Export Competitiveness Research Articles

Untapping the role of trade facilitation indicators, logistics and information technology in export expansion and diversification

An efficient and consistent logistics network, as well as a transparent facilitation mechanism of cross-border trade, are critical to the country's export competitiveness. The quality of logistics services has been identified as an important determinant of international trade. We use gravity models to assess the impact of the World Bank's Logistic Performance Index (LPI) on Pakistan's exports. The findings show that improving logistics is critical for increasing exports. Individual indicators such as reasonably priced shipments, the ability to track and trace shipments, and trade and logistical transit standards are instrumental in boosting export flows.

주요국의 고위기술 소재부품산업 수출경쟁력 비교 분석 - 한국, 미국, 독일, 일본, 중국을 중심으로 -

주요국의 고위기술 소재부품산업 수출경쟁력 비교 분석 - 한국, 미국, 독일, 일본, 중국을 중심으로 -

AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE COMPETITIVENESS OF DATES AND THEIR ROLE IN INTERNATIONAL AGRICULTURAL MARKETING IN IRAQ FOR THE PERIOD 2005-2019

The development of exports in an open economic environment is the best solution in accelerating the pace of economic growth. The research evaluates the competitiveness of Iraqi dates exports based on a set of quantitative indicators and shows the role of Trade activities represented by international marketing that ensures the flow of goods and services from production until they reach the consumer. The research found a competitive advantage for Iraq in its exports of dates, as the Revealed Comparative Advantage - RCA showed a remarkable rise during the years of study and reached 26.98 in 2008, as for the Concentration Index (H), which represents the concentration of exports in a product or a limited number of products. More than 0.5 came in all the years of the study and it reached 0.91 in 2010. That means, the concentration of Iraqi agricultural exports with a large percentage in dates exports, which means placing agricultural exports and the agricultural trade balance in a difficult position if crop production is exposed to shocks that affect the quality and quantity of production, such as epidemic pests, bad weather or price disturbances in global markets. The research recommended using the comparative advantage that distinguishes Iraq in the production of dates and working to increase the market share by finding new marketing channels.

New Trends and Prospects for the Development of the North-South International Transport Corridor

Russia’s participation in the formation of corridors in international traffic has become an important state task in recent years. In the context of sanctions from the EU and the US, the use of the usual directions of cargo transportation has become more complicated. Russia has become the leader in terms of the number of sanctions imposed against it, their main goal is to cause significant damage to the country’s economy. Against this background, serious logistical restrictions have arisen, and the routing of cargo flows has generally changed. It is no longer possible to count on the previous routes of cargo flows, they need to be reoriented to other routes. One of such tasks will be the implementation of the North-South ITC project. This route, which starts in St. Petersburg and ends in the port of Mumbai (India), is designed to improve logistics between the Russian Federation and the countries of the Persian Gulf and South Asia. An analysis of the current state of the North-South international transport corridor (NS ITC) is given. The North-South Corridor is one of the most important historical corridors connecting Europe and Russia with Iran and the countries of South Asia. The North-South ITC will allow to restore some transport chains and increase cargo turnover, even taking into account the restrictions and sanctions imposed by the US and the EU. The North-South transport corridor can also solve the fundamental problem of our export competitiveness in the growing markets of India and China.

An Economic Study of The Competitiveness of Egyptian Grape Exports in its Most Important World Markets

An Economic Study of The Competitiveness of Egyptian Grape Exports in its Most Important World Markets

The Use of Fertilizers and Pesticides in Wheat Production in the Main European Countries

