Competitive Fight Research Articles

Сравнительный анализ решений задачи оптимального управления конкурентным поведением предприятий сотовой связи

In work the dynamic model of competitive behavior of the enterprises of cellular communication in the form of system of the differential equations with delay is offered. Numerical methods and algorithms for the solution of a problem of optimum control by behavior of mobile operators in the conditions of competitive fight for consumers of communication services are realized. The problem of optimum control by behavior of the enterprises of cellular communication with continuous delay with use of the principle of a maximum of Pontryagin for systems with continuous delay is formulated and solved. Conditions of an optimality for the solution of a problem of management are received by dynamics of development of subscriber base of firm No. 1. The method of linearization of system of the nonlinear differential equations with delay is realized and search of the optimum solution of a task by means of operations of improvement of the management, repeated in iterative procedure, on the example of modification of a method Shatrovsky is carried out.

Use of employments on swimming in pulling in and restoration microcycles in the training process of the highly skilled sportsmen of the highly skilled heavy weight sambo wrestlers

Expedience of the use of the sporting and health swimming is grounded in precontest preparation of the highly skilled sportsmen unarmed self-defence. 10 sportsmen took part in research (weight over 90 kg). Offered to recommendation on the use of swimming in renewal of sportsmen after the competition and trainings loadings. On employments, swimming was utillized a method crawl on a breast and by a method breast-stroke. Length of path of pool is 25 meters. The level of influence of trainings is set on swimming of different orientation on the general consisting of the sportsman unarmed self-defence of context of preparation and renewal during the specialized competition activity. It is recommended in training on swimming to utillize overcoming at full pelt of cutting-off 250 meters in the mode to 5 minutes (time of competition fight is in the fight of sambo-5 of minutes).

Metabolic and hormonal responses to a single session of kumite (free non-contact fight) and kata (highly ritualized fight) in karate athletes

BackgroundSeveral studies report martial arts as a good model for investigating neuroendocrine responses to competitive fighting. However, little is known on the metabolic responses elicited by elite athletes during fighting. In particular, the metabolic picture in elite athletes of martial arts is little known.AimIn the present study, our aim was to investigate the acute effects of a session of karate practice on the glucose-insulin system.Subjects and methodsTen healthy individuals (6M/4F; BMI: 22.1 ± 0.7 kg/m2; 21.9 ± 1.1 years, mean ± SE) who practice karate in national or international competitions were enrolled. All participants completed two experimental trials in a randomised-crossover fashion. A basal blood sample was collected from each athlete to assess plasma glucose, insulin, cortisol, testosterone and catecholamines, before karate training session. In two separate days, another blood sample was collected from each participants after 3 min of real fighting (kumite) and 3 min of ritualized simulation of combat (kata).ResultsIn both trials, plasma glucose resulted to be higher at the end the of performance compared to the basal (p < 0.001 after kumite and p < 0.02 after kata). In contrast, insulin was similar in the basal and after physical activity in the two trials. Catecholamines were higher after kata and kumite sessions with respect to the basal values (p < 0.04) and, in particular, epinephrine post-kumite values were much greater than those measured after kata.ConclusionsOur results indicate that unlike performances of karate (kumite and kata) elicit different plasma glucose increases. In particular, we found that glucose and epinephrine concentrations increased more after kumite than after kata.

Company in Crisis

This paper deals with corporate crisis. It draws attention to the failing firm strategy in times of crisis. The corporate crisis is an important part of business life cycle. Proper crisis management is necessary for the survival of a competitive fight and staying on the market.

