Compilation Process Research Articles

Scientific Machine and Deep Learning Investigations of the Local Buckling Behaviour of Hollow Sections

AbstractThe recent advent of Machine and Deep Learning (ML/DL) increased interest among applicability of data‐driven methods to design and verification in structural civil engineering concerned, specifically with members made of steel within this paper. Scientific ML (SciML) follows the idea of combining domain knowledge with the abilities of ML and DL algorithms to make the best out of both worlds. This paper investigates the SciML algorithms Random Forrests, XGBoost and a deep neural network model for the prediction of the cross‐section dependent local buckling reduction factor χ for different hot rolled and cold‐formed SHS and RHS profiles made of mild and high strength steel. The process of data collection, cleaning, compilation and model training and evaluation is described. It is found, that especially tree‐based methods can serve as feature importance and selection methods and have similarly high predictive capabilities such as deep neural networks for the case of of the cross‐section dependent local buck‐ling reduction factor χ for different hot rolled and cold‐formed SHS and RHS profiles made of mild and high strength steel. The data of this paper furthermore serve as the initial data‐set for establishing the Github repository “SciML4StructEng_Repository”. This repository which will foster the dissemination of data sets for structural civil engineering to allow the prototyping, development and benchmark testing of scientific machine and deep learning (SciML) algorithms.

Recurrent deep neural learning classification algorithm based high level synthesis in VLSI circuit with runtime adaptability

Electronics industry has attained huge development in last few decades due to the rapid increase in system design applications. With the growth of very large scale integration (VLSI) design, integrated circuits (ICs) are employed in many applications. VLSI design comprises many steps like system-level design, high-level synthesis (HLS), logic design, test generation, and physical design. HLS interprets behavior description and create digital hardware that executes the behavior. But, the power-process-voltage-temperature (PPVT) variation can causee many issues and reduce the performance of VLSI design circuits. In order to address these problems, Recurrent Deep Neural Learning Classification based High Level Synthesis (RDNLC-HLS) Model is designed for better runtime adaptability with minimal time consumption. VLSI circuits are designed with the behavioral input and the output performance is measured at runtime. The behavioral description of the circuit is taken as input. Then, source code compilation process translates high level specification into Intermediate Representation (IR) and converts to control/data flow graph (CDFG). CDFG reveals data and control dependencies between operations. The proposed Recurrent Deep Neural Learning Classification based High Level Synthesis (RDNLC-HLS) Model is designed for providing better runtime adaptability with minimal time consumption. Finally, Register Transfer Level Generation is carried out to yield better runtime adaptability with minimal time. Simulation results on ISCAS’89 Benchmark Dataset, shows that the RDNLC-HLS model increases the FUSA with minimal error rate and CAT.

김장생(金長生)의 『근사록석의(近思錄釋疑)』와 서인 성리설의 심화

This study is aimed at exploring compilation process of annotation for Chin-ssu Lu (近思錄) of Kim Jang-saeng (金長生, 1548-1631) and its importance in the history of thoughts. Zhu Xi (朱熹, 1130-1200) and Lu Zuqian (呂祖謙, 1137- 1181) wrote Chin-ssu Lu for the beginners' learning. It took great part in beginner's learning with Xiaoxue (小學) that provides fundamental guideline in action. In spite of its recognized importance, Chin-ssu Lu did not receive attention from intellectuals of the time, while Xiaoxue received constant attention after emphasis on practice of Kim Jong-Jik (金宗直, 1431-1492). Chin-ssu Lu was re-examined by Yi Hwang (李滉, 1502-1571) of the 16th century. Studying Four Books and Five Classics, Yi Hwang provided a groundwork for translation of Confucian textbooks with studying Chin-ssu Lu in his later years. But he could not finish his work. Most annotations of beginner's learning based on Zhu Xi's studies (朱子學) was organized by Seoin (西人). Kim Jang-saeng compiled the annotations of Chin-ssu Lu for the first time by writing Geunsarok Seokeui (近思錄釋疑). Unlike previous annotations, Geunsarok Seokeui contained various theories of intellectuals of Joseon and these theories took greater part than theories of Chinese intellectuals based on Zhu Xi's other writings due to Joseon's cumulated former studies about the annotations. As study of Four books and Five Classics proceeded in Joseon, independent perspectives to understand Zhu Xi's studies were born. In this trend, Kim Jang-saeng compiled these studies and made a basis for study about Chin-ssu Lu. In the process, Kim Jang-saeng supplemented Yi Yi's position in the controversy over Neo-Confucianism that continued from Yi Hwang and created a foundation for maintaining the school.

