Complementary Lenses Research Articles

Capabilities of Angle Resolved Time of Flight electron spectroscopy with the 60° wide angle acceptance lens

The simultaneous detection of energy, momentum and temporal information in electron spectroscopy is the key aspect to enhance the detection efficiency in order to broaden the range of scientific applications. Employing a novel 60° wide angle acceptance lens system, based on an additional accelerating electron optical element, leads to a significant enhancement in transmission over the previously employed 30° electron lenses. Due to the performance gain, optimized capabilities for time resolved electron spectroscopy and other high transmission applications with pulsed ionizing radiation have been obtained. The energy resolution and transmission have been determined experimentally utilizing BESSY II as a photon source. Four different and complementary lens modes have been characterized.

Migrants and Mobile Technology Use: Gaps in the Support Provided by Current Tools

Our current understanding of how migrants use mobile tools to support their communication and language learning is inadequate. This study, therefore, explores the learner-initiated use of technologies to support their comprehension, production, and acquisition of English following migration to Canada. Information about migrant use of technologies and experiences was collected by interviews. The interview data was analysed through the complementary lenses of noticing, from language learning, and appropriation, from human-computer interaction. Combining these lenses enabled the identification of unmet migrant communication, support, and learning needs. The manner in which migrants employed mobile and other tools to facilitate their learning and communication were identified through the application of these theories. This analysis indicates that migrants can use existing tools to access information. However, they need additional support if they are to take full advantage of existing mobile tools. Moreover, there is a need for tools that support larger gaps in their knowledge and skills. Migrant experiences indicate that they need additional social, meta-cognitive, and emotional support. These needs suggest opportunities for creating mobile tools that scaffold the development of new skills that include the learner’s ability to monitor and plan his or her learning and understand language produced by those who speak different varieties of English or who have non-majority accents.

Information Literacy and Instruction:LibGuides for Instruction: A Service Design Point of View from an Academic Library

Whether you work in a school library or a public library, a large university library or small community college library, you probably use LibGuides or an open-source alternative. Research and class guides are so common and easy to create that they proliferate widely, leading to quality-control challenges in maintaining and updating guides. Elizabeth German provides insights as to how you can transform your LibGuides from a collection of guides to an instruction-oriented service using two different but complementary lenses: service design thinking and e-learning project planning. She takes a step-by-step approach to each lens, using concrete, easily comprehensible examples and references to additional sources of information to help librarians identify the important elements and principles of each lens. Ultimately, she encourages you to think about your research and class guides as a service that is intended to support a specific type of library user: the learner.—Sarah LeMire, editor

The Impossible Jew: Identity and the Reconstruction of Jewish American Literary HistoryUnclean Lips: Obscenity, Jews, and American Culture

The Impossible Jew: Identity and the Reconstruction of Jewish American Literary HistoryUnclean Lips: Obscenity, Jews, and American Culture

Project Management between Will and Representation

This article challenges some deep-rooted assumptions of project management. Inspired by the work of the German philosopher, Arthur Schopenhauer, it calls for looking at projects through two complementary lenses: one that accounts for cognitive and representational aspects and one that accounts for material and volitional aspects. Understanding the many ways in which these aspects transpire and interact in projects sheds new light on project organizations, as imperfect and fragile representations that chase a shifting nexus of intractable human, social, technical, and material processes. This, in turn, can bring about a new grasp of notions such as value, knowledge, complexity, and risk.

Complementary lenses: Using theories of situativity and complexity to understand collaborative learning as systems-level social activity

Abstract This article highlights possibilities for understanding challenges related to collaborative learning by bringing two complementary lenses into theoretical and empirical conversation—complexity and situativity. After presenting a theoretical comparison that characterizes complementarity between complexity and situativity in order to frame their relative contributions to a systems-level understanding of learning processes, we examine persistently unproductive social activity during a 14-session, collaborative engineering design project in a fifth-grade peer group from both perspectives. We do so in order to demonstrate the value of these complementary perspectives for understanding collaborative learning processes and to suggest different explanations of why unproductive social activity sometimes persists and possibilities for interrupting such dynamics. We thus suggest a shift from explanatory accounts of system processes to prospective processes for systems of action within social ecologies of change. Such a framework can resolve the social activity of collaborative learning around a systems-level orientation.

