Cooperation Competition Research Articles

The effects on milk marketing of cooperative partnership of dairy farmers: a case study from Türkiye

In the agricultural sector, dairy cattle farming is a sector with a significant economic impact. One of Türkiye’s priority goals in agricultural development is to raise awareness of organization among farmers. Cooperatives play a crucial role in ensuring the sustainability of farmers in production. For dairy cattle farmers, one of the most effective means to market their milk is through cooperatives. The aim of this study is to reveal the socioeconomic characteristics, cooperative status and the effect of the cooperative on milk marketing of dairy cattle farmers who are members of the cooperative in Derince district of Kocaeli province. The main material of the study consisted of the data obtained by questionnaire method from 61 farmers who are members of Cavuslu Village Agricultural Development Cooperative in Derince district of Kocaeli province, Türkiye. The research includes data obtained during the 2020 production period. Dairy cattle farms were divided into 3 groups according to the presence of dairy cows and analyzed. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the factors affecting the marketing of milk produced by the dairy cattle farms through cooperatives. According to the results of the research, 57.38% of the farmers market their milk through cooperatives. On average, there are 4.94 heads of domestic breed, 11.78 heads of culture breed and 9.20 heads of crossbred cows in the farms. The average milk selling price is 0.37 USD/kg. It was determined that the most effective factor for farmers to give milk to the cooperative was the selling price of milk. Dairy cattle farms with fewer milking cows and those without cooling tanks are more likely to sell their milk to the cooperative. In conclusion, for cooperatives to play a more effective role in dairy cattle farming, it is necessary to increase the competitiveness of cooperatives and ensure their effectiveness in the milk market through the establishment of processing and packaging facilities in the region.

Sino-Us Competitive Cooperation Relationship: AIIB’S Projects in the Middle East and Practical Application of SDGs

Introduction: This essay examines the Sino-US competitive cooperation relationship in the Middle East, with a focus on infrastructure development facilitated through the AIIB and DFC. It explores the strategic roles, operational approaches, and impacts of these institutions on Middle Eastern development, highlighting the geopolitical implications of Sino-US rivalry in the region and the distinct paths taken by both nations. Furthermore, the essay evaluates the broader implications of Sino-US hegemonic competition, employing Realism and Neo-Realism theories as analytical frameworks to dissect this complex relationship. The essay also delves into the relationship between AIIB and DFC investments in the Middle East and their alignment with the United Nations SDGs. Particular attention is given to how these investments influence the achievement of SDGs in the Middle East, contributing to sustainable development in the region. The methodology adopted is qualitative in nature, involving interviews with experts specializing in Middle Eastern investment and SDGs development to gather and analyse relevant data. The research findings address critical issues such as development goals, geopolitical dynamics, and the future prospects for Africa and the Middle East. This article provides valuable insights into the Sino-US competitive cooperation relationship in both regions, demonstrating how their investments contribute to achieving development objectives and advancing SDGs. For instance, the AIIB’s investment in solar energy initiatives, such as the Benban Solar Park in Egypt, the project can help Egypt’s city build a sustainable development environment, and make people and some other lives live in a safe environment, help the Middle East achieve No.11 SDGs. Objective: This article aims to analyze the contributions of the AIIB and DFC to infrastructure development in the Middle East. It seeks to explore the strategic roles played by these institutions in advancing the competitive positions of the United States and China within the global market. Furthermore, the study examines the broader geopolitical implications of the Sino-US competitive cooperation relationship in the Middle East, focusing on how the activities of the AIIB and DFC both reflect and influence the geopolitical dynamics between these two global powers. Lastly, the article investigates the role of AIIB and DFC investments in supporting the Middle East’s progress toward achieving the SDGs. Theoretical Framework: This chapter presents the fundamental concepts and theoretical frameworks underpinning the research, with a particular focus on Realism and Neo-Realism. These theories provide a robust foundation for understanding the context and background of the study. Method: This research adopted a qualitative approach to gather and analyze data. The qualitative methodology is utilized to explore the opinions, experiences, and perspectives of participants. Data collection will be conducted through interviews, either online or in person. Additionally, a focus group will be selected to facilitate the comparison of various research components, identify relationships among these elements, and examine how they influence one another within the study. Results and Discussion: The findings highlight the significant contributions of both institutions to the development of the Middle East, as well as the intricate processes shaping their interactions and influence in the region. Additionally, the analysis underscores the competitive dynamics between the United States and China in Africa’s infrastructure development. The discussion is organized into distinct sections to examine the impact of these institutions on the Middle East and to analyze the Sino-US competition across different time periods. Research Implications: This article examines the practical and theoretical implications of its findings, offering insights into their potential application and influence within the field of Sino-US competitive cooperation relations. It also explores how AIIB and DFC investments can contribute to the Middle East’s progress toward achieving the SDGs. These implications extend to various dimensions, including the evolution of Sino-US relations, the Middle East’s development trajectory, and broader geopolitical dynamics. Originality/Value: This study contributes to the existing body of literature by analyzing the role of AIIB and DFC investments in advancing the Middle East’s progress toward SDGs while identifying a pathway for Sino-US competitive cooperation. The significance and value of this research lie in its examination of how these investments shape the Middle East’s SDG development and influence the evolution of Sino-US relation.