The aspects highlighted in this paper refer to the application of fertilizers and plant protection products to the wheat crop, and their impact on total production, competitiveness in export markets, price optimization as a result of increased harvest quality, and not least row, ensuring farmers’ incomes. The present analysis concerned the areas cultivated with wheat, and the productions achieved in relation to the quantities of fertilizers and protection products used in wheat cultivation, in Romania, Germany, Spain, France, Italy, Hungary, Poland and the UK. The analysis highlighted that, the average productions are influenced both by the technology used, by the fertilization and treatments applied, as well as by other synergistic factors that intervene in wheat crops. In countries such as Spain and Italy, the correlation between the amounts of N (nitrogen), P2O5 (phosphorus), K2O (potassium) and the average production of wheat is insignificant, but in Romania and Hungary, there is a strong, direct connection between the number of fertilizers used and the average wheat crop yield. In Romania and Hungary, there is a very significant connection, but the production link average with pesticides is negative, while in Germany, the correlation is direct and quite intense for all types of fertilizers used, while the use of pesticides has a lower influence on average wheat production. In this study, we also applied a multiple regression model; in which the dependent variable was the average yield of wheat per ha and the independent variables were the average quantity of pesticides and fertilizers used. We used the “t Stat” values for each coefficient to determine whether the coefficient is equal to zero; where a high value of “t Stat”, greater than 2; indicates the fact that the coefficient is significantly different from the value zero. The “p-value” for each coefficient indicates the probability that the coefficient has the value zero. A value below the significance level of 5% results in a coefficient significantly different from zero and with an impact on the dependent variable. The use of fertilizers on wheat crops has a synergistic effect as shown by the multiple linear regression analysis which demonstrated a strong direct relationship, particularly with the amount of N, K2O and P2O5 applied.

The impact of foreign direct investment on agricultural exports: The evidence from developing countries

In this paper, we examine how foreign direct investment inflows in agriculture affect the agricultural exports of developing countries. The main objective of our analysis is to identify and quantify the export effects of foreign direct investment in the sector, as well as the effects of other relevant export determinants, and to explore the possible long-run relationship between the variables. Using panel data on 80 developing countries observed in the period 2005-2017, we employ the system-generalised method of moments and the method of quasi-maximum likelihood to estimate a dynamic agricultural exports model. Additionally, we test for the cointegration between exports and foreign direct investment using the Pedroni and Kao approaches. We find that foreign direct investment inflows have a positive impact on agricultural exports in the analysed countries in both the short run and the long run. Thereby, we identified the significance of both direct and spillover export effects. This implies that the liberalisation and promotion of foreign investment in agriculture could alleviate the problems of capital scarcity and constraints in developing countries and increase their agricultural export competitiveness.

Competitiveness Analysis and Factors Affecting Indonesian Cinnamon Exports

Cinnamon is one of the plantation spice commodities that contributes to the Indonesian economy. Indonesia is the largest exporter country in the world regarding the total export volume of cinnamon, but regarding the total value of exports, Indonesia comes in second after Sri Lanka. This study aims to analyze the comparative competitiveness of Indonesian cinnamon among major competitors in the United States’ market and to analyze the factors that influence the competitiveness of Indonesian cinnamon exports in the United States. The data used in this study comprise secondary data from 2007 to 2021 obtained from various data sources. The revealed comparative advantage method was used in a comparative competitiveness analysis. Moreover, the factors that affect the competitiveness of Indonesian cinnamon exports in the United States were analyzed using the ordinary least squares method. The results of the analysis show that Indonesian cinnamon is competitive in the United States’ market, but Sri Lanka’s cinnamon exports have stronger competitiveness than Indonesia’s in the United States’ market. The results of the ordinary least squares method show that the exchange rate of the IDR (rupiah) against the USD, the volume of Indonesian cinnamon exports, the GDP per capita of the USA and the value of cinnamon exports to the USA have a significant effect on the competitiveness of Indonesian cinnamon exports to the United States.

