Competitive Worldview Research Articles

Africans in China, Western/White Supremacy and the Ambivalence of Chinese Racial Identity

Abstract This article seeks to provide further insights into understanding the construction of Chinese identity by bringing the West/white into the picture of Afro-Sino racial relationships. It contends that the Chinese have internalized Western/white superiority through a long historical process, starting with the Western invasion in the 19th century and continuing with the construction of the contemporary historical narrative of the “century of humiliation.” This internalization and its ramifications can be observed in Chinese public discourses as well as diplomatic practices. Together with Western/white superiority, the Chinese also adopted a social Darwinist, competitive world view, using Western modernity as the yardstick by which to rank different peoples and societies in a racial hierarchy. Chinese racism against Africans is thus a projection of a harsh self-judgement. Unlike white supremacy in Western racial thinking, “Chinese supremacy” is often coupled with an inferiority complex.

A dual process social psychological model of corrupt intention and attitudes toward corrupt people.

Preliminary studies indicate that ideologies and worldviews are key in understanding the motivation behind corruption. Yet, there is no model seeking to explain corrupt intention that incorporates ideology and worldviews as predictors. Our objective was to propose a model integrating ideological factors (social dominance orientation [SDO] and right-wing authoritarianism [RWA]) and their underlying worldviews (competitive worldview beliefs [CWB] and dangerous worldview beliefs [DWB]) as predictors of corrupt intention and attitudes toward corrupt people and examine the model in the high corruption context of Brazil. For that purpose, preregistered hypotheses were tested across six studies. Results confirmed that corrupt intention is predicted by SDO but not RWA, while attitudes toward corrupt people are predicted by RWA but not SDO (Studies 1, 2, and 4). Replicating these findings cross-culturally, World Values Survey data (Study 3) indicated that corrupt intention is predicted by a proxy SDO index but not by a proxy RWA index. Experimentally increasing DWB amplified corrupt intention, but attitudes toward corrupt people remained unaffected (Study 5). Study 6 further confirmed the independence of corrupt intention and attitudes toward corrupt people, with corrupt intention primarily predicted by CWB and attitudes toward corrupt people primarily predicted by RWA. Hence, the first social psychological model that seeks to explain corruption integrating ideologies and worldviews was successfully proposed with implications for future research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Are equitable physical performance tests perceived to be fair? Understanding officer cadets’ perceptions of fitness standards

ABSTRACT In the last few decades, the armed forces in Western countries such as Canada and the United States have accepted women into virtually all military occupations. Despite this, a growing body of research confirms that female service members face prejudiced treatment while conducting their work in these organizations that continue to be predominately masculine and male-dominated. In particular, women attending the Canadian Military Colleges (CMCs) experience gender-related conflicts arising from the dissimilar fitness test standards between male and female cadets. There have been, however, few studies that scrutinize the psychological mechanisms of these tensions. The aim of this study was to unpack the existing biased perceptions against women pertaining to physical fitness through ambivalent sexism, social dominance orientation, and right-wing authoritarianism. Officer and naval cadets (n = 167, 33.5% women) at the Royal Military College of Canada (RMC) completed survey measures. Indirect effect analyses showed that cadets who viewed the fitness standards to be unfair expressed more hostile rather than benevolent sexist outlooks against women, and these negative feelings were connected to greater levels of social dominance and right-wing authoritarianism. These results indicate that sexist beliefs, competitive worldviews, and authoritarianism are underlying attitudes that should be addressed by militaries striving to fully integrate women into their forces.

Cultivation and the dual process of dangerous and competitive worldviews – A theoretical synthesis

Abstract Cultivation research suggests that media use, particularly TV, is associated with a wide range of politically relevant views and attitudes, including perceptions of the world as a mean and dangerous place, authoritarianism, and perceived meritocracy. However, little attempt has been made to understand how these effects relate to one another and to broader models of political psychology. We present a new Cultivation–Political Psychology Interface Model, which uses Duckitt’s Dual Process Model (2001) of political psychology as a lens to understand cultivation research. Many seemingly distinct cultivation effects related to political attitudes can thus be reduced to two overall dimensions: dangerous and competitive worldviews. We identify evidence gaps, particularly in terms of competitive-worldview effects and related political attitudes. Our model generates a landscape of attitudes and beliefs, whereby some attitudes are hypothesized to be more upstream than others, leading to testable hypotheses for future research.