Developing Bilingual Glossary (English-Urdu) for Tourists: A systematic Approach

Glossaries are created to provide information on a wide range of words and their usage, as well as to improve people's intercultural knowledge. This article covers the process of developing a bilingual English-Urdu glossary, with a focus on the tourism industry. It outlines all steps taken for the glossary compilation process and analyses the issues that glossary writers confront when working with a large number of foreign terminology, as well as their possible solutions. It demonstrates that certain decisions are made at various stages to provide an effective bilingual glossary product for users. The article suggests that bilingual glossaries be developed using a methodological approach that effectively meets the needs of dictionary users.

The Evidence Value of Āḥād Ḥadīth According to Islamic Scholars

Hz. Peygamber’in vefatından sonra dinî konuların hükümlerini belirlemede dinde ikinci kaynak olan hadis ve sünnete olan ihtiyaç yoğun bir şekilde hissedilmeye başlanmıştır. Ayrıca Hz. Ali’nin hilâfeti döneminden itibaren İslâm toplumunda meydana gelen tefrika olayları hadis uydurma hareketinin başlamasına neden olmuştur. Bu iki temel sebep güvenilir ve doğru bilgiyi/haberi elde etme yöntemlerini geliştirmeye yönelik girişimlerin ortaya çıkmasına zemin hazırlamıştır. Çünkü haberin güvenilirliği ve doğruluğu dinin düşünce, inanç ve amel yapısının sağlam temellere oturmasını sağlayan en önemli unsurdur. Bu konuda gösterilen hassasiyet, Müslümanlara münhasır bir haber teorisini ortaya çıkarmıştır. Muhaddisler hadislerin tesbît, tedvîn ve tasnîf sürecinde geliştirdikleri isnad sistemi ile bu teoriye önemli katkılar sağlamışlardır. Temel gayeleri hadislerin Hz. Peygamber’e aidiyet ve sübût durumlarını tespit etmek olan hadisçiler “hadis usûlü” ilmini inşa etmişler ve hadisleri Hz. Peygamber’e nispetinin kesinliğinin ölçüsü olarak sahih, hasen, zayıf ve alt bölümlerine ayırmışlardır. Fıkıhçılar ve kelâmcılar ise hadisçilerin bu taksimini kabul etmekle beraber amaçları gereği farklı bir yaklaşım sergilemişler ve haberlerin hüccet ve bilgi değerlerini esas alarak mütevâtir ve âhâd ayrımına gitmişlerdir. Çünkü onlar açısından haber, amel ve itikatta hüccet olarak kullanılabilir özelliklere sahipse bir değer ifade etmektedir. Muhaddisler, mütevâtir ve âhâd ayrımını amaçlarına uygun olmadığı gerekçesi ile hadis ilminin konuları arasında mütalaa etmemişlerdir. Fakat beşinci asır hadisçilerinden Hatîb el-Bağdâdî ile başlamak üzere mütevâtir ve âhâd ayrımını benimseyenler de vardır. Hadis rivayetlerinin büyük çoğunluğunu teşkil eden âhâd haberler, dinî ilimlerin amaç ve yöntem farklılıkları nedeniyle gerek tanımı ve bilgi değerleri gerekse bunlara bağlı olarak hüccet olmaları konusunda en fazla görüş farklılığı belirtilen haber çeşidi olmuştur. Tespitlerimize göre âhâd haberin “bir ve birden çok” şeklinde sınırlandırılmadan ifade edilen râvi sayısı ile mütevâtir haber için verilen asgari beş sayısının kesişmesi farklı görüşlerin ortaya çıkmasının nedenlerindendir. Diğer bir neden ise âhâd haberin “mütevâtir şartlarını taşımayan haber” şeklinde mütevâtire bağlı olan ve kendi öz niteliklerini yeterli şekilde yansıtmayan epistemolojik tanımıdır. Bu durum başta âhâd haber olmak üzere diğer haber çeşitlerinin tanımlarında ve hüccet değerleri hakkında önemli ölçüde nisbîlik konusunu gündeme getirmiştir. Bundan dolayı konumuz “âhâd haberin hüccet değeri” olmakla beraber mütevâtir, meşhur ve müstefîz haberlerin âhâdla ilişkili olan özelliklerini asgarî düzeyde açıklama zarureti hâsıl olmuştur. Çünkü diğer haber çeşitleriyle mukayese etmek suretiyle âhâd haberin mahiyeti ve delil olma durumu daha iyi anlaşılacaktır. Zahirî anlayışın önde gelen ismi İbn Hazm, sahih âhâd haberin mutlak olarak ilim ifade ettiğini savunmuştur. Hadis ekolünün temsilcisi kabul edilen Ahmed b. Hanbel’in, yaygın kanaate göre, âhâd haber ilim ifade ettiği görüşünde olduğu bilinmekle beraber bazı Hanbelî usulcüler zan ifade ettiği görüşünde olduğunu savunmuşlardır. Bunların dışında kelâmcılar, fıkıhçılar ve bazı hadisçiler âhâd haberin genel olarak zan ifade ettiği konusunda hemfikirdirler. Ancak bu görüşte olanların çoğunluğunun, âhâd haberin genel olarak karîne, telakki’l-ümme bi’l-kabûl, muttefekun aleyh olması gibi kuvvetini artıran etkenlerle nazarî ilim ifade ettiğini savundukları görülmektedir. Nazarî ilim ise mütevâtir haberin ifade ettiği ilim çeşitlerinden biridir. Bu durum, haberlerin tanımları ve bilgi değerleri ile ilgili nisbîlik unsurunun ortaya çıkardığı bir özelliktir. Araştırmanın sonunda önde gelen bir grup hadisçi, fıkıhçı ve kelâmcının âhâd ve diğer haber çeşitleri hakkındaki karşılaştırmalı olarak vermeye çalıştığımız görüşleri de bu tespitleri teyit etmektedir.