Transformation of Turkish-Russian Relations: Rivalry and Cooperation in Eurasia and the Levant

Relations between Russia and Türkiye have developed considerably since the end of the Cold War. What began as energy trade in the late 1980s evolved into cooperation in business, energy, construction, tourism, politics and even security. Behind the ever-expanding cooperation lies a mistrust fueled by historical enmity and regional rivalry that occasionally leads to confrontation. As the two countries seek to shape their competitive cooperation beyond the current geopolitical challenges and constraints of regional security and alliances, the question of whether they could find ways to advance their partnership is of paramount importance and has regional and global implications. This paper seeks to understand how they have managed their conflict-ridden past to develop a modus operandi in the post-Cold War world by proposing a new conceptual model, namely “competitive cooperation” or “coopetition”, to understand the relationship that developed over the last 30 years in different geographical regions.

An Analysis of The Causes and Impacts of Corporate Mergers in The Logistics Industry: A Case Study of JD Logistics' Acquisition of Deppon Express

This article deeply analyzes the reasons and effects of mergers and acquisitions of enterprises in the logistics industry, and analyzes the mergers and acquisitions of Deppon Express by JD Logistics as a typical case. The article pointed out that in the context of globalization and digitalization, the logistics industry is undergoing profound changes, and the market competition is becoming increasingly fierce. As a leading enterprise in e-commerce logistics, JD Logistics aims to expand the market, enhance competitiveness, achieve resource integration and complementary advantages, and respond to market demand and policy support through the acquisition of Deppon Express. After the merger and acquisition, JD Logistics has significantly improved its logistics network coverage, supply chain service capacity, economic benefits, etc., while Deppon Express has significantly improved its corporate governance, business integration and service efficiency. This merger and acquisition not only enhances the strength of JD Logistics in the large logistics market, but also promotes the concentration of resources and the improvement of service quality in the logistics industry. At the same time, mergers and acquisitions also promote the development of green logistics and show the trend of the logistics industry to sustainable development. Through the case study of the merger and acquisition of Deppon Express by JD Logistics, this article provides valuable experience for the merger and acquisition of enterprises in the logistics industry, and looks forward to the steady development of the logistics industry in the future in resource integration and competitive cooperation.

Control of the Bifurcation Behaviors of Delayed Fractional-Order Neural Networks with Cooperation–Competition Topology

In the real world, the competition and cooperation relationship exists in numerous systems. For instance, the competition–cooperation structure of a biological neural network is determined by the excitatory and inhibitory effects of neurons. The dynamic behaviors of a neural network model with a competition–cooperation structure are studied in this article, focusing particularly on the bifurcation and control problems. By selecting time delay as the parameter, a new sufficient condition for Hopf bifurcation is given and the impact of the fractional order on bifurcation behavior is determined for the network. Furthermore, a time-delay feedback controller is introduced to manage Hopf bifurcation behaviors, and, meanwhile, the stability domain is expanded. Our findings indicate that both fractional order and time delay play a crucial role in controlling the stability and Hopf bifurcation of the given model. Lastly, the accuracy of our theoretical results is verified through several numerical simulations, and the impact of control parameters on the bifurcation behavior of the network model is discussed in detail.

