Competence Factor Research Articles

An Analysis of Early Childhood Education Teachers' Competencies: A Qualitative Study

This article reviews research on Indonesian Early Childhood Education (ECE) teachers' pedagogical, personality, social, and professional competency. This study examines four factors of ECE teacher competence as perceived by 45 teachers. This qualitative study uses semi-structured interviews to collect data. Data was analyzed using thematic analysis. The study found that ECE teachers stimulated early childhood development appropriately. The study also revealed several findings, including teachers' limited awareness of early childhood development theories, a lack of understanding of their ethical responsibilities, and various barriers to ECE teacher competence. This qualitative study highlights Indonesian ECE teachers' expertise and pedagogy. These findings can help create more effective and sustainable ECE teacher training programs. This study also encourages reflection on teachers' role in early childhood development and identifies areas that need more attention in Indonesia's early childhood education system.

Parliamentary questions, institutional change, and legislative oversight in a non‐Western context

AbstractThis study examines how the Federal National Council (FNC), the parliament of the United Arab Emirates (UAE), transformed from a consultative body to a legislative institution through gradual and incremental changes. It argues that the increasing number of parliamentary questions led to legal, procedural, and behavioral changes in the FNC, influenced by external (government support and public pressure) and internal (rationality, competence, incrementalism, and system development) factors. The success of this transformation is attributed to its gradual nature. Anticipating continued momentum, the study outlines future prospects shaped by the UAE government's commitment to FNC empowerment, heightened public expectations, and the influx of educated and experienced individuals into parliamentary roles. This ongoing institutional change reflects a responsive adaptation to evolving governance demands in the UAE. The study contributes to the theory of institutions and the understanding of legislative oversight in newly liberalized political systems.Related ArticlesAntwi‐Boateng, Osman, and Noura Hamad Salim Al Jaberi. 2022. “The Post‐Oil Strategy of the UAE: An Examination of Diversification Strategies and Challenges.” Politics & Policy 50(2): 380–407. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12457.Jouini, Nizar, and Manel Ben Akal. 2022. “Political Consensus, Economic Reforms, and Democratic Transitions in the Middle East: Evidence from Voting on Tunisian Reform Bills.” Politics & Policy 50(4): 851–71. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12489.Sarquís, David J. 2012. “Democratization after the Arab Spring: The Case of Egypt's Political Transition.” Politics & Policy 40(5): 871–903. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2012.00381.x.

Professional competence establishment for postgraduate education professionals through self-study

Relevance. After graduation, the development of a young professional does not stop. It is, above all, a question of a culture of social relations and the necessity of establishing and strengthening social and professional status. Establishing personal and professional status starts with cultivating the relationships that drive socio-cultural development and base a person's socio-cultural abilities. This study examines the establishment of professional competence of postgraduate education specialists based on self-study, the main components and types of self-study. Purpose. The purpose of the study is a theoretical justification, development of the modern model of establishment of professional competence of specialists of postgraduate education in the Republic of Kazakhstan based on self-study. Methodology. The unbiased research methods included theoretical analysis and synthesis of teaching psychology literature, modelling, observation, and analysis of the competence activities of postgraduate education specialists. Results. As a result, approaches to the methodological design of independent work of educational programmes of postgraduate education were investigated and systematised, and all types of professional competencies of these professionals were identified. One factor of professional competence was identified as being the ability to perform assigned learning objectives independently, through a structured plan of independent work. Conclusions. The practical significance of the study is that the performed work of analysing the principles and methods of developing educational programmes for training postgraduate specialists is ready for implementation in the educational process of the higher education school. These recommendations can also be applied to the establishment of your course syllabus for the development of educational programmes in teaching disciplines and professional development courses in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Keywords: postgraduate education; specialist adaptation; professional competence; higher education

Supporting and Inhibiting Factors of Agricultural Extension Interpersonal Communication Competence in Enrekang Regency

Agricultural extension workers play an essential role in increasing shallot yields. They provide technical counseling, transfer knowledge and skills, and are involved in post-harvest monitoring, mentoring, and counseling. In addition, they also provide information about business development and marketing. Agricultural extension interpersonal communication competence plays a crucial role in efforts to increase shallot yields in Enrekang. With these competencies, agricultural extension agents can establish good relationships with farmers, understand their needs, and communicate effectively to transfer relevant knowledge and skills. Through effective interpersonal communication, agricultural extension workers can assist farmers in implementing proper cultivation practices, overcoming obstacles, providing motivation, and building collaboration between farmers and related parties. This article uses a qualitative descriptive methodology. The result showed that the agricultural extension interpersonal communication competence is outstanding and has a positive value for farmers in Enrekang Regency. Some farmers are still reluctant and indifferent to following directions from extension agents because they consider themselves quite experienced in farming.
 Keywords: agricultural extension, interpersonal communication, Enrekang

