Competitive Tool Research Articles

Short Food Supply Chain and Resilience: An Analysis during COVID-19 Pandemic in Inner Areas of Campania Region

COVID-19 pandemic highlighted food systems’ fragility, especially concerning global trade. On the other hand, the pandemic underlined the resilient character of Short Food Supply Chains (SFSCs), as citizen-consumers continued to buy through such sales channels, in order to limit virus spread, and farms developed innovations and rapid strategic responses. In a fragile context, such as that of inner areas, SFSC may represent, for farms, a significant competitive tool to increase their resilience. This study aims to investigate the degree of resilience of farms in inner areas of Campania Region (South Italy) and the role of SFSC during the pandemic. A questionnaire was administered to a sample of wineries in inner areas of Campania in order to detect their resilience score, which was measured, according to literature, through three variables: effectiveness, flexibility, and responsiveness. A linear regression was run to identify variables affecting farms’ resilience. Results show that both farmers’ and farms’ characteristics turned out to affect farms’ resilience score, such as the turnover, the use of SFSC, and farmers’ age and education. This study’s findings could be helpful for decision-making in the development of inner areas, and for providing targeted policies to manage unexpected events in different scenarios.

Two‐sided markets: The influence of market power on information utilization strategy and welfare

AbstractIn the digital age, platforms have leveraged consumer data to discern product preferences, thereby bolstering transaction rates via personalized recommendations. As such, consumer information not only serves as a crucial resource for market expansion but also as a competitive tool for personalized recommendations. Our research explores the strategic application of consumer information by dual‐sided platforms, within the context of two upstream merchants vending identical goods. We scrutinize the decision‐making process of these platforms in three distinct scenarios, examining their propensity to utilize consumer information for personalized recommendations, and the subsequent ramifications on pricing, consumer surplus, and social welfare. Our findings suggest a tendency among platforms to exploit consumer information, thereby inducing merchants to adopt a standardized pricing strategy through adjusted commissions. However, when a significant disparity in platform strengths is present, the more dominant platform is inclined to elevate commission levels, leading to discriminatory pricing by merchants. Interestingly, our study reveals that on platforms where information utilization and pricing strategies are optimally balanced, consumer surplus escalates in tandem with the intensification of inter‐platform competition. In contrast, total social welfare diminishes with increased competition. This research offers valuable insights into the strategic use of consumer information by platforms, with significant implications for pricing strategies, consumer surplus, and social welfare.

The 11th Amendment of the German Act Against Restraints of Competition—A ‘New Competition Tool’, Facilitated Disgorgement and the DMA’s Enforcement

The 11th Amendment of the German Act Against Restraints of Competition—A ‘New Competition Tool’, Facilitated Disgorgement and the DMA’s Enforcement

ТРЕНДИ РИНКУ СВІТЛИХ НАФТОПРОДУКТІВ УКРАЇНИ ТА ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ ЕНЕРГЕТИЧНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ У ЦІЙ СФЕРІ

The market of light oil products is decisive for every country, significantly influencing all sectors of the economy and the standard of living of citizens. It was investigated that in 2020, compared to 2019, sales volumes of all types of fuel in Ukraine decreased, except for propane and liquefied butane. However, in 2021, the demand for all fuel types increased significantly. In 2021, compared to 2020, the cost of all types of fuel in Ukraine also increased. This trend of increasing the cost of fuel will continue in 2022. At the same time, fuel prices differ depending on the market operators. It has been established that the Ukrainian market of light oil products is quite competitive. However, today almost 40% of all high-octane gasoline and diesel fuel in our country are sold only by three large chains operating under such brands as WOG and OKKO, as well as UKRNAFTA. A feature of the market of light oil products of Ukraine is significant dependence on imported supplies, the share of which in 2021 reached 80 %. Logistical links in the export of oil products from European markets were not developed. In the market of light oil products in Ukraine, their sellers use primarily non-price competition tools. The loyalty of the gas station network customers is implemented through various marketing activities (advertising, social and environmental projects). In martial law conditions, the issue of providing fuel to the economy of Ukraine and the population became more acute. During the first six months of the war in 2022, Ukraine increased its fuel imports 12 times, satisfying market demand. During this period, our country received 95 % of imported gasoline, as well as 72 % of diesel fuel, from EU countries. The consumer survey results showed that gasoline A-95 and diesel fuel, which meet Euro standards, predominate among the popular types of fuel in Ukraine. Customers' choice of gas stations is most influenced by their convenient location and the fuel level in the tank. The most popular gas station chains for the respondents are OKKO and WOG gas station chains. Among the additional services at gas stations, the most popular are purchasing food and drinks, free Wi-Fi, food and non-food products, parking, and car washing. The most promising additional services at gas stations include a mechanic's consultation, medical corner, use of terminals and ATMs, car wash, free Wi-Fi, parking, and Internet ordering points. Prospects for developing the market of light oil products in Ukraine depend primarily on the end of the war in Ukraine and the reconstruction of its economy. The Polish company Orlen can be considered the most likely partner for agreeing to process Ukrainian oil to produce the fuel necessary for Ukraine further.