Suriname: Technical Assistance Report on Government Finance Statistics Mission (December 6-17, 2021)

At the request of the Suriname authorities, a remote technical assistance (TA) mission took place during December 6–17, 2021. The mission was conducted in coordination with the IMF’s Western Hemisphere Department. The main objective of the mission was to assist the Ministry of Finance and Planning (MFP) and the Central Bank of Suriname (CBS) to improve the quality of the Government Finance Statistics (GFS) in view of the IMF program. The main tasks were to (i) conduct a diagnostic assessment of the current GFS and public debt compilation process,(ii) explain and reduce statistical discrepancies, (iii) analyze data on arrears and reassess their treatment in GFS, (iv) review the integration of stocks and flows of the gross debt; and (v) update the public sector institutional table, and (vi) deliver a workshop on GFSM 2014 framework and (PSDS).

소통과 협력의 지역사 쓰기 －시사 편찬 과정과 특징에 대한 연구－

이 글은 화성시의 시사편찬 사례를 중심으로 지역주민 및 마을공동체를 연구 대상으로 하는 지역사 연구활동의 내용과 성과를 살펴보고, 편찬 과정에서 발생하는 갈등과 소통의 양상을 분석하여 그에 따른 대안을 제시하는 것이다. 화성시는 시사 편찬사업을 진행하며, 현지조사, 구술사, 민속학 등 질적연구를 통해 주민과 공동체에 대해 접근하고 파악하였다. _화성시사_(2018, 2020)는 최근 지역사에 대한 연구 관점과 서술방식의 변화상을 단적으로 보여준다. 그동안 간과되었던 주민들의 현재 삶과 생활현장, 새로운 유형의 마을공동체 사례들을 전면에 드러냈으며, 역사 서술에서 주민을 아우르는 범위를 확장시켰다. 시사 편찬과정에서 이를 생산․유통․소비하는 주체들은 각자의 목표와 이해에 따라 다양한 관계를 맺으며 갖가지 요인들이 상호작용을 일으킨다. 타 지역 출신의 외부 연구자들이 내부 주민과 공동작업을 진행하면서 외부자의 관점과 시선은 장점이자 단점으로 작용한다. 주민들은 지역사 생산과정에서 매우 중요한 위치를 점하지만, 출판물이 제작되거나 아카이브가 만들어지는 과정에서는 수동적이며 주체적이지 못한 위치로 존재한다. 공공주도형의 지역사 프로젝트는 가시적인 성과를 중시하고, 지역의 긍정적인 면을 부각시키려고 하다 보니 학계와 다른 잣대가 적용된다. 관(官), 연구자, 지역 주민과 마을공동체가 소통하고 협력하는 지역사 편찬 작업을 위해 몇 가지 방안을 제안해본다. 현실적인 조사․연구비 지원과 연구 기회의 확대를 통해 연구자들의 현장 조사를 활성화해야 한다. 구술생애사 작업 등에 참여한 당사자의 알 권리를 존중하고, 사생활 보호를 위한 윤리적 장치를 마련토록 한다. 자료 수집 기획 단계에서부터 결과물의 관리와 활용에 대해 충분한 고민이 전제되어야 한다. 주민 공람을 적극화하여 편찬사업에 대한 관심과 참여를 유도한다. 지역사 쓰기는 주민과 공동체가 활동의 주체로 보다 활발히 참여하고, 지자체와 학계, 주민이 함께 소통하고 협력하는 관계로 나아가야 한다.