Exploring the influencing factors of patient safety competency of clinical nurses: a cross-sectional study based on latent profile analysis

BackgroundClinical nurses play an important role in ensuring patient safety. Nurses’ work experience, organizational environment, psychological cognition, and behavior can all lead to patient safety issues. Improving nurses’ attention to patient safety issues and enhancing their competence in dealing with complex medical safety issues can help avoid preventable nursing adverse events. Therefore, it is necessary to actively identify the latent profiles of patient safety competency of clinical nurses and to explore the influencing factors.MethodsA cross-sectional design was conducted. A total of 782 Chinese registered nurses were included in the study. Demographic characteristics questionnaire, Error Management Climate scale, Security Questionnaire, Proactive Behavior Performance scale and Patient Safety Competency Self-Rating Scale of Nurses were used. Latent profile analysis (LPA) was performed to categorize nurses into latent subgroups with patient safety competency differences. Multinomial logistic regression was conducted to explore the influencing factors of nurses’ patient safety competency (PSC) in different latent profiles.ResultsA total of 782 questionnaires were valid. Nurses’ PSC was positively related to error management climate, and psychological safety and proactive behavior. The PSC score was 121.31 (SD = 19.51), showing that the PSC of clinical nurses was at the level of the medium on the high side. The error management climate score was 70.28 (SD = 11.93), which was at a relatively high level. The psychological safety score was 61.21 (SD = 13.44), indicating a moderate to low level. The proactive behavior score was 37.60 (SD = 7.33), which was at a high level. The latent profile analysis result showed that three groups of profile models were fitted acceding to the evaluation of PSC. They were defined as Low-competency Group (74 (9.5%)), Medium-competency Group (378 (48.3%)) and High-competency Group (330 (42.2%). Working years, professional titles, departments, error management climate, psychological security and proactive behavior were the influencing factors of PSC in three latent profiles.ConclusionsThe PSC of clinical nurses had obvious classification characteristics, and the main influencing factors were working years, professional titles, working departments, error management climate, psychological security and proactive behavior. This study suggests that managers should pay attention to the continuous cultivation of patient safety competence among clinical nurses, provide targeted intervention measures for nurses at different work stages, professional titles, and departments, and use efficient management strategies to create a positive error management atmosphere. In patient safety management, providing nurses with more psychological security is conducive to stimulating more proactive behaviors and continuously improving the level of patient safety competence.

The relationship between student participation and students’ self-perceived action competence for sustainability in a whole school approach

This study examines the relation between student experiences of participation in a whole school approach (WSA) and students’ self-perceived action competence. We surveyed 902 students in three Norwegian upper-secondary schools participating in an education for sustainable development (ESD) programme. The questionnaire measured students’ experiences in decision-making and influencing within a WSA, containing the components: (1) school and leadership, (2) teaching and learning, (3) community connections and (4) student council. We measured students’ self-perceived action competence through: (1) knowledge of action possibilities, (2) confidence in one’s own influence and (3) willingness to act. A structural equation model indicates a positive relation between student participation in ESD teaching and learning and students’ knowledge of action possibilities and confidence in their own influence. Participation through the student council positively related to all action competence components. We found no significant relation between participation in school and leadership or community connections on any action competence factors. It is important to note that this cross-sectional study with a limited number of schools does not establish causality, necessitating further research. Nevertheless, the results suggest that promoting student participation in teaching and learning and facilitating a well-functioning student council can promote students’ development of action competence for sustainability.

A pilot study on the global practice of informed consent in paediatric dentistry.