Customer segmentation, pricing, and lead time decisions: A stochastic-user-equilibrium perspective

Multiple price/lead time options are often used as a competitive tool in supply chain operations when customers have heterogeneous price and lead time preferences. We study a two-echelon supply chain network consisting of manufacturers and retailers facing customers that differ in their price- and time-sensitivity. We examine how many price/lead time options should be provided by manufacturers and retailers under decentralized and centralized supply chain management with time-cost tradeoffs. We adopt a stochastic-user-equilibrium (SUE) approach in a supply chain network by incorporating discrete choice theory and using a multinomial logit-based variational inequality to express equilibrium conditions. This is one of the first papers to study time-cost tradeoffs in a supply chain network by introducing an SUE approach. One critical part of our analysis is the establishment of concavity of profit functions, which allows for analytical derivation of the equilibrium strategies. Another critical part of our analysis is the development of SUE conditions in decentralized and centralized supply chain networks. We demonstrate that the variance of heterogeneous customers’ time-sensitivity distribution plays a crucial role in customer segmentations in a time-cost tradeoff supply chain. We find that under SUE conditions, there exists a unique equilibrium in the decentralized and centralized supply chain networks, respectively. We conduct comparative statics analyze to demonstrate the effect of SUE and UE conditions and the influence of decentralized versus centralized supply chain management paradigms. We show how the SUE approach can be applied to supply chain network management with time-cost tradeoffs. Our approach can be extended to other tradeoff decision problems in supply chain network management, especially those in which customers are heterogeneous.

MR.D.I.Y. “the Malaysian sweetheart”

Learning outcomes Upon completion, successful students will be able to examine the importance of digitalisation as a competitive tool in business management; use a suitable theory to justify the need for an organisation to engage in e-commerce; develop suitable strategies/solutions to challenges faced by a business organisation in the world of digitalisation of business; explain the way data analytics and digitalisation can affect business strategies and marketing functions; and identify and explain various considerations in the internationalisation of business. Case overview/synopsis MR.D.I.Y. “The Malaysian Sweetheart” is a case about a home improvement company that has transformed itself from a regular hardware shop into a favourite home improvement retailer in Malaysia. The case looked at the influence of e-commerce and digital transformation marks a rethinking of how an organisation uses technology, people and processes in pursuit of new business models and new revenue streams, driven by changes in customer expectations around products and services. Such transformation has indeed created opportunities and challenges for business organisation throughout the globe in their pursuit of staying competitive for MR.D.I.Y. even though they are considered the largest home improvement retailer in Malaysia. The case also introduces the students to the Uses and Gratification Theory that underpins the e-commerce business model. The management of the company is concerned about its future given the rising competition and gloomy economic conditions. Complexity academic level The target group for this case is undergraduate students. Specifically, it is suitable for those in the field of Entrepreneurship taking e-commerce/small business management/entrepreneurship courses. The main purpose of this case study is to assist students in critically examining how a small business evolved from a tiny neighbourhood shop to become a household name at the national level and eventually emerged as the largest home improvement company locally and abroad. Specifically, the case can be applied to topics like Retailing in Electronic Commerce, Innovative EC Systems, Social Commerce and Launching an Online Business, which all are related to the courses on E-Commerce, and this case is also suitable to any other contemporary business management module. Additionally, educators can use this teaching case as a tool in an executive programme for senior, middle and lower managers to shape their thoughts and attitudes toward managing a contemporary retailing business. With this case, it is hoped that students would be able to understand and decide wisely if they encounter similar circumstances in the future. Supplementary material Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 3: Entrepreneurship.