Neutralizing Concerns and Mapping the Trade Competitiveness and Potential of Indian Export with RCEP Countries

Much debate has surrounded India’s lack of interest in plurilateral regional trade agreements (RTAs) and its decision to opt out of the regional comprehensive economic partnership (RCEP). Against this backdrop, the article attempt to analyse the competitiveness and potential of Indian export items in the RCEP region. The revealed comparative advantage (RCA) index has been employed to study India’s trade competitiveness among RCEP nations between 2010 and 2019 using the WITS (World Integrated Trade Solutions) 2021 database. The study found that India has a comparative advantage in more than 9 product categories out of 16 studied in the article. The article also revealed India’s competitiveness in intermediate goods with the majority of RCEP countries. The analysis found a trade complementarity between India and the RCEP countries and the possibility of increased economic cooperation. The problem lies in the utilization rate and weak export competitiveness of Indian industries. Before signing a new FTA, it is imperative to improve the export competitiveness of Indian enterprises. Given India’s current trade balance, tariff structure and export competitiveness of Indian commodities, we believe India had little option but to withdraw from the RCEP.

ANALISIS DAYA SAING EKSPOR JAHE INDONESIA DI PASAR INTERNASIONAL

Ginger is a herbal plant commodity with a high potential for export activit y among other types of herbal plants. This potential is an opportunity for Indonesian ginger commodities to have competitiveness at the world level. This study aims to analyze the comparative and competitive advantages of Indonesian ginger exports in the global market, as well as to analyze the development and projections of Indonesian ginger exports in the global market. The study was carried out from September 2021 to February 2022. The study used the Secondary Data Analysis method in the form of a time series in the form of data on Indonesian ginger exports to the global market for the period 2013 – 2020 which came from various sources such as the Central Statistics Agency ( Badan Pusat Statistik/BPS ), The Center for Agricultural Data and Information Systems, Ministry of Agriculture, and Trade Map, International Trade Center (ITC). The data analysis method uses Revealed Comparative Advantages (RCA) analysis to analyze the comparative advantage s of Indonesian ginger exports in the global market, Export Competitiveness Index (ECI) analysis to analyze the competitive advantages of Indonesian ginger exports in the global market and trend analysis to answer export developments and projections of Indonesian ginger in the global market. The results showed that Indonesia's ginger exports to the global market in 2013 - 2020 with an analysis of the RCA value showed an average value of 2.07 and an ECI of 0.92. The RCA value >1 indicates that Indonesian ginger has a comparative advantage in the global market but the ECI value <1 indicates that Indonesian ginger is competitively uncompetitive. The results of trend analysis and projections show that the export value of Indonesian ginger to the global market in 2013 - 2020 has a declining trend and the projection for the next 5 years is decreasing.

The role of agriculture in the development process in the Pacific

The need for agriculture to contribute to economic development in the Pacific is greatest in Melanesia, given rapid population growth and limited emigration options compared with those available to the Polynesian countries. The non-agricultural sector in Melanesia has not grown fast enough to enable rapid labour transfer out of agriculture. With high labour costs and remoteness from world markets the main internationally competitive export industries exploit non-renewable resources or use unsustainably high extraction rates for renewable resources such as forests. These activities fund imports and government revenue but generate little employment. Given this limited structural transformation, the major role of agriculture is in providing food and livelihoods for most households. Policy interventions are not always helpful because of confusion between food security and self-sufficiency and due to data weaknesses. Whether indigenous farming systems can continue to adapt to rising food demand fuelled by rapid population growth remains an open question.

Indonesia Natural Rubber Export Competitiveness Analysis in World Export Market

This study aims to determine the level of export competitiveness of Indonesia’s natural rubber products, namely TSNR (Technically Specified Natural Rubber), natural rubber latex pre-vulcanized or not, Natural rubber smoked sheets, Mixture of natural rubber latex, and compounded of natural gums. In addition, Comparing Indonesia’s natural rubber competitiveness to Malaysia and Thailand in the ASEAN region. The research method used Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) and market share using time series data from 2012 to 2021. There are only four types with good competitiveness with RCA > 1, namely TSNR, Smoked Sheets, Mixture Latex, and Compounded Natural Gums. These four commodities have a comparative advantage with RCA > 1. This shows that Indonesia specializes in these commodities in the world market. Natural rubber TSNR has the highest market share at 41%. The lowest is Natural Rubber Latex and Compounded of Natural Gums at 1%. Indonesia's natural rubber has a comparative advantage or stronger competitiveness than Thailand and Malaysia. This is shown by Indonesia's average RCA value for ten years from 2012 to 2021, which is 30.37. However, Indonesia’s market share has been lower than Thailand’s in ten years.