Conducting oral treatment early in the disease course, is encouraged for better health outcomes. Obtaining informed consent is an essential part of medical practice, protecting the legal rights of patients and guiding the ethical practice of medicine. In practice, consent means different things in different contexts. Silver Diamine Fluoride (SDF) and Silver Fluoride (SF) is becoming popular and cost effective methods to manage carious lesions, however, cause black discolouration of lesions treated. Obtaining informed consent and assent is crucial for any dental treatment-and has specific relevance with SDF/ SF treatments. The aim of this paper is to describe informed consent regulations for dental care in a selection of countries, focusing on children and patients with special health care needs. An online survey was shared with a convenience sample of dental professionals from 13 countries. The information was explored and the processes of consent were compared. Findings suggest that there are variations in terms of informed consent for medical practice. In Tanzania, South Africa, India, Kenya, Malaysia and Brazil age is the determining factor for competence and the ability to give self-consent. In other countries, other factors are considered alongside age. For example, in Singapore, the United Kingdom, and the United States the principle of Gillick Competence is applied. Many countries' laws and regulations do not specify when a dentist may overrule general consent to act in the "best interest" of the patient. It is recommended that it is clarified globally when a dentist may act in the "best interest" of the patient, and that guidance is produced to indicate what constitutes a dental emergency. The insights gathered provide insights on international practice of obtaining informed consent and to identify areas for change, to more efficient and ethical treatment for children and patients with special needs. A larger follow up study is recommended to include more or all countries.

THE EFFECT OF PROJECT MANAGER COMPETENCE ON THE ACHIEVEMENT OF CONSTRUCTION PROJECT PERFORMANCE

The development of the construction services sector in Indonesia continues to experience rapid growth, encouraging construction industry players to have quality human resources. This research aims to identify project manager competency factors on construction projects in Banda Aceh City, analyse the relationship between these and project performance achievements, and evaluate their influence on construction project performance achievements in Banda Aceh City. The object of this research is the competency factors of project managers that influence construction project performance. This research was conducted at contractor companies domiciled in the Banda Aceh City area. The data sources used in this research are primary data and secondary data. The population of contractors at small, medium and large qualification levels is 71 contractors. The total sample was 42 contractors. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling. The variables used in this research include the independent variable (X) and the dependent variable (Y). The data analysis used in this research is descriptive, simple correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analysis. The research results show that knowledge, skills, and attitudes have a solid relationship. In contrast, management has a high relationship with project performance achievement. Overall, the project manager's competency factor significantly affects project performance, reaching 94.9%. Management is the most dominant competency factor influencing the achievement of project performance in Banda Aceh City. Thus, increasing the competence of project managers, especially in management, is expected to improve the quality of construction project implementation in the region.

Interpersonal behaviors in sports context: Spanish adaptation and measurement invariance.

The interpersonal behavior questionnaire (IBQ) is an instrument that measures support and thwarting interpersonal behaviors based on the self-determination theory (SDT). The aim of this work was to adapt the IBQ to the Spanish spoken in Mexico and to examine its psychometric properties (structural validity, discriminant validity, composite reliability, factorial invariance, and nomological validity) in a sample of athletes. For this purpose, 472 athletes (average age 17.15 years; SD = 1.47) completed a question booklet. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the structure of six related factors, three factors of behaviors that support autonomy, competence, and relatedness, and three factors of behaviors that thwarting them. The internal consistency of each factor was also supported, as well as the average variance extracted. However, the discriminant validity between the factors of competence and relatedness in their dimensions of support, on the one hand, and thwarting, on the other, is questioned. Factorial invariance was confirmed across gender (men and women) and sport type (individual and team). Nomological validity is in accordance with theory and empirical literature. More studies of the IBQ in sport are necessary to see if these results are a fortuitous product or if they manifest themselves consistently.

Quo vadis higher education? Post-pandemic success digital competencies of the higher educators – a Hungarian university case and actions

The purpose of this paper is to show the necessary competence sets for Higher Education (HE) lecturers in the framework of the COVID and post-COVID. A COVID-situated competence survey was carried out among university lecturers. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses (EFA, CFA) were applied to show the significant digital education competence factors. The representative online survey of 322 respondents shows that three big competence sets can be identified: Awareness, Professional, and Digital. Those having higher scores in Professional competencies foresee more digital programs and communications in the future, and not only the digital competencies but also the professional ones should be developed to meet the requirements of the digital education transformation process. The findings emphasize that the forced and drastic changes in the application of digital education to the intensification of COVID-19 should become sustainable and find its proper place and role in the future HE. The structured and closely managed use of the results was followed by a set of digital and professional competence development initiatives carried out within the framework of the Digital Education and Learning Support Centre, founded in 2020 at the University of Pécs.