Queer Earth Mothering: Thinking Through the Biological Paradigm of Motherhood

I consider Christine Overall’s (2012) proposal that counteracting the ecological threats born from overconsumption and overpopulation morally obligates (most) Westerners to limit their procreative output to one child per person. I scrutinize what Overall finds valuable about the genetic link in the parent-child relationship through the complementary lenses of Shelley M. Park’s (2013) project of “queering motherhood” and the ecofeminist concept of “earth mothering.” What comes of this theoretical mix is a procreative outlook I define as queer earth mothering (QEM): an interrogative attitude for identifying the ways in which anti-ecological and heteronormative ideologies seep into maternal praxis. I argue that QEM has potential to relocate the value(s) of the putative parent-child relationship, change attitudes toward adoptive motherhood for the better, and shed light on the reality that procreative decisions in affluent contexts can and will rebound with devastating environmental consequences on both present and future populations if left unabated. My hope is that with QEM as our guide for thinking through the biological paradigm of motherhood we will be in a much better position to appreciate why affluent prospective parents should (generally speaking) favour adoption over biological reproduction.

Liquid crystal-based lenticular lens array with laterally shifting capability of the focusing effect for autostereoscopic displays

We demonstrate a liquid crystal (LC)-based lenticular lens array with the laterally shifting capability of the focusing effect in a complementary geometry with an offset between the center of the convex lens in the bottom substrate and that of the concave lens in the top substrate. Depending on the index matching between each of two different polymer lenses and the LC, either the focusing effect from the convex lens–LC interface or that from the LC–concave lens interface is achieved. The lateral shift of the focusing effect of our complementary lens array is dictated by the amount of the offset between the convex lens and the concave lens whereas the focal length depends on the amount of the index mismatching. For the input beam polarized linearly along the direction of the lenticular lens, according to an applied voltage, the ordinary and extraordinary indices of the LC coincide with the index of the convex lens and that of the concave lens made of two different polymers, respectively. Our lenticular lens array shows distinct three-dimensional viewing characteristics with laterally shifting zones.

Insights into the eldercare conundrum through complementary lenses of Boardman's SSM and TOC's Evaporating Cloud

Whether an elderly parent should move/be moved into an assisted care facility can be a difficult decision for families and one that is increasingly evident as the ‘baby-boomer’ population ages. This paper explores decisions about care for elderly family members and in particular, whether a parent should move (or be moved) into an assisted care facility (ACF). The problematic situation based on personal experience of the authors is explored using two different methods as problem structuring aids, providing critical insights into the dilemma facing many families. Boardman's Soft Systems Methodology (BSSM) was used along with the Evaporating Cloud (EC) from the Theory of Constraints (TOC) methodology. This use of two methods in multimethodological fashion as complementary lenses allowed the elicitation, clarification and elaboration of assumptions underlying the issue of whether the parent should move into an ACF. Multiple avenues for resolving the issue are surfaced, along with several opportunities for further research. The paper contributes to community OR by showing how the different frames can work to address the fraught situation in which families can find themselves, as adult children seek to safeguard their elderly parents by accessing ACF, while also endeavouring to maintain satisfactory family relationships. The paper makes a unique contribution, not just in terms of highlighting the eldercare situation and suggesting ways forward, but also in terms of multimethodological use of BSSM and TOC. Finally, it is significant that the case study originated in the USA, where ‘Soft OR’ methods are rarely applied.

What can we learn from a soft sister? A complementary lens to the systems engineering approach in medical education research.

Medical EducationVolume 48, Issue 12 p. 1139-1141 Commentaries What can we learn from a soft sister? A complementary lens to the systems engineering approach in medical education research Sayra Cristancho, Corresponding Author Sayra Cristancho London, Ontario, CanadaCorrespondence: Sayra Cristancho, Centre for Education Research and Innovation, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada. Tel: 00 1 519 661 2111 (ext. 89253); E-mail: sayra.cristancho@schulich.uwo.caSearch for more papers by this author Sayra Cristancho, Corresponding Author Sayra Cristancho London, Ontario, CanadaCorrespondence: Sayra Cristancho, Centre for Education Research and Innovation, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada. Tel: 00 1 519 661 2111 (ext. 89253); E-mail: sayra.cristancho@schulich.uwo.caSearch for more papers by this author First published: 20 November 2014 https://doi.org/10.1111/medu.12617Citations: 10Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume48, Issue12December 2014Pages 1139-1141 RelatedInformation

Thinking Slow About Sexual Assault in the Military

This article examines the current public discourse on sexual assault in the military through the complementary lenses of behavioral economics and the law. The article evaluates the crisis narrative central to this discourse and suggests it is not supportable by the best available data. Moreover, the article suggests that in driving potentially counterproductive public policy initiatives, this narrative is harmful to victims of sexual assault. The article recommends several practical steps the Department of Defense might take in the near-term to expose and rebut this harmful narrative and forestall these potentially counterproductive public policy initiatives. These steps include a reappraisal of the rhetoric senior DoD officials employ when speaking publically about the very real problem of sexual assault in the military, as well as advocating for a whole of government approach to gathering data on sexual assault and its victims. The article suggests the evidence-based prevention and response solutions impelled by these data hold out the best hope for reducing the incidence of sexual assault in the military.