Addressing Algorithmic Tacit Collusion: Insights from Market Investigations

This article explores the concept of algorithmic tacit collusion and the potential role of market investigation tools in addressing this issue. The use of algorithms in online sales markets has raised concerns about anti-competitive effects and the adequacy of current competition law provisions. The European Commission has been considering the implementation of a 'New Competition Tool' (NCT) to address structural competition issues beyond the scope of existing regulations. The UK's market investigation tool, regulated under the UK Enterprise Act of 2002, serves as a reference point for examining the potential insights and lessons that could inform the development of the NCT at the EU level. The article highlights the impact of algorithmic pricing on market transparency, the challenges of classifying algorithmic tacit collusion, and the potential for market investigations to address competition-related concerns. It also discusses the procedural safeguards embedded in the UK's market investigation system and the benefits of proactive competition promotion through market investigations. Finally, the article considers the implications of adopting similar tools at the EU level and the potential for enhancing the European Commission's competition enforcement framework.

SimilarWeb as a digital tool of competitive intelligence: Ukrainian realities

The aim of the article is to identify and analyze the possibilities and limitations of SimilarWeb service for the work of digital marketers in the context of conducting competitive intelligence on the example of such e-commerce sites as Ukrainian marketplaces. Analyses results. The conducted research was devoted to the search, identification and systematization of opportunities and limitations of the digital competitive intelligence tool SimilarWeb on the example of digital e-commerce platforms such as marketplaces. Based on the systematization of information obtained after the practical application of the service and familiarization with the official help from the SimilarWeb site, the main limitations were highlighted, which form a clear understanding of the evaluation nature of the received data, list the conditions when it is impractical to use the service, update the need for preliminary verification of the assignment of selected sites to a certain subcategories for relevance and justify the expediency of using the researched service in combination with other available digital tools of web analytics. The capabilities of the SimilarWeb service include access to: web analytics for the site even without registration in free mode; site performance indicators (number of unique users, average duration of 1 visit, total number of visits for the last full month, for the last 2 or 3 months, for the last 28 days, etc.); information about the place of the site in the global rating, rating at the country level, rating by category/subcategory; characteristics of the engaged audience (structure of visitors by country, structure of traffic sources, segmentation of site visitors by gender, by age groups, by devices); similar sites as competitors; comparison of sites according to various indicators; analysis of applications for different operating systems. The focus of this study was marketplaces (e-commerce sites that meet clear requirements for recognition - the ability to sell by third parties (other sellers); the marketplace receives remuneration for providing such services; the site contains information for potential sellers; the structure of the site itself provides a mechanism product ordering, payment and delivery). Using the example of the sectoral analysis of marketplaces through the SimilarWeb categorization system, it was found that not all of the identified Ukrainian marketplaces are assigned to the «Marketplace» subcategory. This necessitates the independent refinement of the sample of sites for analysis on the researched service. The use of the SimilarWeb service by digital marketers in their practice as a tool that provides web analytics about sites, in particular about site traffic, its structure, the characteristics of the engaged audience, the site's place in various ratings, other indicators that characterize the site's performance, helps to understand the place of a particular site in industry ratings and the corresponding components forming these positions. Accordingly, a similar practice, designated as competitive intelligence, is the basis for making managerial decisions in the context of brand promotion in the digital area. Conclusions and directions for further research. The priority areas for further research are the vector of detailed processing of other online services, which allow expanding the analytical base of managerial decision-making for digital marketers in the context of the presence of business in the digital space and the need to acquire relevant skills for obtaining information about the effectiveness of attracting the target audience.