Preservice teachers’ cultural competence factors in teacher preparation programs: an explanatory sequential mixed methods study

ABSTRACT Cultural competence is a framework that develops preservice teachers’ self-awareness to confront their attitudes, beliefs, biases, and values, to learn and understand culturally diverse groups’ needs, and to translate such knowledge into culturally responsive professional practices and skills. Previous studies investigating teacher preparation programmes through the lens of cultural competence examined its application in early childhood and elementary undergraduate programmes, in an ESOL course, in a study abroad programme, and in a literacy method course. However, questions were left unanswered concerning the factors affecting preservice teachers’ perceptions of being culturally competent to teach culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) students. The purpose of this study is to examine the factors that affect preservice teachers’ cultural competence development to teach CLD students using an explanatory sequential mixed-method design. The goal is to provide a holistic understanding of preservice teachers’ experiences with cultural competence in their teacher preparation programmes by integrating quantitative and qualitative data. The findings from this study highlight the need to implement intentional efforts to prepare preservice teachers to attend to the increasing demand for offering high-quality education to CLD students.

PENGARUH GAYA KEPEMIMPINAN DAN PELATIHAN TERHADAP KINERJA PEGAWAI

Many factors affect HR performance, including job satisfaction factors, communication factors, work experience factors, work discipline factors, leadership factors, competency factors, job training factors and work environment factors. The purposes of this study are 1) To find out and analyse the partial effect of leadership on administrative staff performance, 2) To find out and analyse the partial effect of training on administrative staff performance, 3) To find out and analyse the simultaneous effect of leadership and training on administrative staff performance, 4) To find out and analyse between leadership and training which has the most dominant influence on the performance of administrative employees. In this study, the population that became the object of research was administrative staff of 53 respondents. The results of this study indicate that leadership style has no significant effect on administrative staff performance, while training has a partially significant effect on administrative employee performance. From this study it can be seen that leadership style and training variables have a significant simultaneous effect on administrative employee performance. From the results of the study, it can be seen that training has a dominant effect on the performance of administrative employees.
 
 Keywords: Leadership Style, Training, Employee Performance

The Effect of Compensation, Competence, and Work Discipline on The Performance of Employees of PT Harta Kharisma Wanapadu South Jakarta

Kharisma Wanapadu, South Jakarta, totaling 100 workers. The instrument tests in this review are coordinated to use validity and reliability tests. The information- checking strategy in this study was coordinated to utilize a variety of direct relapse investigation methods. The results of the review show that the factors of Compensation, Competence, and Work Discipline have a good effect on the presentation of its representatives, at PT.Harta Kharisma Wanapadu, South Jakarta with an importance. The background of this research is to obtain data related to the Impact of Compensation, Competence, and Work Discipline on the Implementation of Representatives at PT.Harta Kharisma Wanapadu, South Jakarta. This study combines quantitative reports, where the research instrument is a questionnaire. The sample in this study were representatives at PT.Harta level below 5%.

Analisis Faktor-Faktor Kinerja Sistem Keselamatan Kerja Konstruksi Proyek Bangunan Gedung Dinas Pendidikan Kota Sungai Penuh

The Indonesian government through the minister of Public Works and Public Housing has recently issued regulation Number 10 of 2021 concerning guidelines for construction safety management systems. The SMK3 Occupational Health and Safety Management System is part of the company's overall management system in order to control risks related to work activities in order to create a safe, efficient and productive workplace. The Construction Safety Management System is required to be implemented during construction because it is also part of the planning and control of the BPSDM PUPR project, 2021. In fact, in Sungai Full city in 2019-2021 experienced labor accidents, one of the projects was a school construction project at the Sungai Full City Education Office which could not be separated from the risk factors for accidents to its workers. Based on secondary data related to work accident information at the Sungai Full City education office School Building Construction Project, information was obtained that there had been 68 accident cases during 2019 – 2021. The purpose of this study is to identify the dominant factors and factors in the Implementation of Improving Performance Aspects of the Work Safety Management System of the Education Building Project in Sungai Full City, as well as providing solutions to improve the Performance of the Work Safety Management System. This study used quantitative methods by distributing questionnaires to respondents. The results of the research conducted there are 6 factors in the Work Safety Management System (SMKK) implemented in the implementation of the Education Building Project in Sungai Full City, consisting of Commitment factors, Project Managerial factors, K3 Regulations and Procedures factors, Worker Communication factors, Worker Competence factors, Work Environment factors, and Worker Involvement factors in K3.