Inequality and transformation analyses: a complementary lens for addressing vulnerability to climate change

Vulnerability assessments (VAs) are the dominant method to establish who and what is vulnerable to the negative effects of climate change. Researchers and practitioners typically use VAs to measure material vulnerability in terms of unbalanced sets of assets and institutional vulnerability regarding socially differentiated access to rights and decision-making processes. However, as scholarship on vulnerability and adaptation aligns in a better manner with development and sustainability priorities and focuses more explicitly on interrelations between climate and global change, creative complementary approaches to understanding vulnerability are needed, both conceptually and methodologically. This article discusses the generational shifts of climate change VAs over the last 25 years, their achievements and blind spots. We note declining attention to broad structural and relational drivers of vulnerability and inequality, and an inadequate understanding of vulnerability dynamics which hampers forward-looking change processes. To remedy these blind spots, and based on the reflections on building adaptive capacity coupled with emergent debates on societal transformation, we propose a comprehensive framework for Inequality and Transformation Analyses. The framework, fusing previously fractured approaches, combines assessments of structural and relational drivers of inequalities and marginalization as well as possible solution spaces with reflective and relational opportunities for anticipatory learning and transformative change. It contributes to alternative framings for a more relational research agenda on social-ecological vulnerability and adaptation.

Shaping the learning environment of first-year students

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe the conceptualisation and implementation of learning communities (LCs) at two selected female residences. I argue that learning is mediated by collaborative, social interaction and that learning does not only happen in the classroom, but rather in the everyday living spaces. I therefore propose the implementation of LCs as another alternative to help students navigate the educational landscape. Design/methodology/approach – The author employed a qualitative case study design located in the socio-constructivist paradigm. Such a perspective values participants’ perspectives as knowledge is viewed as being constructed collaboratively. Thus, to evaluate the first implementation cycle at Residence X (in 2010), the author conducted semi-structured interviews to hear participant voices on what worked, what did not and what should be improved. Findings – The findings suggest that the engagement in LCs was valuable for learning since it could assist students to cope with university life. However, careful conceptualisation and implementation, and more specifically, a critical examination of the entire context is required. Students cannot operate in a system that is failing them. Enabling opportunities that will foster a safe space for collaborative engagement is desirable. Research limitations/implications – This study was conducted at two residences only and only a few students participated. A longitudinal study is required at residences as the formation of LCs is a process and does not happen over night. Practical implications – Third generation cultural historical activity theory (CHAT) can be used to guide a revision of the five-pillar model framework and study time implementation at residences. Social implications – An openness to change and seeing the context as a fluid space will aid a transformation agenda. Originality/value – This paper shows how complementary lenses – CHAT and communities of practice – allowed a critical examination of the entire context and further highlights the complexity of conceptualising and implementing LCs.

Urban peacebuilding

This article seeks to outline a conceptual landscape that can assist us to better grasp how urban communities torn and traumatised by violent conflicts remain divided in peace and resistant to liberal peacebuilding efforts. It suggests that peacebuilding needs to be urbanised to better address and mitigate tensions and ethnocratic spatial practices in divided cities. The urban is suggested as a prism through which to view and understand peacebuilding processes localised in the city space and describe whereby the urban conditions the construction, maintenance or resistance to peace. As an exercise in conceptual scoping this article unpacks the multidimensionality of peacebuilding and conceptually develops the notion of urban peacebuilding. By marrying critical peacebuilding literature and urban studies the ambition is to advance an orientation that connects peace with urban space and the everyday, thus providing a complementary lens through which to analyse peace and peacebuilding.

MODEL-FREE MULTI-PROBE LENSING RECONSTRUCTION OF CLUSTER MASS PROFILES

Lens magnification by galaxy clusters induces characteristic spatial variations in the number counts of background sources, amplifying their observed fluxes and expanding the area of sky, the net effect of which, known as magnification bias, depends on the intrinsic faint-end slope of the source luminosity function. The bias is strongly negative for red galaxies, dominated by the geometric area distortion, whereas it is mildly positive for blue galaxies, enhancing the blue counts toward the cluster center. We generalize the Bayesian approach of Umetsu et al. for reconstructing projected cluster mass profiles, by incorporating multiple populations of background sources for magnification bias measurements and combining them with complementary lens distortion measurements, effectively breaking the mass-sheet degeneracy and improving the statistical precision of cluster mass measurements. The approach can be further extended to include strong-lensing projected mass estimates, thus allowing for non-parametric absolute mass determinations in both the weak and strong regimes. We apply this method to our recent CLASH lensing measurements of MACS J1206.2-0847, and demonstrate how combining multi-probe lensing constraints can improve the reconstruction of cluster mass profiles. This method will also be useful for a stacked lensing analysis, combining all lensing-related effects in the cluster regime, for a definitive determination of the averaged mass profile.