Cooperative Competitiveness Index: a tool to assess the competitiveness of agro-industrial cooperatives

Purpose/objective: This paper is a theoretical-methodological effort to propose and describe a new tool for measuring the competitiveness of agro-industrial cooperatives. Design/methodology/approach: A three-stage procedure was developed: the first step consisted of carrying out a diagnosis of agro-industrial cooperatives; in the second stage, 38 competitiveness sub-factors were identified, and these were grouped, according to common characteristics, under five drivers (cooperative management and governance, production, commercialisation, transaction costs and cooperating farmers); and third, qualitative criteria and tools were presented for the allocation of relative weights and scores, enabling the calculation, on a scale between 0 and 10, of the Cooperative Competitiveness Index (CCI). Findings: It is possible to mention at least four highlights provided by this study: (1) identification of 38 competitiveness sub-factors for agro-industrial cooperatives; (2) calculation, on a scale between 0 and 10, of the Cooperative Competitiveness Index, using five competitiveness drivers, with their respective relative weights and scores; (3) CCI can be a management tool for agro-industrial cooperatives; and (4) CCI is suitable for the empirical application, with easy adjustments and improvements. Research limitations/implications: the lack of realisation of the empirical test and calibration of the proposed model and the relative arbitrariness in determining the five drivers of competitiveness. Originality/value: There is an expectation that the application of the tool presented here can contribute to identifying improvement points, which allow the strategic realignment of the cooperative ventures, improving their efficiency and, consequently, their competitiveness.

Competition of tribes and cooperation of members algorithm: An evolutionary computation approach for model free optimization

Metaheuristic algorithms are a series of intelligent algorithms that are inspired by natural phenomenon and achieve the optimal searching via utilizing behaviors from nature. The rising complexity and dimensions of practical engineering problem in reality, a significant number of metaheuristic algorithms are promoted and applied in various of fields. Inspired by ancient tribes competition and members cooperative behavior, this paper proposes the Competition of Tribes and Cooperation of Members Algorithm (CTCM). Subsequent experiments are conducted on 23 benchmark test functions and exhaustively compared with other state-of-the-art algorithms, including particle swarm optimization (PSO), grey wolf optimizer (GWO), sparrow search algorithm (SSA), egret swarm optimization (ESOA), beetle antennae search (BAS) and whale optimization (WOA). The standard deviation and average, as well as statistic test are utilized to compare the performance of each algorithms, which reveal that CTCM outperforms in most kinds of problem. And from the result of Wilcoxon and Friedman rank test, the CTCM achieve the first place in all categories of problems, which indicate that CTCM possesses strong global optimization search capability and stability, and has faster convergence speed. The superiority of CTCM is then proofed on practical engineering optimization problems, in which CTCM achieve all the optimal solution for each engineering problem.

Modern management model for KAREB Bojonegoro cooperative: Integration of ABM, lean six sigma, and RBV and TPB approaches