Factors Affecting the Competitiveness of Turkish Exports: An Econometric Analysis (2001-2019)

Araştırmanın amacı, Türkiye’nin rekabette avantajlı konumda olduğu belirlenen malların ihracat düzeylerini, dolayısıyla rekabet gücünü etkilemesi muhtemel faktörlerin, ihracat talebi üzerindeki etkilerini tespit etmektir. Bu çerçevede yapılan ekonometrik analizde ihracat talep fonksiyonunu tahmin etmek için kullanılan değişkenler; reel ihracat, beşerî sermaye, nispi ihracat fiyatı, reel döviz kuru, gayrisafi sabit sermaye yatırımları ve yabancı ülke gelirine ilişkin verilerdir. 2001-2019 yıllarını kapsayan dönem için ihracat ile açıklayıcı değişkenler arasındaki ilişkileri tespit etmek için ARDL sınır testi ve Toda-Yamamoto nedensellik analizleri yapılmıştır. Reel ihracatın tahmini iki farklı mal grubu oluşturularak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Mal gruplarından biri Türkiye’nin en çok ihracatını gerçekleştirdiği pozitif rekabet gücüne sahip malların toplam ihracat miktarlarından elde edilmişken (XEY)(“Örme giyim eşyası ve aksesuarı”, “Örülmemiş giyim eşyası ve aksesuarı”, “Demir veya çelikten eşya” ve “Motorlu kara taşıtları, traktörler, bisikletler, motosikletler ve diğer kara taşıtları, bunların aksam, parça, aksesuarı”) bir diğeri Türkiye’nin 2001 yılından 2019 yılına kadar rekabet gücünü en çok arttıran malların toplam ihracat miktarlarından elde edilmiştir (XYR) “Halılar ve diğer dokumaya elverişli maddelerden yer kaplamaları”, “Değirmencilik ürünleri, malt, nişasta, inülin, buğday glüteni”, “Çeşitli mamul eşya (hijyenik havlu, bebek bezi, kalem, çakmak, fermuar, fırça vb.)”, “Hububat, un, nişasta veya süt müstahzarları, pastacılık ürünleri”, “Vatka, keçe ve dokunmamış mensucat, özel iplikler, sicim, kordon, ip, halat ve bunlardan mamul eşya”, “Örme eşya” ve “Silahlar ve mühimmat, bunların aksam, parça ve aksesuarı”).
 Araştırmanın sonucunda iki ihracat grubu açısından hem uzun dönem ilişki hem nedensellik ilişkisi bakımından en önemli faktörün beşerî sermaye olduğu görülmüştür. Ayrıca reel döviz kurunun da iki ihracat grubunu uzun dönemde etkilediği bulgusuna erişilmiş olup, yurt dışı gelir düzeyi, gayrisafi sabit sermaye yatırımı ve nispi ihracat fiyatı açıklayıcı değişkenlerinin etkilerinin ve nedensellik ilişkilerinin oluşturulan iki mal grubu açısından farklılık gösterdiği sonucuna varılmıştır.

Productivity Linkage of India’s Export Competitiveness with Free Trade Agreement Partners

Productivity Linkage of India’s Export Competitiveness with Free Trade Agreement Partners

China’s marine manufacturing export growth: Policy, status, and driving components

This paper is the first to quantify the evolution of the scale, structure, and competitiveness of China's marine manufacturing exports based on a product-level database. The results show that although the scale of China's marine exports increased rapidly between 2002 and 2010, it slowed down after 2010. Meanwhile, the shipbuilding industry has always occupied the leading position in marine manufacturing exports, but export competitiveness has experienced a significant developmental bottleneck in recent years. Moreover, by decomposing the intrinsic driving factors of marine manufacturing exports, we find that only the scale effect promoted the export of marine products. China has not effectively developed marine manufacturing exports due to the domination of traditional industries, low technology conversion, and insufficient policy support. Therefore, we put forward relevant policy suggestions and countermeasures to address the weak exports of China’s marine industry.

