Complementary Feeding Behavior Research Articles

Adipokinetic hormone signaling determines dietary fatty acid preference through maintenance of hemolymph fatty acid composition in the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus

Adipokinetic hormone (AKH), an analog of mammalian glucagon, functions in supplying the required energy by releasing lipids and carbohydrates from the fat body into the hemolymph. Our previous study showed that AKH receptor (AKHR) knockdown in the two-spotted cricket Gryllus bimaculatus decreased hemolymph lipid levels and increased its feeding frequency. To reveal underlying mechanisms by which AKH signaling modulates lipid homeostasis, we analyzed the fatty acid composition as the lipid structure in the crickets. AKH administration significantly increased the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids (USFAs) to total fatty acids with decrease of the saturated fatty acids (SFAs) in hemolymph, while these proportions were inversely changed in RNA interference-mediated AKHR-knockdowned (AKHRRNAi) crickets. Interestingly, knockdown of hormone-sensitive lipase (Hsl) by RNAi (HslRNAi) affected the proportion of USFAs and SFAs in a similar manner to that observed in AKHRRNAi crickets. AKH administration in HslRNAi crickets did not change hemolymph fatty acid composition, indicating that AKH signaling critically altered fatty acid composition in the hemolymph through Hsl. In addition, a choice assay revealed that AKHRRNAi significantly increases the preference of USFAs. These data indicate that hemolymph lipid level and composition were modulated by AKH signaling with a complementary feeding behavior toward USFAs.

Peran modul MP-ASI dalam perilaku pemberian MP-ASI pada ibu anak bawah dua tahun (BADUTA)

Background : Lack of complementary feeding behavior is one of the problems in Indonesia. Nutrition education about complementary feeding among mother from infants aged 6-24 months should be carried out to support compelementary feeding behavior. Module with an easily language punctuated by images and can be learned at home is expected to incerase complementary feeding behavior among mothers from child under two years old.Method : The design of this research was quasi-experimental with non-randomized pre-test and post-test control group design. Training of complementary feedings module were given for four meetings. The annalyze were conducted by SPSS program. Result : This study found that the median age of subjects between two group are adults. The median duration of education are 9 years. There was no difference of Financial families outcome in the both of groups is low. Nutrition education with module can increase complementary feeding behavior at intervention group and the improvement of this scores better than control group. Complementary feeding behavior retention increased significant among 2 weeks and 1 month after intervention.Conclusion : Nutrition education with module contribute to improve complementary feeding behavior among mothers from child under two years old.

Eradicate Malnutrition- Mission For Mothers And Grandmothers Too.

Under nutrition is not simply a result of food insecurity, but due to inappropriate infant feeding and care practices. Child health programs currently do not focus adequately on improving public awareness of the importance of breastfeeding and on providing adequate knowledge and counseling skills. Considering the culture of respecting and obeying the family senior citizens in India, when a baby is born in the family there are all kinds of grandmothers (mother and mother in law) who are ready to advice the new mother. Grandmother plays a vital role in decisions regarding what, when ,how, how much to feed a baby and all queries which mother may have asked a doctor but listened and behaved in accordance to her. So testing the knowledge, attitude and practices of grandmothers is must if we want improve the situation of malnutrition. This paper, which is a pilot study, compares child breastfeeding and complementary feeding beliefs and behaviors of paternal and maternal grandmothers and also the mothers.

Modeling pathways from a behavior change communications intervention to complementary feeding outcomes: a proof of concept study

BackgroundBehavior change interventions to improve complementary feeding have met with varying success. We propose that research to identify, understand and address determinants of recommended complementary feeding behaviors will lead to more efficacious outcomes. In this study we examine the role of maternal self‐efficacy for complementary feeding, a mother's belief in her capability to organize and execute courses of action for complementary feeding, as a factor that affects responses to 2 specific complementary feeding behaviors in rural Bangladesh.ObjectiveIn the context of the cluster‐randomized evaluation of Alive & Thrive (A&T), a behavior change intervention in Bangladesh, we examined the role of maternal self‐efficacy for 2 complementary feeding behaviors, using a theoretically derived model of determinants of complementary feeding behaviors.MethodsWe developed a set of questions that comprised an 8 point additive scale to measure maternal self‐efficacy for complementary feeding and inserted them into a program survey (n=457 mothers of children 6–24 mo of age). Based on qualitative research conducted as part of the A&T process evaluation, we selected 2 measured behaviors from the behaviors the project promoted—reported feeding of green leafy vegetables (GLV) in the last 24 h and the timely introduction of egg. These 2 behaviors differed in terms of mother's potential control over implementation requirements, ease of putting them into practice, and potential cultural constraints. With data from the survey on multiple maternal and household characteristics we examined direct and mediated paths of maternal self‐efficacy, in both program exposed and control group mothers using ordinary least squared regression, logistic regression, and structural equation modeling.ResultsThe A&T intervention significantly increased both behaviors (11 percentage‐point increase in the predicted probability for egg (p=0.036); 16 percentage‐point increase in the predicted probability for GLV (p<0.001)). For GLV maternal self‐efficacy for complementary feeding mediated (β =0.355, p=0.010) and potentiated (positively modified) (β=0.3888, p=0.039) the effect of the intervention. This means that in the intervention group, compared to the control, the mean value of self‐efficacy was higher and, simultaneously, at higher levels of self‐efficacy there was a greater likelihood of feeding GLV. In contrast, there was neither mediation nor potentiation of the effect of the intervention on timely introduction of egg.ConclusionMaternal self‐efficacy for complementary feeding was a significant mediator and potentiator for feeding GLV, but not for egg. As a proof of concept study, these findings support the value of examining and targeting maternal self‐efficacy in behavior change interventions that target complementary feeding. Our divergent findings for GLV vs the timely introduction of egg highlight the complex determinants of infant feeding behaviors and the importance of identifying features of cultural context that affect maternal capability to adopt intervention‐targeted behaviors.Support or Funding InformationSupport: Alive & Thrive, funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and managed by FHI360; NIH (5T32HD007331).