In global business competition, ABM helps cooperatives such as KAREB Bojonegoro Cooperative achieve cost efficiency without sacrificing quality. KAREB Cooperative's expenditure is very high, reaching IDR158.82 billion in five years, with the main costs on fuel, labor, and maintenance. Optimizing expenditure and cost management is important to reduce waste, increase efficiency, and profitability. Various studies have shown that Lean Six Sigma and ABM methods increase efficiency, reduce waste, and improve financial performance in various industries with proper implementation and intensive training. However, external factors, recent data, and regional variations, with deficiencies in data and methodology, and challenges in lean sigma implementation have not contributed simultaneously. This study offers the Integration of ABM, RBV, and TPB in Lean Sigma at KAREB Bojonegoro Cooperative because it is suspected that the condition of tobacco processing is not optimal and this approach needs to improve sustainable production efficiency. This study will analyze the implementation of ABM and Lean Sigma for cost control and waste reduction in tobacco drying at Kareb Cooperative with the contribution of Resource-Based View (RBV) and Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to improve process quality and optimal resource monitoring. This study uses a qualitative model with a case study method to assess the implementation of Activity-Based Management (ABM) in production cost efficiency, linking it with Lean Six Sigma, Resource-Based View (RBV), and Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). Key informants from Kareb Cooperative Bojonegoro, including the Head of Production, Accounting, and HR, provided insights into the impact of ABM and internal factors on efficiency. The research instruments included in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation, while the research procedure followed a systematic flow to ensure the validity and relevance of the data. This study states that the implementation of ABM at Kareb Cooperative Bojonegoro allocates costs based on actual activities, improving efficiency and cost control. Costs include procurement of materials (Rp24,375,300,000), production (Rp9,216,862,000), and distribution (Rp6,000,000,000). Lean Sigma focuses on reducing waste such as overproduction, defects, and waiting by improving processes and training. The ability is quite large in identifying production inputs and related costs such as fuel (Rp14,375,300,000), raw materials (Rp10,000,000,000), and production and distribution processes. Waste management such as overproduction and waiting, as well as the implementation of ABM and Lean Sigma, aims to increase efficiency and reduce costs. Evaluation and training are carried out to optimize processes and reduce waste. Setting costs based on activities, while Lean Sigma uses the Just-In-Time (JIT) system. Variable costs are optimized, production is controlled to reduce defects,and distribution and storage are improved for cost efficiency. The keys to success are open communication, management support, and intensive training. The implementation of ABM and Lean Sigma in Kareb Bojonegoro Cooperative effectively reduces costs and waste through training, JIT, and process control. These findings are expected to increase productivity, reduce costs, and improve the competitiveness of cooperatives and provide a model for implementing modern management.

Sino-Us Competitive Cooperation Relationship: AIIB’s Projects in Africa and Practical Application of SDGs

Introduction: This article explores the Sino-US competitive cooperation relationship in Africa, focusing on infrastructure development by the AIIB and the DFC. Examining the strategic roles, operational approaches, and impacts of these institutions on African development. It also delves to geopolitical implications, through the African infrastructure, can proves the different trajectory of US and China rivalry in Africa.And also what influences for Sino-US hegemony competition. Using realism and Neo-realism theory as the framework to analysis Sino-US competitive cooperation relationship. And in this article will also talk about the connection between AIIB and DFC investment in Africa and SDG. And how AIIB and DFC investment influence Africa’s SDG to help Africa’s SDGs development. For the Methodology used in this article is qualitative research, can interview some experts in the Africa investment or SDGs development to collect some data and analysis these data. For the research result will also discuss in different factors such as development goals, geopolitical dynamics, Africa’s future prospects. The value of this article is know what is the Sino-US competitive cooperation relationship in Africa, And how these investment help Africa’s development to help Africa achieve SDGs. Like Lake Turkana Wind Power Project in Kenya, is provide affordable and clean energy in Africa, help Africa to achieve No.7 SDGs. Objective: This article aims to analyze how the AIIB and DFC help African infrastructure, and also the development of Africa. Secondly, examining the strategic roles of AIIB and DFC, how these two organizations help the US and China in global competition. Thirdly, to explore the broader geopolitical implications of the Sino-US competitive cooperation relationship in Africa, examining how the activities of AIIB and DFC reflect and influence the geopolitical dynamics between China and the United States. And how AIIB and DFC investment influence Africa achieve SDGs. Theoretical Framework: In this topic, the main concepts and theories that underpin the research are presented. Through realism and Neo-realism stand out, providing a solid basis for understanding the context of the investigation. Method: The methodology adopted for this research comprises is qualitative research method will be used in conducting this research. The qualitative method is used to gather opinions, experiences and thoughts from the research respondents. Data collection was carried out through use interview no matter online or face to face. And also select for some focus group to do the comparison with different factors of the research, and find the connections and how these factors influence with other factors in the research. Results and Discussion: The findings highlight that the contributions of both institutions to African development, emphasizing the complex dynamics that shape their interactions and impact on the continent. And also through the Africa infrastructure how the US and China compete with each other. In the discussion part, it divides as different part to talk about the influence in Africa and Sino-US competition in different periods. Research Implications: The practical and theoretical implications of this article are discussed, providing insights into how the results can be applied or influence practices in the field of Sino-US competitive cooperation relations and how AIIB and DFC investment help Africa to achieve SDGs. These implications could encompass Sino-US relationship, Africa’s development and Geopolitical Dynamics . Originality/Value: This study contributes to the literature by finding how AIIB and DFC investment help Africa’s SDG development in order to try to find Sino-US competitive cooperation way. The relevance and value of this research are evidenced by how the AIIB and DFC investment influence Africa’s develop SDG, and during the process what about Sino-US relations development to prove.