Competitive activity, techniques and fight actions in terminology of the modern sports fencing

Competitive activity, techniques and fight actions in terminology of the modern sports fencing

Energy expenditure and intake in judo athletes during training camp

For optimal athletic performance, recovery and body composition, athletes need to synchronize diet and physical activi ties. Especially in judo athletes, where competition is organiz ed in weight categories, the balance between energy intake and energy expenditure is of uttermost importance [1]. Data concerning energy intake during training and competition preparation – often a weight reduction periodare available [2,3,4]. However, the literature lacks data on the energy balance during the training period of judo athletes. When not in weight reduction period, special attention needs to be given to energy intake, providing sufficient energy for basal metabolism, physical activities, and recovery without caloric overshoot [5]. A highly positive energy balance during training periods may result in excessive weight gain with negative consequences for the following weight reduction period. In order to properly harmonize an athlete’s dietary intake and training program, assessing the energy balance and physical activity status of the athlete is required [6,7,8]. Energy expenditure during training in judo athletes is not well described. The training program of a judo athlete is diverse, and consists of judo specific training (technique and randori) and non-specific training (resistance training, endurance training), [9,10]. Randori, which is a type of fight training, can be categorized as a high intensity activity with an intermittent pattern of activity and relative rest more or less comparable with a competition fight [10]. The diversity of the training program, the unstructured activities during the randori training, and the contact with the opponent, make it very difficult to estimate energy expenditure with most of the available methods. Monitoring should be done in the athlete’s normal environment enabling maintenance of habitual activity participation and dietary intake. Therefore, the methods used to determine activity pattern and dietary intake should preferably be as accurate as possible and at the same time easy in use with a minimal burden on the athlete. An activity diary (AD) is considered to be one of the most accurate subjective techniques, despite the high participant burden [8]. Though self-report methods can be a principal source of information, other approaches or the use of combined measu res may be needed to characterize better an athlete‘s activity level. Reporting the results with different instruments provides a more complete description of activity levels and permits triangulation of outcomes [11]. The SenseWear Armband (SWA) combines five different sensors into one device attached as an armband around the upper arm. The SWA has shown to give reliable estimates of TEE in healthy free living adults [12,13,14]. Johannsen et al. [14] found a significant agreement between the SWA and doubly labeled water estimates of TEE. Fruin and Rankin [15] found the SWA to provide valid and reliable estimates of energy expenditure at rest and on an ergometer as compared to indirect calorimetry.

Perceptions of Conflict Behavior and Relational Satisfaction in Adult Parent–Child Relationships

Dyadic data were used to examine associations between attachment, relational satisfaction, and perceptions of conflict style in adult child–parent relationships. Several actor effects emerged; secure attachment was associated with more collaborating and compromising, dismissive attachment was associated with less collaborating and more indirect fighting and avoiding, and preoccupied attachment was associated with more competitive and indirect fighting. There were also partner effects. Individuals were more likely to report using collaborating and compromising if their partner (parent or child) was secure, and more likely to report indirect fighting if their partner was dismissive. Four actor by partner interactions surfaced. Preoccupied individuals reported more collaborating when their partners were secure and less compromising when their partners were dismissive. Dismissive individuals reported less yielding if their partner was preoccupied. Secure individuals reported less competitive fighting if their partner was fearful. The data also demonstrated that for actor effects, the collaborating style mediated a positive association between secure attachment and relational satisfaction. For partner effects, there were direct associations between a parent’s attachment security and a child’s relational satisfaction as well as between one’s partner’s reported use of collaborating and one’s own relational satisfaction. These and other findings are discussed in terms of their implications for work on attachment and conflict.

Does flight ability differ among male morphs of the Japanese horned beetle Trypoxylus dichotomus septentrionalis (Coleoptera Scarabaeidae)?