RegCloser: a robust regression approach to closing genome gaps

BackgroundClosing gaps in draft genomes leads to more complete and continuous genome assemblies. The ubiquitous genomic repeats are challenges to the existing gap-closing methods, based on either the k-mer representation by the de Bruijn graph or the overlap-layout-consensus paradigm. Besides, chimeric reads will cause erroneous k-mers in the former and false overlaps of reads in the latter.ResultsWe propose a novel local assembly approach to gap closing, called RegCloser. It represents read coordinates and their overlaps respectively by parameters and observations in a linear regression model. The optimal overlap is searched only in the restricted range consistent with insert sizes. Under this linear regression framework, the local DNA assembly becomes a robust parameter estimation problem. We solved the problem by a customized robust regression procedure that resists the influence of false overlaps by optimizing a convex global Huber loss function. The global optimum is obtained by iteratively solving the sparse system of linear equations. On both simulated and real datasets, RegCloser outperformed other popular methods in accurately resolving the copy number of tandem repeats, and achieved superior completeness and contiguity. Applying RegCloser to a plateau zokor draft genome that had been improved by long reads further increased contig N50 to 3-fold long. We also tested the robust regression approach on layout generation of long reads.ConclusionsRegCloser is a competitive gap-closing tool. The software is available at https://github.com/csh3/RegCloser. The robust regression approach has a prospect to be incorporated into the layout module of long read assemblers.

Application of Metal-Based Nanomaterials in In Vitro Diagnosis of Tumor Markers: Summary and Prospect.

Cancer, which presents with high incidence and mortality rates, has become a significant health threat worldwide. However, there is currently no effective solution for rapid screening and high-quality treatment of early-stage cancer patients. Metal-based nanoparticles (MNPs), as a new type of compound with stable properties, convenient synthesis, high efficiency, and few adverse reactions, have become highly competitive tools for early cancer diagnosis. Nevertheless, challenges such as the difference between the microenvironment of detected markers and the real-life body fluids remain in achieving widespread clinical application of MNPs. This review provides a comprehensive review of the research progress made in the field of in vitro cancer diagnosis using metal-based nanoparticles. By delving into the characteristics and advantages of these materials, this paper aims to inspire and guide researchers towards fully exploiting the potential of metal-based nanoparticles in the early diagnosis and treatment of cancer.

Improving the system of university educational activity quality management

The paper summarizes the results of research conducted by domestic and foreign scientists on the existing models of education quality system, the practices of the quality management functioning and approaches to evaluating the indicators of an educational scientific organization activity. The principles of the model of the European Foundation for Quality Management (EFQM) and the model of the balanced scorecard (BSC) are distinguished and analyzed based on the analysis of the practice of the quality management system and its indicators in the course of certifcation and accreditation procedures. The basic criteria and principles of improving the system of university education quality management as an important tool of the university's competitiveness have been determined. The specifc features of the organizational structure of higher education institutions, their functions as a system of socio-economic activity are highlighted; the principles of running the quality management system in higher education institutions are defned. The role and basic elements of the educational activity quality system in the strategic management of higher education institutions are defned. The study proposes a model of sustainable evaluation of the effectiveness of education quality management efciency involving two evaluation components, namely management and evaluation perspectives. Opportunities objects (goals, strategies, partnership, resources, organizational culture, interested parties involvement) and the results indicators (students, customers, employees and other stakeholders satisfaction) were formed. The algorithm for improving the system of ensuring the quality of university educational activities is determined and the need to adapt its practical application to the specifcs of the institution, in particular the management system, education quality and strategic management, is substantiated. It was concluded that the improvement process should be based on the standards and recommendations on higher education quality assurance in the European area, the current national system of education quality assurance and regulatory documents regarding the activities of the system of education quality assurance in a specifc institution. Considering the proposed sustainable system for the management system effectiveness evaluation, the author emphasized that the development of indicators of higher educational institutions activity is to be based on the analysis of the university strategic indicators map. The map is advisable to flexibly adapt the structure of the organization according to the following directions: development, processes, consumers, fnances. For this purpose, it is expedient to choose interconnected strategic prospects for higher education institutions development of and to develop a corresponding system of indicators. It is proved that consistent operation of the university quality management system requires ensuring a connection between the evaluated indicators of all types of higher educational institutions activities and the process of forming university strategic management tasks in the course of working out a development strategy and in achieving the objectives set. Key words: higher education institution, competitiveness, quality culture, educational activity, indicators of the organization's activity, quality assurance system, stakeholders, education quality management.