Reconceptualizing Multilevel Leader-Follower Shared Outcomes

While research on leadership has acknowledged the joint efforts of leaders and followers, advancements in conceptualizing the outcomes of such joint efforts have stagnated. Integrating leadership theory and research with multilevel theories on emergent states, we develop and propose a new framework of shared leader-follower outcomes (SLFOs). We reconceptualize SLFOs as four emergent states (presence, synergy, professionalism and chemistry) that are proximal outcomes in teams. Each SLFO is an early indicator of corresponding key traditional outcomes (absenteeism, productivity, quality and satisfaction) that focus on the leader, followers, or the team as a whole. We also discuss the dynamics of emergence of SLFOs from the dyadic leader-follower level to the team level through composition (i.e. convergent) and compilation (i.e., divergent) processes. Our framework extends leadership theories by accounting for emergent states as shared leader-follower outcomes that temporally unfold over multiple levels of analysis. We develop propositions to guide future empirical research on leader-follower proximal outcomes of presence, synergy, professionalism, and chemistry.

BioCRNpyler: Compiling chemical reaction networks from biomolecular parts in diverse contexts.

Biochemical interactions in systems and synthetic biology are often modeled with chemical reaction networks (CRNs). CRNs provide a principled modeling environment capable of expressing a huge range of biochemical processes. In this paper, we present a software toolbox, written in Python, that compiles high-level design specifications represented using a modular library of biochemical parts, mechanisms, and contexts to CRN implementations. This compilation process offers four advantages. First, the building of the actual CRN representation is automatic and outputs Systems Biology Markup Language (SBML) models compatible with numerous simulators. Second, a library of modular biochemical components allows for different architectures and implementations of biochemical circuits to be represented succinctly with design choices propagated throughout the underlying CRN automatically. This prevents the often occurring mismatch between high-level designs and model dynamics. Third, high-level design specification can be embedded into diverse biomolecular environments, such as cell-free extracts and in vivo milieus. Finally, our software toolbox has a parameter database, which allows users to rapidly prototype large models using very few parameters which can be customized later. By using BioCRNpyler, users ranging from expert modelers to novice script-writers can easily build, manage, and explore sophisticated biochemical models using diverse biochemical implementations, environments, and modeling assumptions.

THE IMPORTANCE OF QUESTIONNAIRES IN CORPUS BUILDING PROCESS

Questionnaires are the most commonly used instruments in collecting data. This method is also accessible for doing research investigations. Questionnaires can also be a key factor in searching for a reliable source to build a corpus for specific purposes. Thus, specialists’ aid is a prerequisite in searching for scientific articles, specialized books and web pages in the corpus compilation process. In order to realize this, required questions need to be prepared. In this procedure, studying practitioners’ needs was the pivotal factor in conducting a survey using questionnaire. Taking their prevalence into account, it can be supposed that questionnaires are easy to create, design and use. However, it should be mentioned that in order to obtain expected results, the formation and sketching questionnaires requires time and careful consideration. This article presents the process of designing questionnaires based on certain criteria, the analysis of each developed question, and the active words that are used in the Oil and Gas industry taken from the practitioners have been input into the sketchengine.eu tool, useful webpages have been found. In this way, the size of the corpus has been enlarged. A developed online questionnaire has been surveyed among 331 practitioners, collected data has been analyzed, and further recommendations have been suggested.

