Formula Using Mixture of Walnut and Almond Oil

Milk is an essential food for children and it is clear that the best source of nutrition for babies is breast milk. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that infants be exclusively breastfed for the first six months of life. However, some babies may need complementary milk during the early months of life or may be weaned for some reason. Although it is not possible to produce the same product as breast milk, attempts have been made to imitate the nutritional characteristics of breast milk for the normal growth and development of infants. Infant Formula is considered as an effective alternative to breast milk and has been prepared to mimic the nutritional composition of breast milk. Formulas need to meet the factors of normal physical growth quality and adequate biological quality. The production process is also fully regulated and monitored to meet national and international quality standards. Today, cow's milk is the most widely used alternative to human milk and the basis of many Infant Formulas. In this study, the effect of adding walnut and almond oil to infant formula was investigated. The number of treatments was determined by using the Mixture Design method and the necessary tests were performed for infant formula and physicochemical and qualitative tests including moisture, dry matter, measurement of color parameters, density, particle size, insoluble index, pH, acidity, total sugar, fat, protein, ash, vitamin C, minerals, aflatoxin M1, wettability acceptable and scorched particles were done. The results showed that adding this formula could meet 90% of our expectations for the production of infant formula and not have an adverse effect on the physicochemical properties of the formula.

Mineral compositions of infant complementary foods in relation to dietary daily intake and synergistic/antagonistic interrelationships

This study investigated the levels of selected essential elements in a brand of industrially prepared complementary foods in the UK for infants aged 4+, 7+, and 10+ months in order to ascertain their nutritional standards relative to the mineral reference daily intakes and interrelationships. Estimated daily intake of minerals was calculated from elemental contribution from the complementary foods and breast milk. The results showed remarkable significant differences (p < .05) in the concentration levels of the elements in the complementary foods. There were no significant differences (p > .05) between the estimated daily intakes compared to the standard values stipulated by the regulatory bodies. Although, the results showed that specific interrelationships were generally justified by the elemental contents, there were few differences with respect to the overall elemental profile. The results of the study support the recommendation of the use of semi-pureed meals by infants as complementary foods. However, the results of mineral interrelationships implicated imbalances and thus recommend fortification of the infants’ complementary foods with iron, calcium, and zinc.

Is temporal modularity of physiologic significance or clinical use?

A cow became unable, in most instances, to eject milk normally. Oxytocin was administered to this cow intravenously, to study milk ejection. Six hundredths I. U. oxytocin was the least amount that caused partial milk ejection, whereas 0.12 to 0.25 I. U. caused normal ejection. Amounts up to ten units were increasingly more effective. Small amounts of oxytocin were more effective in ejecting milk when injected rapidly rather than slowly. However, there was little difference resulting from two 0.25 I. U. injections within a few minutes, and one 0.5 I. U. Complementary milk increased after a second injection of oxytocin, but decreased in per cent of total milk, and the fat per cent was unchanged as the time between injections increased from one to two milking intervals. Milk from the cistern of the udder increased in volume before milk ejection at milkings subsequent to oxytocin treatment, and decreased in fat as the time extended from one to two milkings and as the amount of oxytocin decreased. More complementary milk, higher in fat, was collected from certain amounts of oxytocin, divided into two injections given at one milking, if the most effective injection was given last. Relaxin was tested for milk ejection properties, and from 750 to 1,800 G.P.U. injected intravenously into three cows on two occasions did not cause noticeable milk ejection.

Lactation Studies. VII. Heritability of Percentage of Complementary Milk

It was established that percentage of complementary milk was not significantly correlated with stage of lactation (r = −0.05).Five determinations of complementary milk removed all but 23% of error variance and these observations were used to estimate heritability of percentage of complementary milk.A herd of 81 milking cattle representing 29 sires with more than one daughter was used to obtain five weekly observations on the amount of complementary milk removed with exogenous injections of oxytocin. Heritability of this measurement was estimated from correlation among half-sibs.The heritability estimate was 34±53%. The estimate of repeatability for observations of percentage of complementary milk was 0.77.

Lactation Studies. VIII. Relation of Percentage of Complementary Milk, among Other Factors, to Milk Production

Data collected on 62 cows of Holstein and Jersey breeding were analyzed to determine how well the inherent capacity of an animal to produce milk can be estimated from percentage of complementary milk and other variables related to production.A multiple correlation of total production, with percentage of complementary milk, maximum production, and days to maximum production of 0.83, was found in the intrastation, intrabreed variation. Several other variables did not contribute significantly in explaining variation in total production between animals. A simple correlation of 0.69 was found between the predicted production based on maximum production, percentage of complementary milk, and days to maximum production, and actual production compared to a correlation of 0.72 between actual productions in two consecutive years. It is suggested that the prediction of total yield of milk in a lactation from data collected early in lactation may be valuable in culling animals in breeding programs on dairy farms.