The Japanese horned beetle, Trypoxylus dichotomus septentrionalis, exhibits inter- and intrasexual dimorphism. Among Japanese horned beetles showing intrasexual dimorphism, minor males with shorter rudimentary horns adopt non-competitive tactics rather than competitive fighting tactics. It has been generally considered that minor males invest more in traits associated with aerial and terrestrial locomotion, such as wing characteristics, than in traits associated with fighting ability, such as horn characteristics. However, distinct alternative behaviours corresponding to alternative male phenotypes have never been detected in previous studies on T. dichotomus septentrionalis. During flight the beetles are frequently preyed upon by the Ural owl; therefore, I conducted an experiment to examine the presence of inter-morph differences in flight speed, which appears to directly affect the ability of the beetles to avoid predation. However, there was no significant difference between the flight speeds of major and minor males. Larger males were found to fly a little faster than smaller males irrespective of the traits used as a measure of body size (i.e. horn length, prothorax width, body mass, or wing loading). Thus, from the viewpoint of the flight speed, it is likely that alternative behaviour of minor males, for gaining relatively higher fitness than middle-sized males, was not seen in this species in the present study. Hence the results of the present study support the hypothesis that dimorphic allometry exists because of a continuous reaction norm that meets a ceiling, rather than developmental reprogramming at a body size threshold.

Heart Rate Responses and Fluid Balance of Competitive Cross-Country Hang Gliding Pilots

To evaluate the physiological challenges of competitive cross-country hang gliding. Seventeen experienced male pilots (age=41+/-9 y; mean+/-SD) were fitted with a monitor that recorded heart rate and altitude at 0.5 Hz throughout a competitive flight. Fluid losses were evaluated by comparing pilot pre- and postflight mass. The pilots' displacement was 88.4+/-43.7 km in 145.5+/-49.4 min. Mean flight altitude was 1902+/-427 m (range=1363-2601 m) with a maximum altitude of 2925+/-682 m (1870-3831 m). The mean in-flight heart rate of the pilots was 112+/-11 bpm (64+/-6% predicted HRmax). For all except one subject, heart rate was highest while launching (165+/-12 bpm, 93+/-7% predicted HRmax), followed by landing (154+/-13 bpm, 87+/-7% predicted HRmax). No statistically significant relationship was observed between heart rate during the launch and reported measures of state anxiety. Heart rate was inversely related (P<.01) to altitude for all pilots except one. Fluid loss during the flight was 1.32+/-0.70 L, which approximated 0.55 L/h, while mean in-flight fluid consumption was 0.39+/-0.44 L. Six pilots consumed no fluid during the flight. Even among experienced pilots, high heart rates are more a function of state anxiety than physical work demand. Fluid losses during flight are surprisingly moderate but pilots may still benefit from attending to fluid balance.

INDEX ANALYSIS OF TECHNICAL-TACTICAL PREPAREDNESS OF OLYMPIC GAMES 2008 JUDO CHAMPIONS (MEN)

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;In the present research parameters of technical-tactical readiness of Olympic Games-2008 champions in judo (men) in all weight categories have been defined. More than 200 competitive fights in seven weight categories were analyzed.&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

Naphthoquinones as allelochemical triggers of programmed cell death

Juglone and plumbagin are plant bioactive derivatives of 1,4-naphthoquinone occurring in plants, whereas lots of these plants belong to invasive species. Clarifying of action of juglone and plumbagin applied on plant cell model represented by tobacco BY-2 cells was the basic aim of this work. It was shown that naphthoquinones are able to induce various structural, functional and enzymatic changes leading to processes of apoptic-like cell death. Using dihydroethidium as fluorescent probe the mechanism of naphthoquinones action was explained. They are able to generate reactive oxygen species, which play important role in processes of programmed cell death. Disruption of mitochondrial respiratory chain was detected too. This study shown that mechanism of naphthoquinones action to plant cells is very complex and predestine them to be very effective compounds in plant competition fight.