Completing the most monumental series on the“National History” of Vietnam

Vietnam has a long and rich history. In effort to recreate its heroic but equally tragic historical episodes, so far, many domestic and foreign works have been written on various topics. However, large-scale historical works are rare. As the country needs a national history series commensurate with the significance of Ho Chi Minh’s era, and to follow the policy of the Party Central Committee Secretariat and the direction of the Government, the Ministry of Science and Technology has organised a state project (KHXH-LSVN/14-18) to research and compile a special series on Vietnamese national history. In November 2021, the last volume of the series was finalised at the state level. This article offers an overview of the research and compilation process and highlights outstanding new insights of the most accomplished works on Vietnamese history thus far

A Parallel Scanner for the Concurrent Execution of Lexical Analyzer Tasks on Multi-Core Machines using Dynamic Task Allocation Algorithm

Purpose: Massive multi-core architecture is rapidly becoming the standard in digital technology due to its high and parallel computational capability and performance benefits. To fully utilize the technological capabilities of multi-core systems, system software such as compilers should be re-engineered for parallel processing. Several important contributions have been made in the past to enhance the efficiency of the lexical analysis process by leveraging the innate parallel processing capability of multi-core computers. This trend of implementation shows that a parallel lexical analyzer tends to perform lexing tasks better than a conventional sequential lexical analyzer. This article discusses the way of making the tasks in parallel during the scanning of source program in the phase of lexical analysis. The objective of this study is to explore how to perform lexical analysis in parallel. On multi-core processors, multiple processes of the lexical analyzer program can run concurrently to scan multiple lines in the input stream in parallel for token detection. This is done by allocating tasks line-by-line to the core which is not engaged yet. Design/Methodology/Approach: Developing a theoretical and experimental approach for parallelizing the lexical scanning process on a multi-core system. Findings/Result: According to the theoretical and experimental results, the proposed methodology significantly outperforms the sequential approach in terms of tokenization. It considerably reduces the time required for lexical analysis during the compilation process. The result establishes unequivocally that the parallel lexical analyzer's performance should scale linearly with the number of cores. It is clearly observed that the speedup is expected to increase further if the number of CPU cores increases. This enhancement would speed up the compilation process even more. Originality/Value: A dynamic task allocation algorithm is developed for the concurrent execution of a lexical analyzer task on multi-core systems. Paper Type: Experimental Research.

Improved Parallel Scanner for the Concurrent Execution of Lexical Analysis Tasks on Multi-Core Systems

Purpose: The processing power of machines will continue to accelerate massively. Modern eras of computing are driven by elevated parallel processing by the revolution of multi-core processors. This continuing trend toward parallel architectural paradigms facilitates parallel processing on a single machine and necessitates parallel programming in order to utilize the machine's enormous processing power. As a consequence, scanner generator applications will eventually need to be parallelized in order to fully leverage the throughput benefits of multi-core processors. This article discusses the way of processing the tasks in parallel during the scanning stage of lexical analysis. This is done by recognizing tokens in different lines of the source program in parallel along with auto detection of keyword in a character stream. Tasks are allocated line-by-line to the multiple instances of the lexical analyzer program. Then, each of the instances is run in parallel to detect tokens on different cores that are not yet engaged. Design/Methodology/Approach: Developing a theoretical and experimental approach for parallelizing the lexical scanning process on a multi-core system. Findings/Result: Based on the developed model, the theoretical and practical results indicate that the suggested methodology outperforms the sequential strategy in terms of tokenization consistently. It significantly decreases the amount of time spent on lexical analysis during the compilation process. It is clearly observed that the speedup should increase at or close to the same rate as the number of cores and keywords in the source program increases. This enhancement would improve the overall compilation time even more. Originality/Value: A hybrid model is developed for the concurrent execution of a lexical analyzer on multi-core systems using a dynamic task allocation algorithm and an auto-keyword detection method. Paper Type: Experimental Research.