Developing a scale for export competitiveness: a mixed method approach in the minerals industry in Iran

PurposeThis study aims to identify the main factors affecting export competitiveness and its barriers, focusing on the minerals industry so that a scale is achieved for measuring export competitiveness in this industry.Design/methodology/approachThe research was conducted with a mixed method approach in the minerals industry. Among the active companies involved in this industry, 34 export companies and export management companies were selected and evaluated. In the qualitative phase, 18 experts and managers of the industry were interviewed to identify the factors affecting the export competitiveness of these companies and the barriers ahead of them. In the quantitative phase, a questionnaire was distributed among 412 managers and experts in this industry to categorize the identified factors and to measure the relationships among them. For data analysis in the qualitative phase, theme analysis was used. For the quantitative phase, factor analysis and structural equation modeling were adopted.FindingsIn addition to identifying the main components affecting the competitiveness of companies in exporting minerals as well as the main barriers ahead of them, the findings of the current research categorized these components using factor analysis. These components were categorized into factors, such as manufacturing factors, demand conditions, related and supporting industries, structural factors, competitive strategy and governmental supports. Afterward, their impacts on export competitiveness were measured and supported.Originality/valueAlthough some studies have been conducted to examine the competitiveness in different industries, no research has been found that has examined and identified the main factors affecting export competitiveness and their impacts in the minerals industry with a mixed quantitative and qualitative approach. The findings of this research may help managers and policymakers, at the industrial and national levels, to reach a scale for assessing the export companies involved in this industry by identifying the most essential factors of export competitiveness of minerals. Furthermore, the findings of this research can act as a model for future researchers to develop a scale for export competitiveness in other industries.

РОЗВИТОК НАФТОВОГО СЕКТОРУ ЯК ОСНОВА ДЕРЖАВНОЇ ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ ПОЛІТИКИ

The article considers large-scale quantitative and qualitative changes in the socio-economic life of Azerbaijan, the creation of comprehensive conditions for the development of entrepreneurship, the effective use of rich natural resources and the potential of the regions, the development of the non-oil sector, directions for increasing the competitiveness of local products. The purpose of the article is to highlight aspects of the development of the oil sector as the basis of state economic policy. Methods used in the research: survey, quantification, ranking, scoring, etc. The hypothesis of the study was that the need to strengthen the country's oil potential, modernize its infrastructure, create and develop an industrial sector capable of producing competitive export products in accordance with international standards is related to the requirements of both the country's internal model of economic development and modern development, trends of the world economy. Presenting main material. The article raises the issue of creating modern industrial sectors in the country and improving the infrastructural support of industry, high evaluation of the trend of sustainable development of the oil sector of Azerbaijan, including the oil industry by international rating agencies. The originality and practical significance of the research lies in the forecasting and modeling of agricultural activity, "Smart Agriculture", "Green Future" and "Green Energy", technologies for the development of these areas, in particular, the protection of geothermal energy sources, the environment, the application of numerous initiatives to ensure a safe, healthy and green future, smart agriculture, digital technologies, improving the living conditions of the rural population. Conclusions. Technologies for the development of these directions "Smart Agriculture", "Green Future" and "Green Energy", especially the use of geothermal energy sources, environmental protection, numerous initiatives that ensure a safe, healthy and green future, smart agriculture, digital technologies, are defined ways to ease the living conditions of the rural population and increase their standard of living.