How the supervisor's Machiavellianism results in abusive supervision: understanding the role of the supervisor's competitive worldviews and subordinate's performance

PurposeDrawing on the dual process model of ideology and prejudice, the purpose of this paper is to examine whether, how and when a supervisor's Machiavellianism leads to subordinates' perceptions of abusive supervision. In doing so, the authors also explore the mediating role of the supervisor's competitive world views and the moderating role of subordinates' performance on this relationship.Design/methodology/approachThe theoretical model was tested using three sources of data from supervisors, their subordinates and the organization. Hierarchical linear model analysis was run on supervisor and subordinate dyadic data for testing whether subordinates' performance moderated the mediated relationships or not.FindingsThe results suggest that the supervisors' competitive worldviews explain the positive link between their Machiavellianism and subordinates' perceptions of abusive supervision. The results highlight that the mediation effect of supervisors' competitive worldviews on the link between their Machiavellianism and their subordinates' perceptions of abusive supervision is more pronounced when subordinates' performance is low than when it is high.Research limitations/implicationsThis research contributes to the authors’ knowledge of the link between supervisors' Machiavellianism and abusive supervision, and how the toxic influence of their Machiavellianism is mediated by supervisors' competitive worldviews.Originality/valueThe study contributes to the literature on abusive supervision and personality by studying the role of personality as an antecedent of abusive supervision. Further, this study used subordinates' performance as a contextual variable for understanding abusive supervision.

Free lyricists of Bukovina, as bearers of a competitive worldview

The need to address this problem is due to increased interest in the origins of traditional national culture and spirituality of our people, growing interest in authentic culture of the Ukrainian ethnic group, and in particular its component – the life of wandering elders-singers. The music of the Ukrainian lyre (kobza) is an organic part of people's worldviews, their thoughts and aspirations, diverse and rich spiritual life. One of the important roles in awakening the spirituality of our people was played by lyre players and kobzars, who carried the fiery Ukrainian word to the people, called for the struggle for freedom, for Cossack glory, for the ancient ancestral Orthodox faith. The article presents an analysis of the formation of lyricism (kobzarism) as a significant part of the cultural heritage of the Ukrainian population of Bukovina. The lyricists are portrayed as witnesses of the life and development of the people in different historical epochs, as well as their influence on knowledge of history, education of patriotism, love for the native land and respect for their ancestors. The purpose. Based on the analysis of literature sources and available historical documents to trace the peculiarities of the process of formation and reproduction of the history of lyricism in Bukovina, as part of the historical heritage of the Ukrainian people. Research methods: retrospective, synthetic analytical and generalizing methods. The scientific novelty lies in the generalization of information about the representatives of Ukrainian epic singing in Bukovina and Bukovina Hutsul region. Conclusions. The biographies of lyricists of Bukovyna, recollections about them, features of Hutsul lyre are given. Lyricism as a unique cultural phenomenon was spread all over Ukraine and in Hutsul region and Bukovyna as well from XVI century till 30ies of the twentieth century. As in the territory of Bukovina, as well as in all Ukraine, industrial production of lyres was not developed - in comparison with similar tools from other countries such lyres were much simpler in the design. The lyre in the Bukovynian Hutsul region had a layer of religiosity, so in addition to the heroic epic, the repertoire included chants and psalms. Well-known lyricists in Bukovyna were Yuriy Fedkovych (“Bukovynskyi Solovyi”), from the village of Putyla, Vasyl Tonievych from the village of Samakova, Petro Dzurak from the village of Dytynets, Dmytro Hentsar from the village of Ryzha (Pylypkove hamlet), Vasyl Hrytsko, Ivan Pokhovych (Hnat) from Sadhora (Chernivtsi).

Is it enough to be willing to win or do you have to be smart? The relationship between competitive worldviews, cognitive abilities, and applicant faking in personality tests

AbstractRecent research has highlighted competitive worldviews as a key predictor of faking—the intentional distortion of answers by candidates in the selection context. According to theoretical assumptions, applicants’ abilities, and especially their cognitive abilities, should influence whether faking motivation, triggered by competitive worldviews, can be turned into successful faking behavior. Therefore, we examined the influence of competitive worldviews on faking in personality tests and investigated a possible moderation of this relationship by cognitive abilities in three independent high school and university student samples (N1 = 133, N2 = 137, N3 = 268). Our data showed neither an influence of the two variables nor of their interaction on faking behavior. We discuss possible reasons for these findings and give suggestions for further research.