Advertising rivalry and discretionary disclosure

Advertising is a critical competitive tool that shapes interactions among firms in the product market. Using third-party tracked data on advertising outlet costs, I find that a nontrivial portion of public firms, even those with intense advertising activities, do not disclose advertising expenses in their financial statements, indicating significant disclosure discretion. I further use product category-level advertising data to develop a firm-specific measure of advertising rivalry. I predict and find that advertising rivalry is negatively associated with the likelihood of disclosing advertising expenses. This negative association is more pronounced when firms advertise on less trackable media outlets or have more mature products. These findings suggest that firms consider their advertising expenses proprietary and that concerns about advertising competition discourage the disclosure of advertising expenses.

Bayesian incremental learning paradigm for online monitoring of dam behavior considering global uncertainty

Advanced data-driven methods for real-time monitoring of dam structural behavior, especially displacement, are obtaining increasing popularity. Most existing data-driven models are offline and static, however, which cannot be dynamically updated with the increase of monitoring data. Additionally, the capability of monitoring models to identify anomalies, which is the ultimate goal of dam behavior modeling, has received little attention. This study proposes a novel Extreme Learning Machine (ELM)-based Bayesian incremental learning methodology to address these challenges. The proposed model is termed Incremental Global Bayesian ELM (I-GBELM), which couples ELM with global Bayesian and incremental learning for online monitoring of dam displacements. Firstly, a global Bayesian approach to the ELM is presented to account for both input and target uncertainties and to infer the network parameters analytically. Secondly, an incremental learning paradigm is theoretically derived, which aims to directly learn new knowledge from additional data to update model parameters without retraining from scratch. The I-GBELM model integrates the strengths of both methods so that it allows accurately predicting displacements, identifying anomalies, and efficiently updating parameters. For online deployment purposes, finally, a non-iterative pruning algorithm is developed to adaptively discard the redundant hidden nodes, yielding a more compact model. The performance of the proposed model is fully validated through comprehensive verification cases using benchmark and real-world monitoring datasets. The empirical results indicate that the proposed I-GBELM outperforms all other models in most cases, and hence, is a competitive modeling tool for online structural health monitoring.

Analysis of competition and dominance level on the passenger car market of Republic of Korea

The article is devoted to the analysis of statistical data provided by the Committee of Automakers of the Association of European Businesses (AEB) on the volume of sales of passenger cars of various brands on the market of the Republic of Korea from 2010 to 2021. The article describes the history and current trends of the market in question. Moreover, the authors summarize previously conducted research on this topic, providing a list of relevant studies. By using the competitive analysis tool — SV matrix, the study aims to provide information of scientific importance on the subject of competitive environment within the market under consideration, as well as to identify leading companies. An interpretation based on the results of the study is presented as well. It includes an explanation of the dynamics in the market, including changes in the market share of companies within the selected time period, a description of the specificities of the modern market leaders development and the reasons for the existing competitive environment. The conclusion is made about the relative stability of the South Korean automobile market, which has a national manufacturer and retailer as a market leader throughout the analyzed period. Moreover, quite a reasonable assumption is made about the relevance of the development pattern of the South Korean automobile market for the corresponding market of the Russian Federation.