Improved Parallel Scanner for the Concurrent Execution of Lexical Analysis Tasks on Multi-Core Systems

Purpose: The processing power of machines will continue to accelerate massively. Modern eras of computing are driven by elevated parallel processing by the revolution of multi-core processors. This continuing trend toward parallel architectural paradigms facilitates parallel processing on a single machine and necessitates parallel programming in order to utilize the machine's enormous processing power. As a consequence, scanner generator applications will eventually need to be parallelized in order to fully leverage the throughput benefits of multi-core processors. This article discusses the way of processing the tasks in parallel during the scanning stage of lexical analysis. This is done by recognizing tokens in different lines of the source program in parallel along with auto detection of keyword in a character stream. Tasks are allocated line-by-line to the multiple instances of the lexical analyzer program. Then, each of the instances is run in parallel to detect tokens on different cores that are not yet engaged. Design/Methodology/Approach: Developing a theoretical and experimental approach for parallelizing the lexical scanning process on a multi-core system. Findings/Result: Based on the developed model, the theoretical and practical results indicate that the suggested methodology outperforms the sequential strategy in terms of tokenization consistently. It significantly decreases the amount of time spent on lexical analysis during the compilation process. It is clearly observed that the speedup should increase at or close to the same rate as the number of cores and keywords in the source program increases. This enhancement would improve the overall compilation time even more. Originality/Value: A hybrid model is developed for the concurrent execution of a lexical analyzer on multi-core systems using a dynamic task allocation algorithm and an auto-keyword detection method. Paper Type: Experimental Research.

Optimalisering van gratis elektroniese/aanlyn hulpbronne vir woordeboek-samestelling — 'n drietalige woordeboekeksperiment

Optimization of Free Online/Electronic Resources for Dictionary Compilation — A Trilingual Dictionary Experiment. The availability of multilingual dictionaries is crucial, not only for direct target users, but also for indirect target users, especially in the case of languages with scarce resources such as Venda. This article explores the optimal use of free electronic/online resources for compiling a trilingual e-dictionary for Venda, English and Afri­kaans. Our approach is based on an experiment in which the compilation process was automated as far as possible to achieve savings in terms of time and manpower. English is used as a bridge for the translation between the source language, Venda, and the target language, Afrikaans. The general finding is that certain limitations can be expected in such a semi-automated process that requires a certain amount of human intervention. Although the composite e-dictionary cannot be considered a final product, the dictionary compilation program Lexonomy, which has been used suc­cessfully in this study due to its adaptability and easy layout, provides the opportunity for human input to make the necessary adaptations in a user-friendly manner. The proposed concept is useful for creating multilingual online dictionaries, compiled using available online or electronic resources. The resulting trilingual dictionary is available online as proof of concept on which fur­ther work can build. The fact that the database underlying the dictionary is available in a machine-readable format, namely XML, is important for indirect target users for reuse to develop electronic resources, especially for resource-scarce languages. Keywords: dictionary compilation, Venda–English–Afrikaans, tri­lingual dictionary, electronic/online resources, machine translation systems, lexonomy, corpus search, target users

Fregel: a functional domain-specific language for vertex-centric large-scale graph processing

Abstract The vertex-centric programming model is now widely used for processing large graphs. User-defined vertex programs are executed in parallel over every vertex of a graph, but the imperative and explicit message-passing style of existing systems makes defining a vertex program unintuitive and difficult. This article presents Fregel, a purely functional domain-specific language for processing large graphs and describes its model, design, and implementation. Fregel is a subset of Haskell, so Haskell tools can be used to test and debug Fregel programs. The vertex-centric computation is abstracted using compositional programming that uses second-order functions on graphs provided by Fregel. A Fregel program can be compiled into imperative programs for use in the Giraph and Pregel+ vertex-centric frameworks. Fregel’s functional nature without side effects enables various transformations and optimizations during the compilation process. Thus, the programmer is freed from the burden of program optimization, which is manually done for existing imperative systems. Experimental results for typical examples demonstrated that the compiled code can be executed with reasonable and promising performance.