Through the Eyes of Narcissus: Competitive Social Worldviews Mediate the Associations that Narcissism has with Ideological Attitudes

ABSTRACT The present research examined whether the associations that the assertive/extraverted, antagonistic/disagreeable, and vulnerable/neurotic aspects of narcissism had with ideological attitudes were mediated by social worldviews . The assertive/extraverted and antagonistic/disagreeable aspects of narcissism had similar associations with the competitive social worldview which, in turn, mediated their associations with certain ideological attitudes. In contrast, social worldviews did not mediate the tendency for vulnerable/neurotic narcissism to be characterized by the rejection of right-wing ideological attitudes and the endorsement of left-wing ideological attitudes. These results suggest that these aspects of narcissism diverged in their associations with ideological attitudes and that the competitive social worldview played an important role in the associations that the assertive/extraverted and antagonistic/disagreeable aspects of narcissism had with ideological attitudes.

Willingness to fake: Examining the impact of competitive climate and hiring situations

AbstractApplicants may be willing to fake in job interviews with the aim of creating a positive impression. In two vignette‐based experiments, we examined if a competitive—versus noncompetitive—climate (Study 1) and hiring situation (Study 2) increased participants' willingness to fake. We also examined if Honesty–Humility and Competitive Worldviews moderated the relation between willingness to fake and how competitive participants believed they must be in order to secure the job. Results demonstrated that a competitive climate and hiring situation increased willingness to fake. Honesty–Humility and Competitive Worldviews were related to willingness to fake, but these relations did not change substantially at different levels of perceived need for competitiveness. Overall, results lend some theoretical support to propositions about applicant faking.

‘The Backward Will Be Beaten’: Historical Lesson, Security, and Nationalism in China

ABSTRACT What has China learned from the ‘Century of Humiliation’? In China’s mnemonic practices, ‘the backward will be beaten,’ which attributes the nation’s humiliation experiences to economic, military, and technological backwardness, is the most significant ‘lesson from past’ required to be remembered. Bridging the literatures on memory, nationalism, and International Relations (IR), this study conducts a detailed analysis of the making of ‘the backward will be beaten’ and examines how it helps shape China’s perception of national security based on a competitive worldview and its associated nationalist visions. This study also identifies alternative discourses that challenge the dominant historical lesson by intellectuals and netizens. It contributes to a nuanced understanding of the collective memory of the Century of Humiliation and its implications for Chinese nationalism and foreign relations.

Do You Fake More Because of Your Neighbors? A Multi-level Study on Regional and Individual Predictors of Faking Intentions Across the USA

Research on faking behavior and underlying intentions has mostly employed an intraindividual perspective, stressing the role of individual-level predictors. Inspired by theoretical arguments (e.g., from socioecological psychology) and cross-cultural studies, we hypothesize and demonstrate that in addition to individual-level predictors, there are also regional differences in faking intentions (within a country) and systematic links to regional-level features. Specifically, we tested and compared individual- and region-level predictors of applicant faking intentions (N = 4860 MTurk workers) across the largest 50 Metropolitan Statistical Areas of the USA using multi-level techniques. We found individual-level effects of conscientiousness, competitive worldviews, and religiosity on individual-level faking intentions. On the regional level, macro-psychological conscientiousness was negatively associated with the average faking intentions in a region, while macro-psychological competitive worldviews (i.e., the prevailing competitive worldviews in a region) showed a positive relationship. Additionally, macro-psychological competitive worldviews predicted individual-level faking intentions even when controlling for individual-level competitive worldviews. No effects were found for regional parameters such as the economic situation of a region. We discuss implications for research and personnel selection.