Assessing Saiph, a task-based DSL for high-performance computational fluid dynamics

Scientific applications face the challenge of efficiently exploiting increasingly complex parallel and distributed systems. Developing hand-tuned codes is a time-consuming, tedious and hardly reusable task. Reaching high performance appears detrimental to productivity and portability and unreasonable to expect from scientists. Domain-Specific Languages (DSLs) are collaborative environments aiming to overcome such difficulties by decoupling the problem description from the algorithmic implementation. However, developing a competitive tool in High-Performance Computing (HPC) is challenging: DSLs for HPC environments have two additional critical requirements, performance and scalability. Moreover, documented and successful cases are few, making it difficult to popularise DSLs as problem-solving environments for scientific HPC code development. In this context, Saiph is a task-based DSL easing the simulation of physical phenomena from Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), developed to meet HPC productivity and performance requirements. This work reports the tuning and evaluation of Saiph using the Taylor–Green Vortex (TGV) problem as a case study. We assess Saiph’s productivity, numerical methods, and high-performance strategies to illustrate its use and demonstrate its competitiveness, viability and benefits for CFD software developments in HPC environments. Hence, we contribute to the popularisation of HPC DSLs as suitable problem-solving environments able to unify modern computational and scientific knowledge.

Active imitation or passive reaction: research on the peer effect on trade credit

PurposeUsing a sample of manufacturing firms listed in China between 2007 and 2019, first, this paper aims to examine whether peer firms influence corporate trade credit supply. Next, the authors examine the channels through which peer firms influence corporate trade credit supply by testing the predictions of rivalry and information theories. Furthermore, the authors examine the heterogeneity of the industry peer effect on corporate trade credit supply. Finally, the authors examine the economic consequences of the industry peer effect on corporate trade credit supply.Design/methodology/approachThe sample includes all manufacturing firms listed on both the Shanghai and Shenzhen securities exchanges for the sample period from 2007 to 2019, and the data come from the China Stock Market & Accounting Research database. The authors use the fixed effects method to examine the industry peer effect on trade credit supply. The results are robust to a series of robustness tests. To address the potential endogeneity problem, the authors adopt appropriate instruments by estimating instrumental variable models (two-stage least square). The authors use Heckman’s two-stage model to mitigate the sample selection bias.FindingsThe authors provide strong empirical evidence showing that the industry peer effect on trade credit supply exists in the manufacturing sector. It is also found that both competitive rivalry-based and information-based theories can provide explanations of the industry peer effect on trade credit supply. This process is both active imitation and passive reaction. Additional analysis suggests that the industry peer effect on trade credit supply is more pronounced for state-owned firms, firms with low customer concentration and firms with high geographical proximity. The amplification effect and spillover effect are the economic consequences of the industry peer effect on trade credit supply. In other words, the trade credit supply based on peer effect will not only increase the liquidity risk of the firm per se but also induce and increase the liquidity risk of the industry.Originality/valueThe study makes some important contributions. First, the authors find robust evidence that peer firms’ trade credit supply is an important factor in explaining corporate trade credit supply, which extends the literature by connecting the firm’s trade credit supply with the peer effect. Second, the study provides a new micro-perspective for understanding that firms use trade credit supply as a tool of competition, which proves the importance of rivals’ decision-making as a determinant of corporate decisions. Third, the authors examine the industry peer effect on trade credit supply, which not only helps to guide firms to pay more attention to the potential risk and spillover effects of the trade credit supply decision-making relevance but also helps to clarify the industry interaction phenomenon of corporate decision-making behavior. It is an important practical significance to play a role as a bridge between the microlevel of the firm and the meso-level of the industry. Finally, the study provides inspiration for the formulation of industry norms and policies.

Partial Slip Effects for Thermally Radiative Convective Nanofluid Flow

The partial slip effects for radiative convective nanofluid flow over a stretching sheet in porous medium are analytically explored in this work. The Navier–Stokes equations, the momentum and the energy equations are converted into a set of non-linear ODEs by the similarity transformation. Using the modified optimal homotopy asymptotic method (OHAM), the resulting non-linear ODEs are analytically approximately solved. The impact of various parameters, such as: the velocity exponential factor n, the wall thickness parameter γ, the dimensionless velocity slip parameter δ1, the Prandtl number Pr, the radiation parameter R, and the dimensionless temperature jump parameter δ2, on the behaviour of the mass and heat transfer is presented. The influence of these parameters is tabular and graphically presented. An excellent agreement between the approximate analytical solution and the corresponding numerical solution is highlighted. The results obtained confirm that modified OHAM is a useful and competitive mathematical tool to explore a large class of non-linear problems with applications in various fields of science and engineering.