Somatic Cell Content Variation in Fraction-Collected Milk

Total milk somatic cell content of various fractions of milk collected during milking were estimated by reflectance Feulgen-DNA, to determine which portion provided the best estimate of the number of somatic cells in primary milk, and to attempt to better understand the cellular variation in various fractions of milk. The first five fractions did not differ significantly (P>0.05) from primary milk, but strippings and complementary milk each contained significantly (P<0.01) more somatic cells than primary milk. Correlations between total somatic cell content in each fraction with the total somatic cell content in primary milk ranged from 0.91 to 0.97. The data indicated that any of the fractions used in this experiment could be used to predict the number of somatic cells in primary milk.Direct microscopic counts of fraction-collected milk indicated that granulocytes constituted 66.4, 68.5, 66.8, and 69.2% (P>0.05) and mammary epithelial cells 27.6, 24.9, 24.3, and 21.1% (P<0.01) of the total somatic cells in the first 20-ml, ninth 20-ml, strippings, and complementary milk, respectively.

Lactation Studies. IX. Relationship of Milk Flow Rate and Complementary Milk to Milk Yields in a Herd of Holstein Cattle1,2,5

Maximum rate of milking, percentage of complementary milk, and milk production were compared monthly and over complete lactations for 81 cows from the Minnesota Valley Breeders Association. The cows were arranged into 21 sire groups, to estimate variability attributable to sires for rate of milking, percentage of complementary milk, and milk production.Rate of milking measurements were obtained from a milking profile as recorded by a continuous feed kymograph. Immediately after milking, 10 IU oxytocin were injected intravenously and complementary milk obtained by hand-milking.As shown by correlation and regression analysis, both variables were related to total lactation milk production. Rate of milking and percentage of complementary milk combined explained 10% of the total variation in lactation milk production. Percentage of complementary milk explained a greater part of the variation in lactation milk production than rate of milking. This experiment tends to show that faster-milking cows have less complementary milk (more persistent) and, consequently, have higher lactation production.

Lactation Studies. II. Comparison of Techniques to Measure True Milk and Fat Secretion Rates in Dairy Cattle as Applied to Between-Milking Intervals of Various Lengths of Time ,

Summary Twenty cows were used over a 2-yr. period to compare three techniques of measuring rates of milk and fat secretion. Apparent secretion rates (pounds of milk obtained at normal milking times divided by hours in the between-milking intervals to get pounds per hour) were compared to true secretion rates which where determined by two methods, using oxytocin to obtain complementary milk. Oxytocin was used at four consecutive milkings and at four milkings spaced so as to effect recovery between injections. Three milkings schedules were employed, i.e., (10–14), (11–13), and (12-12). Actual secretion rates were computed and these also were converted to relative rates which expressed the relation between day-time and night-time secretion rates. The true secretion rate measurement which was most consistent was the one in which oxytocin was injected at consecutive milkings. It was necessary to consider differences in complementary milk left in the udder after milkings, even when a 12-12 hr. milking schedule was used, in order to measure true secretion rates. True secretion rates of milk and fat on a within-interval basis were increased significantly by decreasing the between-milking interval by 4 hr. relative to the other interval in the same day (14 and 30% higher for milk and fat, respectively). The milk and fat secretion rates were higher by 5 and 10%, respectively, during the 11-hr. intervals, as compared to the 13-hr. intervals, but were not statistically different. It was not possible to ascertain whether the 24-hr. rate was affected by changes in milking schedule, because schedule and lactation trend effects were confounded.

Lactation Studies. I. Effects upon Milk Ejection in the Bovine of Various Injection Treatments Using Oxytocin and Relaxin

Summary A cow became unable, in most instances, to eject milk normally. Oxytocin was administered to this cow intravenously, to study milk ejection. Six hundredths I. U. oxytocin was the least amount that caused partial milk ejection, whereas 0.12 to 0.25 I. U. caused normal ejection. Amounts up to ten units were increasingly more effective. Small amounts of oxytocin were more effective in ejecting milk when injected rapidly rather than slowly. However, there was little difference resulting from two 0.25 I. U. injections within a few minutes, and one 0.5 I. U. Complementary milk increased after a second injection of oxytocin, but decreased in per cent of total milk, and the fat per cent was unchanged as the time between injections increased from one to two milking intervals. Milk from the cistern of the udder increased in volume before milk ejection at milkings subsequent to oxytocin treatment, and decreased in fat as the time extended from one to two milkings and as the amount of oxytocin decreased. More complementary milk, higher in fat, was collected from certain amounts of oxytocin, divided into two injections given at one milking, if the most effective injection was given last. Relaxin was tested for milk ejection properties, and from 750 to 1,800G.P.U. injected intravenously into three cows on two occasions did not cause noticeable milk ejection.

Complementary Milk and Its Relationship to Lactation1,2

Complementary Milk and Its Relationship to Lactation1,2