The Dark Triad traits in Australia and Turkey

A primary contention of evolutionary models of the Dark Triad traits (i.e., narcissism, psychopathy, and Machiavellianism) is that they are adaptations for dealing with adverse socioecological circumstances. In this study (N = 557), we collected data from two countries that differ in socioecological conditions (i.e., Turkey and Australia). We measured perceptions of a dangerous and competitive world and individual differences in the Dark Triad traits. Turkish participants were higher in the Dark Triad traits than Australian participants were. All the Dark Triad traits were correlated with a competitive but not a dangerous worldview. Country-level differences in the Dark Triad traits were mediated by competitive worldviews, but not dangerous worldviews, and those effects were similar in each sex. And rates of narcissism depended on participant's sex and country. This study provided the first attempt to understand country-level differences in the Dark Triad traits using a life history framework.

Towards an Integration of Models of Discrimination of Immigrants: from Ultimate (Functional) to Proximate (Sociofunctional) Explanations

We integrated models of discrimination of immigrants by combining established approaches to prejudice and discrimination towards immigrants (proximate explanations) using assumptions of Evolutionary-Coalitional Theory (ultimate explanations). Based on this perspective, right-wing authoritarianism (RWA), social dominance orientation (SDO), and multicultural ideology (MCI) were considered as sociofunctional motives for attitudes towards immigrants. We examined relationships between individual differences in beliefs about the social world (dangerous worldview and competitive worldview) as more distal antecedents, and RWA, SDO, and MCI as more proximal antecedents, and the endorsement of discrimination of immigrants in the socioeconomic domain by Russian majority group members as the outcome. Data were collected among 576 participants from 33 regions in Russia, using online social media. MCI predicted endorsement of discrimination of immigrants by Russian majority group members better than did RWA and SDO. SDO predicted only economic aspects of the endorsement of discrimination. The results are discussed within the Russian context, with its ethnically diverse composition of the population and high migration rates.

Supervisor’s Machiavellianism, Subordinate Performance And Abusive Supervision

Drawing on dual process model, the authors examined how and when supervisors’ Mach lead to abusive supervision. We tested our theoretical model using three source data. Our results suggest that supervisors’ Mach is positively associated with supervisors’ perceptions of competitive world views which in turn are associated with abusive supervision. We also tested a moderated mediation model, our results support the prediction that the mediated effect of supervisors’ Mach on subordinate’s perceptions of abusive supervision through competitive world views is stronger when subordinate performance is low. This research contributes to the literature on Machiavellianism and abusive supervision.

Question word-order influences on covariate effects: predicting zero-sum beliefs

Zero-sum-like statements have the form “The more of resource X for consumer A, the less of resource Y for consumer B” and these have four permutations, whereby {X, A} and {B, Y} exchange places, and/or “more” and “less” exchange places. Smithson and Shou (Front Psychol 7:984, 2016) found that these permutations strongly influence the endorsement of such statements. This paper reports two studies investigating personality traits as predictors of zero-sum endorsements, and whether their predictive performance is moderated by statement permutations. Social Dominance Orientation, Competitive World View, the Egocentricity subscale from the Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy Scale, and the Interpersonal subscale from the Hare Self-Report Psychopathy Scale are shown to be positively associated with zero-sum endorsement, whereas none of the Big-5 personality factors are. Only the Egocentricity subscale’s effect is moderated by statement permutations, so that for high scores on the subscale, zero-sum endorsement is boosted in such a way that the permutation effects disappear. The paper concludes with a discussion of the methodological implications of attitude statement permutation effects.

Once an Impression Manager, Always an Impression Manager? Antecedents of Honest and Deceptive Impression Management Use and Variability across Multiple Job Interviews.

Research has examined the antecedents of applicants' use of impression management (IM) tactics in employment interviews. All existing empirical studies have measured IM in one particular interview. Yet, applicants generally interview multiple times for different positions, and thus have multiple opportunities to engage in IM, before they can secure a job. Similarly, recent theoretical advances in personnel selection and IM research have suggested that applicant behaviors should be considered as dynamic and adaptive in nature. In line with this perspective, the present study is the first to examine the role of individual differences in both applicants' use of IM tactics and the variability in IM use across multiple interviews. It also highlights which honest and deceptive IM tactics remain stable vs. vary in consecutive interviews with different interviewers and organizations. Results suggest that applicants high in Extraversion or core self-evaluations tend to engage in more honest self-promotion but do not adapt their IM approach across interviews. In contrast, applicants who possess more undesirable personality traits (i.e., low on Honesty-Humility and Conscientiousness, but high on Machiavellianism, Narcissism, Psychopathy, or Competitive Worldviews) tend to use more deceptive IM (and especially image creation tactics) and are also more likely to adapt their IM strategy across interviews. Because deceptive IM users can obtain better evaluations from interviewers and the personality profile of those users is often associated with undesirable workplace outcomes, this study provides additional evidence for the claim that deceptive IM (or faking) is a potential threat for organizations.