An appraisal of India’s comparative advantage in information technology exports

Purpose The purpose of this study is to estimate revealed comparative advantage and normalized revealed comparative advantage (NRCA) indices of India’s computer and information services (CIS) export competitiveness with regard to information technology (IT) competing developing nations, such as China, Philippines, Malaysia and Brazil. Design/methodology/approach Using annual data of total exports for CIS, transportation (TNS), travel (TVL) and insurance (INS) services under service categories of the balance of payment, the present study estimates the pattern of comparative advantage (CA) in India’s CIS exports with respect to IT competing developing nations such as China, Philippines, Malaysia and Brazil from 2000 to 2018. The choice of the study period is determined by the availability of consistent data on IT service exports of these nations. The study also estimates the export position of CIS export in comparison to India’s traditionally strong commercial services export of TNS, TVL and INS during the study period. Findings Both the indices showed that India had a strong CA in CIS compared to the selected nations, indicating India’s relative export performance to be stronger than that of China, Malaysia, Philippines and Brazil. The cross-service index showed that India’s relative specialization level in CIS with respect to the world’s average specialization level was stronger than its relative specialization level in TNS, TVL and INS services. Furthermore, The NRCA cross-nation index showed that India’s NRCA index score has been declining since 2010 with respect to these nations, which implied a decline in the competitiveness of CIS. On the other hand, NRCA has increased in the case of Philippines, Malaysia and Brazil for most of the period post-2010. Research limitations/implications IT is a dynamic area of economic activity, and when the pace of change is so rapid, the relevance of individual factors can change over time. The study period is also limited to the available data. Practical implications The paper has implications for attaining sustainability in IT export growth. It is suggested that policies are directed at enhancing the overall performance of IT sector. Originality/value The novelty of the present study lies in the estimation of India’s competitiveness in IT exports in relation to the group of reference countries. With its policy recommendations, this research is helping to shape the sustainability of the IT sector.

INDUSTRI KELAPA INDONESIA: KINERJA DAN PERSPEKTIF PENGEMBANGAN MENUJU PENINGKATAN NILAI TAMBAH DAN DAYA SAING

<p class="A04-abstrak2"><span>Coconut commodity has a strategic role in the country's foreign exchange earnings, providing employment and increasing farmers' income. In 2020 the value of Indonesia's coconut exports reached US$890 million, with a total export volume of 1.8 million tons. The most significant export value is processed coconut oil, namely crude coconut oil and semi-finished coconut oil, by 50% of other processed coconut products. The export value of processed crude coconut oil was 29% or US$254.9 million, and semi-finished coconut oil was 21% or US$188.1 million. This paper reviews the performance and problems of coconut Indonesia's industry and identifies opportunities for its development. The coconut industry performance faces problems from upstream to downstream. The upstream problems are low productivity, old plants, limited capital resources, damaged plants, and decreasing land area. The downstream issues are the lack of innovation in coconut products, fresh coconuts dominating coconut exports, and the decline in export performance for processed products of crude oil and semi-finished oil. Innovation and technology are necessary to enhance the coconut industry's performance. Produce ready-to-use products that are increasingly in demand in global and domestic markets. Productivity improvements, production costs, and quality are determinants of the competitiveness and yield of coconut exports.</span></p>

Strategic Design to Increase Indonesian Furniture Industry Export Competitiveness

Furniture, a high-value-added product, is considered one of the strategic commodities for the economy in Indonesia because it is globally competitive. The furniture industry in Indonesia has grown by relying on local raw materials and human resources to keep its existence in the market. Despite Indonesia being known as a significant producer of raw materials for furniture due to its forestry area, the furniture export value is far behind compared to export value abroad. The offered price and appearance from abroad are more attractive than Indonesia's products. Therefore, there is a need to evaluate what factors influence the success of an industry. In general, the industry's success is mainly influenced by the interaction quality among all actors in the industry, either internal or external parties. Thus, the furniture industry needs to manage not only within the industry but also its supply chain effectively and efficiently. This study would like to evaluate the criteria and sub-criteria influencing the furniture industry's export competitiveness based on its supply chain, including circular economy implementation, and propose strategic recommendations. This study applies three methods: cut-off point, Analytical Network Process (ANP), and semi-standardized interview. The finding of this study indicates that the sub-criteria with the most decisive influence on Indonesia's furniture export competitiveness are operation cost, collaboration, and quality, respectively. Furthermore, a collaborative strategy between stakeholders in the furniture industry is proposed to increase the efficiency of operational processes, save operating costs, and increase product quality.