Key criteria in twenty‐first century management promotional decisions

PurposeThis paper aims to determine the key criteria used by managers in rapidly changing organizations to make promotion decisions.Design/methodology/approachA survey was conducted of 311 managers from over 100 different US service and manufacturing enterprises experiencing rapid organizational change. Managers were asked to identify no more than five factors that were most critical in their organization to actually getting promoted. Results were content analyzed.FindingsTop ten factors influencing promotion decisions included: getting desired results/strong performance track record; possessing strong business networks; interpersonal/communication skills; strong knowledge‐experience base; demonstrating a strong work ethic; ability to build teams and being a team player; personality, attitude, and ego factors; solving a major problem or getting a “big hit;” demonstrating character, integrity, and trustworthiness; and, preparation and being in the right place at the right time.Research limitations/implicationsResults indicate what organizations are currently using to make decisions but it does not provide a normative guide for what organizations should be using. Also, further research should attempt to differentiate dimensions used at each level of management.Practical implicationsThe results provide a useful guide for managers who are looking for a leg up in the competitive fight for promotions. Results also suggest criteria to be considered when organizations update management assessment tools to better reflect the demands on managers working in the new global business environment.Originality/valueThe study focuses on promotions in rapidly changing organizations and uses a sample that is very familiar with how organizations actually make promotion decisions.

Cochliomyia hominivorax myiasis in a colony of stray cats ( Felis catus Linnaeus, 1758) in Rio de Janeiro, RJ

Cochliomyia hominivorax infestation in domestic cats of an urban colony in the city of Rio de Janeiro is described. The overall prevalence over the period 2001–2005 was 12.5%. Only adult cats were found infested and among these, most cases were observed in males (28%) ( p ≤ 0.05). The most frequently infested areas of the cats’ bodies were the face and nape of the neck. Most lesions were found on the front part of the body of adult males (80%), suggesting that myiasis occur in consequence of competitive fighting wounds.

The structure of the competitive fights of female athletes in freestyle wrestling

The structure of the competitive fights of female athletes in freestyle wrestling

The structure of the competitive fights of female athletes in freestyle wrestling

The structure of the competitive fights of female athletes in freestyle wrestling

Factors influencing intensity of competition in the Czech dairy industry

The paper is a part of solution of the research plan of the FBE MUAF in Brno, No. GAMSM 431100007, and it is focused on analysis of factors influencing intensity of competition fight among the existing firms in the Czech dairy industry &amp;ndash; describing their actual situation and their possible development in the future relating to the expected integration of the Czech Republic into the European Union. All analysed factors are important and significantly intensify competition fight among the existing firms in the industry. The level of concentration is low &amp;ndash; 16% of businesses in the industry control 60% of market, but almost 30% of businesses in the industry have only 3% share in the market, growth of the industry is slow &amp;ndash; about 5% annually, and barriers of exit from the industry are significant. Situation of the next four factors (level of fixed and storage costs, product differentiation and switching costs, size of capacity augmentation, diversity of competitors) is similar.

Ideology in Context: Explaining Sendero Luminoso's Tactical Escalation

This article explains tactical escalation by a Peruvian left-wing group during the 1980s and 1990s as an interaction effect between organizational ideology and the broader political and organizational environment. In 1980, Peru's Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path) organization ended a decade of political organizing and launched armed struggle against a new civilian government. Peru had been governed since 1968 by military officers, but popular pressure, including strong left-wing protests, had forced the military to cede control. In responding to democratization with revolution rather than electoral participation, Sendero broke with the rest of Peru's Marxist left. In 1983, Sendero again escalated its tactics, initiating a campaign of violent intimidation against Peru's legal left. By 1996, according to data assembled for this study, the group had selectively assassinated some 300 prominent Peruvian leftists. For theorists of revolutions and social movements, Sendero's tactical trajectory poses two important puzzles. First, many revolutionary theorists believe that transitions from authoritarianism to elections decrease armed insurgency. Why, then, did Peru's democratization provoke Sendero's escalation? Second, Sendero might well have been expected to cooperate with other left-wing groups, rather than to attack them so brutally. Why did Sendero choose an alternative path? The group's anti-left measures are all the more puzzling given the opposition they provoked among potential allies at home and abroad. This article explains Sendero's choices by drawing on political opportunity theory, theories of organizational competition, and the concept of declining protest cycles. Democratization can promote greater levels of strife if small but violence-prone groups fear marginalization in electoral politics. A dense left-wing social movement sector, moreover, can stimulate internecine competitive fighting if only some of the movement's members accept the legitimacy of national elections.