Current Status of Radiotherapy Services in Kenya

Purpose: Owing to the missing recent data regarding cancer case volumes in Kenyan hospitals since 2012, the aim of the study was to fill the gap by providing data for two hospitals in Nairobi, the post year 2012. The general situation of radiation oncology and recommendation for improvement of radiotherapy services in the country were also highlighted. Further assessment was to investigate and determine the relationship between age, different types of cancer, and gender for cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy treatment. Materials and Methods: A data compilation, analysis, and evaluation process were conducted at two cancer treatment centers in Kenya followed by an assessment of radiotherapy cancer treatment facilities in the country. The number of the patients treated for cervical, breast prostate, esophagus, rectum, and lung cancer against their ages and gender were also compiled for assessment. Results: The number of cancer patients treated by radiotherapy continuously increased annually and he trends of the graphs in both centers were similar. Cervical cancer was the most common cancer treated by radiotherapy at the two centers, followed by breast and prostate cancer. Different types of cancer assessed were dependent on age and that cancer appeared at younger ages in female cervical and breast cancer patients as opposed to the male prostate cancer. Conclusion: The results indicate a continuous annual increase in cancer patients treated by radiotherapy in Kenya radiotherapy centers. The increase may be attributed to the rising population, limited access to cancer awareness, and the growing adoption of unhealthy lifestyles, among other factors. Female cervical and breast cancer patients contracted the disease at younger ages (46 - 50 years) compared to the male prostate cancer patients with a mean age of 61 - 65 years. Socio-economic factors, the organization of healthcare systems, and a limited workforce have been identified as some of the barriers to the provision of proper radiotherapy services in the country.

Об одном опыте составления фразеологического словаря, его стилевых аспектах и прикладном значении для перевода

This article studies an experience of making an English-to-Russian and Russian-to-English dictionary of set expressions implemented as an application for mobile devices. Here we elaborate on its basic ideas and requirements used in modern interpreting. Further, we provide key facts about the dictionary, its structure and organization, describe the compilation process including how we established criteria for choosing relevant language units, as well as highlight their analysis method with reference to different sources. Further, considering the stylistic gradation of target-language semantic analogues in relation to source-language units offered in the dictionary, we give a separate emphasis to difficulties experienced when determining the register of set phrases. Additionally, we cover a number of their aspects which may be taken into account to decide on a stylistic category. We identify typical features of some registers and suggest criteria for differentiating between set expressions in terms of their style. Our theoretical observations are accompanied by the comparison of English and Russian units specifying their similarities and differences that were noted when composing the dictionary. Its solutions are considered from the perspective of popular interpreting techniques with regard to set phrases: use of existing target-language analogues, literal translation, and conveyance of connotative equivalents. We also promote experimental approaches that intend to help translators in their work. In conclusion, we summarize the novelties of the dictionary, estimate its user-friendliness and applicability to the practical aspects of translation and interpreting, and make suppositions about its future potential.

MORPHOSCRIPT DATA MODEL AND ARABIC MORPHOLOGICAL AUTOMATA

This paper presents an automata-based Arabic morphology analyzer and an object-oriented data model. Arabic morphology is too complex to model exhaustively with classical approaches. Therefore, the first issue of this paper is the proposal of an adequate data model representing Arabic morphological components and related building rules. Our proposed MorphoScript model is a declarative and object-oriented language using classes, inheritance, and aggregation as basic supports to define the morphological components and all possible morphological links between them. The data model is also based on an annotation indexing system for semantic enrichment of the morphology knowledge. The other contribution of this paper is the compilation of the data model into a deterministic finite-state automaton that represents morphological knowledge. The produced AMA (Arabic Morphological Automaton) constitutes the nucleus of the final proposed morphological analyzer. As a result, the MorphoScript language allowed us to represent the morphological knowledge base in a readable and extremely optimal data model. On the other hand, the morphological automata generated from the MorphoScript database make the morphological process very fast, simple, and deterministic. Moreover, the compilation process is fully automatic, so we can update any morphological rule or component and run the compiler to automatically obtain a new version of the automaton.

Efficient connection processing in equation–based object–oriented models

This work introduces a novel methodology for transforming a large set of connections into the corresponding set of equations as required by the flattening stage of the compilation process of object oriented models. The proposed methodology uses a compact representation of the connections in the form of a Set–Based Graph, in which different sets of vertices and different sets of edges are formed exploiting the presence of regular structures. Using this compact representation, a novel algorithm is proposed to find the connected components of the Set–Based Graph. This algorithm, under certain restrictions, has the remarkable property of achieving constant computational costs with respect to the number of vertices and edges contained in each set. That way, under the mentioned restrictions, the proposed methodology can transform a large set of connections into the corresponding set of equations within a time that is independent on the size of the arrays contained in the model.Besides describing the new algorithm and studying its computational cost, the work describes its implementation in a Modelica compiler and shows its application in different examples.