Justice at the millennium, a decade later: A meta-analytic test of social exchange and affect-based perspectives.

Although a flurry of meta-analyses summarized the justice literature at the turn of the millennium, interest in the topic has surged in the decade since. In particular, the past decade has witnessed the rise of social exchange theory as the dominant lens for examining reactions to justice, and the emergence of affect as a complementary lens for understanding such reactions. The purpose of this meta-analytic review was to test direct, mediating, and moderating hypotheses that were inspired by those 2 perspectives, to gauge their adequacy as theoretical guides for justice research. Drawing on a review of 493 independent samples, our findings revealed a number of insights that were not included in prior meta-analyses. With respect to social exchange theory, our results revealed that the significant relationships between justice and both task performance and citizenship behavior were mediated by indicators of social exchange quality (trust, organizational commitment, perceived organizational support, and leader-member exchange), though such mediation was not apparent for counterproductive behavior. The strength of those relationships did not vary according to whether the focus of the justice matched the target of the performance behavior, contrary to popular assumptions in the literature, or according to whether justice was referenced to a specific event or a more general entity. With respect to affect, our results showed that justice-performance relationships were mediated by positive and negative affect, with the relevant affect dimension varying across justice and performance variables. Our discussion of these findings focuses on the merit in integrating the social exchange and affect lenses in future research.

Different But Equally Plausible Narratives of Policy Transformation: A Plea for Theoretical Pluralism

Theories of institutional change help us to understand policy transformation, and provide us with a framework for presenting transformation narratives retrospectively. By telling the transformation narrative of a single case through the lenses of three different institutional change theories this article highlights the potential shortcomings of a single lens, and the value of using complementary lenses. It argues for a pluralist approach to provide a richer understanding of policy transformation.

Different but equally plausible narratives of policy transformation: A plea for theoretical pluralism

Theories of institutional change help us to understand policy transformation, and provide us with a framework for presenting transformation narratives retrospectively. By telling the transformation narrative of a single case through the lenses of three different institutional change theories, this article highlights the potential shortcomings of a single lens, and the value of using complementary lenses. It argues for a pluralist approach to provide a richer understanding of policy transformation.

High-precision camera distortion measurements with a “calibration harp”

This paper addresses the high-precision measurement of the distortion of a digital camera from photographs. Traditionally, this distortion is measured from photographs of a flat pattern that contains aligned elements. Nevertheless, it is nearly impossible to fabricate a very flat pattern and to validate its flatness. This fact limits the attainable measurable precisions. In contrast, it is much easier to obtain physically very precise straight lines by tightly stretching good quality strings on a frame. Taking literally "plumb-line methods," we built a "calibration harp" instead of the classic flat patterns to obtain a high-precision measurement tool, demonstrably reaching 2/100 pixel precisions. The harp is complemented with the algorithms computing automatically from harp photographs two different and complementary lens distortion measurements. The precision of the method is evaluated on images corrected by state-of-the-art distortion correction algorithms, and by popular software. Three applications are shown: first an objective and reliable measurement of the result of any distortion correction. Second, the harp permits us to control state-of-the art global camera calibration algorithms: it permits us to select the right distortion model, thus avoiding internal compensation errors inherent to these methods. Third, the method replaces manual procedures in other distortion correction methods, makes them fully automatic, and increases their reliability and precision.

Research on entrepreneurship in the informal economy: Framing a research agenda

The informal economy consists of economic activities that occur outside of formal institutional boundaries but which remain within informal institutional boundaries for large segments of society. We draw from diverse disciplines to frame research concerning entrepreneurship in the informal economy around three separate theories: institutional theory, motivation-related theories from a sociological perspective, and resource allocation theory. Each of these theories provides a complementary lens through which to examine the incentives, constraints, motivations, strategies, and abilities of entrepreneurs to operate and grow their ventures in the informal economy. Employing these theoretical perspectives facilitates efforts to highlight the breadth of informal economy research in different domains and lays foundations for future entrepreneurship research.