Innovative Tourism Products as Sustainable Solutions for Emerging Economies

Abstract The current trend in tourism is no longer one of relaxation in the two important seasons but of experiential tourism, developing of new types of tourism, each country identifying (but especially reinventing) its own potential and promoting it below the form of innovative tourist packages and/or products and/or services. Innovation as a concept is setting up the scene for economic growth and is an important tool for economic progress and competitiveness. The aim of this research is to make a bibliometric analysis to find out the most important aspects of innovation linked to tourism as sustainable solutions for tourism in emerging economies. As methods for bibliometric analysis the VOSviewer 1.6.18 software was used on the Web of Science papers to find out the research concepts linked to innovation and tourism. Also, we applied Google Trends search for some of the newest types of tourism to find out the interest of tourists over the last two decades (2010 – 2023) for innovative products from tourism industry (such as: babymoon, adventure, medical, dental, hunting, ecotourism, heritage, museum, etc.). The results emphasis the relation between innovation, tourism, information technology (internet, smart tourism, innovative technology), stakeholders (governments, organizations, municipalities, communities), tourism experience, tourism destination, tourism services, product innovation, competitiveness advantages, economic development, performance, cultural heritage, rural area, ecotourism.

INFORMATION SYSTEM DESIGN OF VILLAGE-OWNED ENTERPRISES IN PEKON SINAR PETIR, BASED ON WEB AS A PROMOTIONONAL MEDIA FOR VILLAGE SUPERIOR PRODUCTS

The development of this era in the field of information technology is very fast. This phenomenon will certainly change and become a tool for business competition between companies and organizations. A village-owned enterprise is a business entity formed based on Law No. 6 of 2014 concerning villages. With the formation of village-owned enterprises, it is hoped that villages will become independent and be able to improve the economic level of the community. In this case, the village-owned enterprise "Karya Abadi" in Pekon Sinar Petir, Talang Padang District, Tanggamus Regency, Lampung Province, has been formed since 2016 and only started in 2021. This village-owned enterprise is engaged in the following business sectors: animal husbandry, agriculture, plantations, financial services, equipment and supplies, waste management, and savings and loans. Until now, the business entity has not had a website to promote products or facilitate the dissemination of information. This research was conducted to solve this problem. This research is in the form of a website framework design for village-owned enterprise "Karya Abadi", which in the future will build a website-based information system. This research was conducted using the waterfall method, which will make it easier to develop and build an information system for the village-owned enterprise

Beyond sanctions and anti-sanctions: examining the impact on sustainable competition and China’s responses

Abstract Unilateral economic sanctions are increasingly utilized as a tool for strategic competition among states. The lack of stringent regulations in international law has encouraged states to counter such sanctions by enacting domestic legislatures such as blocking and anti-sanction laws. The complex network of sanctions, blocking statutes, and anti-sanctions has rendered cross-border trade and investment activities more challenging. Sustainable development has a competitive dimension, which requires states and entities to be commercially competitive and to pursue sustainable development goals. Unfortunately, the abuse of sanctions and anti-sanctions, as prognosticated by the Hawk-Dove game theory, has promoted lawfare instead of healthy competition among states. Research has shown that the abuse of these sanctions and anti-sanctions has worsened competitive patterns among nations, leading to a decrease in their resilience ability and severely damaging sustainable development goals. In recent years, China has faced increased pressure from economic sanctions due to trade frictions with other regions, particularly the United States. This paper aims to examine China’s approach in responding to unilateral economic sanctions, supplemented by an analysis of China’s recently enacted anti-sanction and blocking laws. This paper will also further the understanding of how states should respond to and apply unilateral economic sanctions through international law based on China’s experience.