Distributed Bipartite Consensus of Multi-Agent Systems via Disturbance Rejection Control Strategy

This work aims to focus on analyzing the consensus control problem in cooperative–competitive networks in the occurrence of external disturbances. The primary motive of this work is to employ the equivalent input-disturbance estimation technique to compensate for the impact of external disturbances in the considered multi-agent system. In particular, a suitable low-pass filter is implemented to enhance the accuracy of disturbance estimation performance. In addition, a specific signed, connected, and structurally balanced undirected communication graph with positive and negative edge weights is considered to express the cooperation–competition communication among neighboring agents. The cooperative–competitive multi-agent system reaches its final state with same magnitude and in opposite direction under the considered structurally balanced graph. By utilizing the properties of Lyapunov stability theory and graph theory, the adequate conditions assuring the bipartite consensus of the examined multi-agent system are established as linear matrix inequalities. An illustrative example is delivered at the end to check the efficacy of the designed control scheme.

Opinion dynamics analysis for stubborn individuals in cooperation–competition networks based on path-dependence framework

The opinion evolution problem is studied in this paper for stubborn individuals in cooperation–competition networks, where the individuals’ opinion dynamics is described by the Friedkin–Johnsen model and the competitive relationship between individuals is characterized by negative weights. Then the lifting approach is successfully applied to the Friedkin–Johnsen model to deal with the influence of the negative weights while the path-dependence theory is used to the transition of two arbitrarily adjacent topics. Starting from the weight topology, the relationship between the weight topology and the augmented topology is established, and some sufficient conditions about achieving neutrality, bipartite consensus and convergence for the individuals’ opinions in a sequence of topics are obtained. Interestingly, a necessary and sufficient condition is given to ensure bipartite consensus for the individuals’ opinions under the premise that the weight topology is structurally unbalanced. Furthermore, the Friedkin–Johnsen model with dynamic stubbornness is also considered, and the concept of common topic subsequence is introduced. It is proved that all elements of the topic transfer matrix are positive for the common topic subsequence, and neutrality and bipartite consensus for the individuals’ opinions can be achieved for different types of weight topologies, respectively. Finally, numerical examples are given to support the correctness of the theoretical results.

Attraction Agglomeration and Destination Agglomeration: The Case of Chinese National Scenic Areas

We examine the effect of attraction and destination agglomerations on tourism revenues and tourist flows. Using data from 184 national scenic areas in China for the 2012 to 2017 period as the case study for our two-level agglomeration model, we find that the attraction agglomeration yields cooperative competition at the micro level of tourist districts. This co-existence of compatible and competitive effects determines not only individual national scenic areas’ tourism revenues and tourist flows but also the attractiveness of tourist districts where these national scenic areas are located. At the macro level of tourism destinations, we find that the destination agglomeration only yields a competitive effect, adversely affecting the tourism revenues and tourist flows of individual national scenic areas inside these tourism destinations. Our results suggest that policymakers must consider cooperative competition when managing existing tourist attractions and planning for future ones.