Relationship between complementary feeding behaviors and anemia for infants and young children in Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou province of China

To examine the relationship between complementary feeding behaviors (CFB) and anemia for infants and young children in Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou province of China. A total 3 410 children aged 6-24 months were recruited from 12 survey sites in the urban and rural areas of Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou provinces by stratified random cluster sampling in 3 age groups (6-8 months, 9-11 months and 12-24 months) from March to July in 2011. The information of CFB for them was collected through a specific questionnaire. According to the comprehensive evaluation method of CFB(including content of food preparation and selection, caregivers' behavior, infants' behavior, feeding environment and environmental hygiene), the scores of CFB were calculated and grouped as low ( < 60% of total score), moderate (60%-80% of total score) and high level ( > 80% of total score). Twenty microliter of fingertip blood was extracted to measure the hemoglobin concentration and anemia rate was calculated. Distribution of CFB level and rate of anemia were compared between urban/rural areas and different age groups. Difference of anemia rate for infants and young children between low/moderate/high CFB level groups was compared. 8.0% (273/3 410) of the children were in low CFB level group, and 56.9% (1 940/3 410) and 35.1% (1 197/3 410) in moderate and high CFB level group respectively. The difference of CFB levels between urban and rural areas was significant (Z = -21.17, P < 0.05), the proportion of high level in urban area was 53.0% (829/1 565) , which was higher than that in rural area (20.0% (368/1845) ). The difference of CFB levels between different age groups was also significant (H = 43.82, P < 0.05). The proportion of high level decreased by increasing age, which was 41.0% (417/1 017) and 29.9% (389/1 300) in 6-8 months and 12-24 months respectively. The average hemoglobin concentration for infants was (119.3 ± 13.8)g/L, and the total anemia rate was 22.4% (765/3 410) . The hemoglobin concentration for infants in urban area ( (123.3 ± 11.3) g/L) was higher than rural area ((115.9 ± 14.8) g/L) (t = 16.75, P < 0.05) and the rate of anemia in urban area (10.5% (165/1 565)) was lower than that in rural area (32.5% (600/1845) ) (χ² = 235.03, P < 0.05) significantly. The rate of anemia was decreased by increasing CFB level(χ² = 73.94, P < 0.05). The rate of anemia in the low CFB level group was the highest (33.7% (92/273) ) while in the high CFB level group was 14.5% (174/1 197), which was the lowest. The level of complementary feeding behavior for infants and young children in Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou province of China is relatively low and their prevalence of anemia is relatively serious. Complementary feeding behavior is closely associated with anemia for infants and young children.

Comprehensive evaluation of complementary feeding behavior for infants in urban and rural areas of Chengdu in 2011