Дискриминация мигрантов в социоэкономической сфере: роль межгрупповых установок принимающего населения

The article is devoted to the problem of discrimination of immigrants in the socioeconomic domain, which can be considered the main obstacle by the host society for the socio-economic adaptation of immigrants. Contrasting three reputed approaches to the study of prejudice and discrimination, and exploring for groups of mainstream population with similar acculturation characteristics (acculturation profiles), using the sample of 576 Russians non-immigrants, the relationship between social worldview (dangerous worldview and competitive worldview), ideological attitudes (right-wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, multicultural ideology) and willingness for intergroup contact was examined. The hypothesis of moderation by the acculturation profile (bicultural, alternate-bicultural, and assimilated) to the considered relationships was not supported, the proposed conceptual model across all groups was same. In general, the results showed that representations of individuals about the social world as a dangerous and competitive place, which is formed by individual differences originating from the personal experience of socialization and impact of the existing social environment, may also be associated with the support of multicultural ideology and willingness for intergroup contact that in turn to some extent influence the endorsement of discrimination of immigrants in the socioeconomic domain.

Human Cultural Evolution: Postmodernity as Rational Global Diversity

This paper proposes that human culture has evolved from authoritative local premodernity through rational local modernity to the coming rational global postmodernity with diverse cultural types. Premodernity, modernity, and postmodernity are the cultural adaptations to the drastic social changes from the Agricultural, Industrial, and Information Revolutions. The cultural types analogous to biological species are the nine cultural types derived from the instinctive cultural type model based on the instinctive sociality trichotomy (individualistic, collectivistic, and interdependent) and the instinctive worldview trichotomy (territorial, connective, and competitive). Western culture originated from the Middle East and Greece has competitive worldview, while Eastern culture originated from India and China has connective worldview. Different cultural types have different perceptions, moralities, religions, politics, and economies. Currently, the world is the chaotic diverse global society where the cultural types clash. The coming postmodernity as rational global diversity is produced by the three rational global diverse systems. The rational global diverse system for the coming postmodern international politics is the three-tier international politics consisting of nations with geopolitical boundaries, the 12 regional communities with cultural-geographic boundaries, and the global international organizations without boundary. The rational global diverse system for the coming postmodern international trade is the trichotomic international trade containing free competitive, free connective, and fair protectionist international trades. The rational global diverse system for the coming postmodern common ground between religion and science is the cultural theology of trinity consisting of the transcendental, immanent, and imaginary cultural origins. The coming postmodernity as rational global diversity will bring rational order and peace among global diverse cultural types.

Development of a short version of the dual process model scales: right-wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, dangerous and competitive worldviews

Development of a short version of the dual process model scales: right-wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, dangerous and competitive worldviews

When Winning is Everything: The Relationship between Competitive Worldviews and Job Applicant Faking

Job applicant faking, that is, consciously misrepresenting information during the selection process, is ubiquitous and is a threat to the usefulness of various selection tools. Understanding antecedents of faking is thus of utmost importance. Recent theories of faking highlight the central role of various forms of competition for understanding why faking occurs. Drawing on these theories, we suggest that the more applicants adhere to competitive worldviews (CWs), that is, the more they believe that the social world is a competitive, Darwinian‐type of struggle over scarce resources, the more likely they are to fake in employment interviews. We tested our hypothesis in three independent studies that were conducted in five different countries. Results show that CWs are strongly associated with faking, independently of job applicants’ cultural and economic context. More specifically, applicants’ CWs explain faking intentions and self‐reported past faking above and beyond the Dark Triad of personality (Study 1), competitiveness and the six facets of conscientiousness (Study 2). Also, when faking is measured using a response randomisation technique to control for social desirability, faking is more prevalent among applicants with strong vs. less strong CWs (Study 3). Taken together, this research demonstrates that competition is indeed strongly associated with undesirable applicant behaviors.