Bipartite quasi synchronization of stochastic delayed cooperation–competition networks with gain-waving intermittent control

Given the cooperation and competition bi-directional mechanisms between subsystems, this paper aims at addressing bipartite quasi synchronization (BQS) of stochastic delayed cooperation–competition networks (SDCNs). We propose a gain-waving intermittent control policy, that includes more of the existing works, to assist the BQS, in an effort to cope with external interferences and the possibility of actuator damage caused by rapid switching. Intermittent gain is to be quantized legitimately via the postulate of waving average gain. Within this context, novel Lyapunov inequalities concerning bounded waving gain and unbounded one are advanced to ensure the BQS of SDCNs in conjunction with graph theory, since the present differential inequalities are incapable of being inoperative. Then we develop two kinds of BQS criteria and the bounds for the BQS error are estimated where the scenarios of bounded waving gain and unbounded one are involved separately. Besides, corresponding criteria about complete bipartite synchronization are presented and several design methods of gain-waving intermittent control are introduced by specific examples. Finally, the validity of the theoretical results is examined by an application on Chua’s circuit with numerical simulations being shown.

Cooperative competition between melt-phase and void during micro-spallation and recompression

Dynamic tensile (micro-spallation) fracture and subsequent recompression in a molten state is the key physical process for metallic materials undergoing multiple intense dynamic loadings. However, there still lacks in-depth analysis of the complete evolution process from damage accumulation to recompression, as well as the influence of damage history on subsequent deformation and fracture. In the present work, the mechanism of cooperative competition evolution between the melt-phase and voids has been proposed as a new perspective to investigate damage evolution. Various important physical phenomena discovered in larger-scale MD simulations of molten aluminum can be self-consistently explained according to the proposed mechanism, such as the rate-dependence of spall strength and the pressure oscillation. The recompression-after-damage and second fracture process are discussed in detail to analyze the damage history effect. Under the present framework, two theoretical models have been proposed from the perspective of void and melt-phase evolution, respectively. The proposed models agree well with the simulation results and provide a comprehensive understanding of the damage evolutionary characteristics.

Examining the Coopetition Relationships in Renewable Energy Trade among BRI Countries: Complexity, Stability, and Evolution

The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has significantly transformed the traditional energy market and reshaped international cooperation and conflict dynamics through its expanding trade in renewable energy resources. This study focuses on examining the complex and evolving nature of coopetition relationships in the renewable energy trade among BRI countries from 2013 to 2020. Understanding the interplay between cooperation and competition in this sector is crucial for comprehending the dynamics and stability of these trade relationships. Using a signed network approach, the findings of this study reveal that the countries predominantly exhibit a cooperative relationship. However, as time progresses, a notable pattern emerges, characterized by the coexistence of “competitive cooperation” and “cooperative competition”. In addition, coopetition group clustering is strongly influenced by geographical location. China, as a key player in the BRI, demonstrates a coopetition group characterized by a high inflow and low outflow pattern. Furthermore, the implementation of the BRI has greatly improved the overall stability of trade along the route. However, the coexistence of competition and cooperation among nations has increased the uncertainty of trade relations, thereby exerting a certain level of influence on their stability. Based on these findings, this study proposes policy recommendations to strength renewable energy trade relationships along the BRI route.

“Label” Competition: Field Theory Insights into Inter-Governmental Competition and Transformation Path Among Chinese Cities

Inter-governmental competition has always been a crucial area of exploration in understanding the behavior of governments. Against the backdrop of contemporary China, the development of the Internet and the increasing influence of communication media have brought to light the growing significance of “Labels” that encapsulate the internal functions, characteristics, or relative advantages of regions in assessing the capabilities of local governments. In this process, the creation and dissemination of urban “Labels” not only drive the new transformation path of inter-governmental competition but also contribute to the reform of the official construction of the capital structure and internal Habitus of urban government field. Based on Field theory, a systematic investigation is conducted on the urban “Labels” generated with the development and influence of the Internet and communication media. In-depth analysis of the logic of urban “Labels” generation reveals that the competitive strategy of urban governments is gradually shifting from the previous “clear distinction between Top-Down” mode to a comprehensive path of “integration of Top-Down and Bottom-Up.” At the same time, the evaluation mechanism has shifted from a single “indicator” evaluation to a more comprehensive judgment focusing on “events,” and the path has shifted from simple “competition” to “competitive cooperation” mode.