To study the status and problems of complementary feeding behavior for infants aging between 6 - 24 month-old in urban and rural areas of Chengdu in 2011. A total of 1283 infants aging between 6 - 24 month-old, including 601 from urban area and 682 from rural area, were randomly selected by stratified cluster random sampling method, and divided into three groups as 6 - 8, 9 - 11 and 12 - 24 month-old groups, between March and April in 2011. Information of complementary feeding behavior were collected by questionnaire, and then assessed, quantified and compared by standards. The evaluation system was established (the total score was 24), and was used to assess among children aging 6 to 24 month-old in urban and rural areas in Chengdu. The average score for infants in Chengdu was 18.6 ± 2.5, accounting for 77.6% of the total score. The scores of food selection and preparation were highest (90.7% of total score) among the behavior, and the scores of caregiver's behavior, infants behavior, feeding environment and environmental hygiene were low (about 75.2% - 77.6% of total score). The average score in urban and rural groups were separately 19.8 ± 2.1 and 17.6 ± 2.4, the score in urban group was higher than that in rural group (P < 0.05), occupying total score 82.3%, 73.4%, respectively. The average score in 6 - 8 month, 9 - 11 month and 12 - 24 month groups were separately 18.9 ± 2.3, 19.1 ± 2.4, and 18.2 ± 2.6, occupying total score 78.9%, 79.4% and 75.7%, respectively. The score in 6 - 8 and 9 - 11 month groups were higher than that in 12 - 24 month group (P < 0.01). The pass rate (above 60% of total score) was 94.2% and excellent rate (above 80% of total score) was 44.8% in Chengdu. The excellent rate in urban and rural groups were separately 65.7% and 26.4% (χ(2) = 199.825, P < 0.01). The complementary feeding behavior for infants was not optimistic in Chengdu, and the behavior was even worse in rural areas and among elder infants groups.

Constructing maternal knowledge frameworks. How mothers conceptualize complementary feeding

This ethnographic study examines maternal knowledge, and develops an emic framework to help explain and interpret maternal complementary feeding behaviors. In-depth interviews and home observations among 29 women with young children 6–18mo were conducted in Morelos, Mexico. Transcripts were systematically reviewed to identify major themes related to feeding young children, and data were coded using a combination of preselected codes and codes that emerged from the identification of themes. Observations augmented the information that was obtained through verbal exchange. We identified eight concepts: (1) probaditas (the idea of introducing small tastes of foods), (2) preparing separate foods for infants, (3) readiness to eat solid foods, (4) appropriate consistency, (5) the value of variety, (6) child likes and dislikes, (7) money and food costs, and (8) healthiness of foods (positive and negative foods). There was strong evidence of cultural consensus (sharing of knowledge among the respondents), and the underlying motivation was to provide foods to ensure good growth and health. This knowledge framework guided practices. Mothers fed their children liquid and semi-liquid foods, and fruits, but few vegetables, meats, and legumes. Variation in the variety of children’s diets was associated with household factors, which emerged in the ethnographic interviews. We conclude that elucidating maternal knowledge frameworks is crucial for explaining maternal behavior, and argue that these frameworks are the foundation for developing behavior-change interventions.

Trophic ecology of the lobster krill Munida gregaria in San Jorge Gulf, Argentina

The langostilla, Munida gregaria, also called lobster krill or squat lobster, is a very common galatheid crustacean in San Jorge Gulf and around the southern tip of South America. Previous studies have shown that this species plays an important role in the trophic webs wherever it has been studied. In order to determine its natural food sources, we analyzed 10 samples (30-36 individuals each) taken from different sites in San Jorge Gulf. Moreover, stomach analyses were performed on 32 fish species, 4 mollusk species, and 7 crustacean species from the gulf. The lobster krill is primarily a detritivore or surface deposit-feeder and secondarily a predator and/or scavenger. Its main energy sources are particu­ late organic matter and their associated bacteria, small live organisms on the surface of the sediment layer (ostracods, copepods, foraminifers, other protists), and animal debris. Polychaetes are the main prey of lobster krill in the study area. This dual complementary feeding behavior is common in the studied galatheids, making them a fundamental link between detritus and benthic and demersal top predators. Some species of these predators constitute important fisheries. Different life-cycle stages of the squat lobster were preyed on by 32 of the examined species. However, the spectrum of predators is still incomplete, with other species feeding on larvae and juveniles of the species.

Nutritional Status of Infants and Young Children and Characteristics of Their Diets

Adoption of the recommended breast-feeding and complementary feeding behaviors and access to the appropriate quality and quantity of foods are essential components of optimal nutrition for infants and young children between ages 6 and 24 mo. Iron, zinc and vitamin B-6 are deficient in complementary food diets in Bangladesh, Ghana, Guatemala, Mexico and Peru. Low intakes of iron are consistent with a high prevalence of anemia seen in this age group. The adequacy of observed intakes for calcium, vitamin A, thiamin, folate and vitamin C depends on the age range in question and the set of requirements used in the assessment. The lipid content of many complementary food diets is low. In addition to providing essential fatty acids, lipids are needed for the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins and also enhance the texture, flavor and aroma of foods, which may lead to increased intake. The relative roles of palatability, micronutrient deficiency and morbidity-induced anorexia in the appetite of infants and young children are not known. However, even among children who were growth retarded and had a total energy deficit compared with requirements, up to 25% of food offered was not consumed. This indicates that dietary quality rather than quantity is the key aspect of complementary food diets that needs to be improved. Targeted fortification or the production of complementary foods fortified with micronutrients and of an adequate macro- and micronutrient composition is one approach to help meet nutritional requirements during the vulnerable period of 6-24 mo.