Competitive and territorial fighting: Two types of offense in the rat

Two types of fighting (offense) were compared and contrasted in three experiments on the laboratory rat. In Experiment 1, competitive fighting was obtained in pairs of hungry cagemates by placing one food pellet into their food hopper. In Experiment 2, territorial fighting was obtained by introducing an unfamiliar intruder into the home cage of a male and female pair. Both types of fighting had the same motor patterns. Whereas territorial fighting is strongest against intruders of the same sex, competitive fighting is stronger against the smaller opponent (in this case female) regardless of the sex of the test animal. Whereas territorial fighting is stronger in males, competitive fighting is stronger in females. Whereas gonadectomy reduces territorial fighting in males but not females, it reduces competitive fighting in both sexes. In experiment three, it was shown that food deprivation increases competitive fighting, while it reduces territorial fighting. On the basis of these findings a revised model of the organization of the offense motivational system is proposed.

Testosterone and cortisol responses to competitive fighting in human males: A pilot study

Departamento de Psicologia Fisiologica (A.S., V.S., F.S.) and Laboratorio de MedicinaNuclear e Isotopos (L.L.), Hospital Clinico Universitario, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia,SpainSerum testosterone and cortisol levels were measured by radioimmunoassay in 14young male judo competitors, in samples taken 10 minutes before and 45 minutes aftertwo different pr(Redures. The first involved physical exercise and the second competi-tive fighting. Both procedures were of 5 minutes duration and sessions took plate atthe same time (between 10:00 \.M. and 12:00 P.M. liR-al lime) but on different days.Comparing the two situations over all subjects revealed that testosterone increasedafter exercise and decreased slightly after competition. Between subject comparisonssuggested that contrary to previous claims, winning or losing did not significantlychange the testosterone and cortisol levels. Comparisons of subjects who were membersof the Regional Team with individuals who were not part of thai gronp confirmed thatmemhers increased their testosterone levels after competition, whereas the nonniem-bers showed a significant decrease. Moreover, success of the individuals, in theirsporting record, correlated positively and significantly with the changes of testosteroneohserved during the competition. These preliminary results suggest that previouspersonal experience of success can infiuence the pattern of the psychoend(KTine re-sponse to a contest situation.Key words: physical exercise, judo competition, victory, defeatINTRODUCTIONPhysiological responses to the experiences oi victory and defeat include the modi-fication of circulating levels of some hormones. Clinically, sporting competitions havebeen seen as suitable situations to study hormonal responses to winning and losing.Mazur and Lamb 11980] found that the pattern in changes of testosterone was differentin winners and losers of a tennis match. Winners generally showed increases andlosers decreases in titers of this steroid and significant differences were evident I to2 hours after the match. Hlias [1981] found that subjects winning a wrestling matchshowed significantly greater increases than losers when he compared percentagechanges between testosterone levels seen 10 minutes before and 10 minutes after thematch. Winners also showed significantly greater increases in cortisol than losers.

Why offense is reduced when rats are tested in a strange cage

Tests of isolation-induced fighting and competitive fighting of rats in various conditions were used to evaluate the hypothesis that there is more offense in a familiar than in a strange cage because of the operation of an “olfactory comparator.” The hypothesis was rejected. Although there was more offense in a familiar than in a strange cage, there was not, as predicted, more offense when Petri dishes containing familiar scent-markings were put in the strange test cage, and there was not, as predicted, a difference in the effect between isolation-induced fighting and competitive fighting. The data were consistent with either one or both of two alternative hypotheses: 1) that the strange cage produces fear (neophobia) that reduces offense; or 2) that the strange cage activates exploratory and scent-marking behaviors that compete with offense. The first of these two alternative hypotheses was also consistent with a finding that handling the test animal prior to a test reduces subsequent offense.