Respond, Recovery, and Renew Strategies in Strengthening Competitiveness of Cooperatives After COVID-19 Pandemic in West Java

The recent economic slump due to the COVID-19 pandemic causes major problems for cooperatives in West Java in maintaining their business activities. The pandemic significantly impacts the cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). Thus, developing strategies for cooperatives to recover, respond, and renew the issue becomes increasingly necessary. The research sought to contribute by developing alternative strategy recommendations for cooperatives in West Java, Indonesia. By doing so, it generated a competitive advantage in the post-pandemic industry. The research data were obtained through two main sources. Primary data came from Focus Group Discussion (FGD) activities involving cooperative stakeholders in West Java, consisting of cooperative managers, academicians, media, and government. Secondary data were taken from previous research. The collected data were analyzed using the Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, and Threat (SWOT analysis) approach to produce strategic recommendations visualized on the SWOT Matrix and categorized into Respond, Recovery, and Renew strategies. The results show five strategy alternatives to exploit opportunities with the cooperatives’ strengths (SO strategy). Seven strategy alternatives were identified to overcome the cooperatives’ weakness with external opportunities (WT). There are six strategy alternatives to anticipate external threats using cooperatives’ strengths (ST). Last, seven strategy alternatives are found to overcome both cooperatives’ weaknesses and external threats.

Pengaruh Kemampuan dan Motivasi Kerja Pegawai terhadap Daya Saing Koperasi pada Unit Salapak di Kota Bandung

Cooperative as a form of economic organization that plays an important role in the economy. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the ability and work motivation of employees on the competitiveness of cooperatives. The research method used was to collect data through questionnaires which were distributed to cooperative employees involved in operational activities. This study used a quantitative method using the SPSS 23 analysis tool. The total population in the Salapak cooperative unit in the city of Bandung is 15 people. By using the saturated sample technique, the total sample is the entire population, namely 15 people. From the research that has been done, it can be concluded that simultaneously H3 is accepted, meaning that the ability and work motivation simultaneously have a positive effect on competitiveness.

STRATEGI BAURAN PEMASARAN PRODUK PEMBIAYAAN AKAD TAQSITH DALAM MENINGKATKAN JUMLAH ANGGOTA

Abstract
 The aim of this research is to study how to apply the Marketing Mix Strategy to taqsith financing products at the Indonesian Syirkah Muslim Cooperation. We know that cooperative competition is very competitive. If you are a little careless, you will definitely be left behind by other cooperatives if you don't do something innovative. One of the factors that cooperatives can use to fight competition in increasing the number of customer members is by implementing a Marketing Mix Strategy which consists of 7Ps (Product, Price, Place, Promotion, People, Process, Physical Evidence). It is hoped that implementing a marketing mix strategy can increase KSMI Tulungagung members. The research method that the researcher used was a qualitative approach. Data collection techniques were carried out using observation, interviews and documentation related to the research. The research results show that implementing the 7P marketing mix strategy can have an impact, namely increasing the number of customer members of the Tulungagung Indonesian Muslim Syirkah Cooperative.
 Keywords: Marketing Mix, Cooperatives, Customers, Marketing Strategy, Taqsith Financing.

Decoupling activation volume via dynamic electron transfer in stress-driven chemical reactions

The activation volume, which quantifies the response of the chemical reactions to the applied stress, plays a central role in controlling the mechanochemical reactions for applications including lubricity, wear, and the topographic fabrication of the surfaces under stress. However, the physical interpretations of the activation volume remain scientifically intriguing and largely unexplored. Here, density functional theory calculations are used to investigate the general rules of charge transfer underlying activation volume in controlling the typically mechanochemical reaction process. It is found that the activation volume could be decoupled into the electronic contributions from interface chemistry and bulk physical deformation, which are commonly linear dependent on the contact pressure. Therefore, the activation volume may, indeed, be derived from the stress-driven charge transfer underlying cooperative competition between interfacial chemistry and the bulk region. This competition is related to the stiffness change from the bulk to slab. The magnitude of the stiffness change represents the degree to which the interface atoms modify the bulk properties, which is directly related to the contribution of different regions to the activation volume. This work may open up the understanding of the activation volume from dynamic electron transfer to engineer mechanochemical reactions, different from the existing insights into the geometric dimensionality of the contact configuration.