The Impact of Learning Competency Factors of Entrepreneurship Education on Entrepreneurship Efficacy and Will to Start a Business: Focusing on Young Prospective Entrepreneurs

The Impact of Learning Competency Factors of Entrepreneurship Education on Entrepreneurship Efficacy and Will to Start a Business: Focusing on Young Prospective Entrepreneurs

Constructing a new field of ecology for tourism major education in vocational colleges: A research study

This study employs a quantitative analysis of teacher capabilities, student qualities, and other factors to explore the construction of a new educational ecology for tourism majors in higher vocational colleges. This study employed a quantitative approach with a total of 851 participants. The main data analysis was conducted through observation and questionnaires from teachers and students majoring in tourism. Research findings show that teacher capabilities and student qualities are key in shaping tourism education. This aids in establishing a new educational paradigm. Additionally, national policies, societal needs, and institutional support can align to facilitate this process. Constructing a new ecosystem in the field of tourism education at vocational colleges is a comprehensive endeavor that demands collective efforts. This process involves enhancing the capabilities of teachers and the qualities of students, alongside the synergistic influence of national policies, societal demands, and institutional support. The limited sample size of this study may constrain the generalizability of its results, and there is a possibility of dishonest responses among the students. This study holds significant practical and policy implications for constructing a new ecosystem in the field of tourism education at vocational colleges, contributing to enhancing the quality of talent cultivation, driving industry development, and fostering in-depth academic research. This study delves into teacher competence, student quality, and external factors in vocational college tourism education's ecosystem. It provides insights to enhance education practices and policies, boosting tourism education and industry growth.

Comparative Study of Rock Mass Classification Systems: A Case Study of Nagdhunga-Naubisea Road Tunnel

Ground classification systems have been widely used to characterize the soil or rock mass for the analysis and design of underground structures. Deformation characteristics of rock mass around the underground excavation boundary varies according to types of rock and their properties, in situ stress condition and types of support used. Broadly used classification systems for underground structures are Rock Mass Rating (RMR) and Rock Quality Index (Q- Systems) but in-case of the Nagdhunga-Naubisea road tunnel Nippon Expressway Company Limited used NEXCO-System. Literally, the NEXCO classification is based on the velocity of elastic wave, geological condition, boring core condition, competence factor, stability of tunnel face and convergence. However, in-case of Nagdhunga-Naubisea road tunnel, grade point is computed using the similar parameters that are used in RMR- System and Q-System. This research focuses about comparison between ground classification from RMR, Q-system and NEXCO system. The geological descriptions obtained from project office at chainages (0+497 to 0+502), (0+508 to 0+513), (0+581.8 to 0+587.8) and (0+584.2 to 0+590.2) were used to correlate the relationship between RMR, Q-system and NEXCO system of rock mass classification systems. Results showed that from RMR, the ground classification is “poor” at all the chainages whereas from Q-system is “very poor” at chainage (0+508 to 0+513) and “poor” at other chainages. Similarly, from NEXCO- system it was found that “DII” at chainages (0+497 to 0+502) and (0+508 to 0+513) and CII for chainages (0+581.8 to 0+587.8) and (0+584.2 to 0+590.2). These results revealed that the ground classification from NEXCO as DII is similar to poor from RMR and poor or very poor from Q system where as CII from NEXCO is similar to poor from both RMR and Q system.

Exploring effective implementation pathways to become an excellent chief financial officer in public hospital: a qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) from China

BackgroundHospital chief financial officer (CFO) contributes to improving health system performance. However, how to become an excellent hospital CFO has rarely been considered from a holistic perspective. This paper aims to identify competencies required by hospital CFO to fulfil the position’s responsibilities and explore effective implementation pathways to generate high performance and improve healthcare service.MethodsWe conducted 61 semi-structured interviews with individuals in key leadership positions in China’s hospitals and researchers focusing on healthcare system management to identify core competencies necessary for hospital CFO. Interviews were analysed through a multi-stage review process and modified via expert vetting using a national panel of 23 professors. Subsequently, interviews were conducted with 32 hospital CFOs from 14 provinces throughout September 2021 to May 2022. We scored the performance of 32 hospital CFOs in various aspects of competency and used the fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis to explore the competency configurations of excellent CFOs.ResultsWe identify seven core competencies necessary for a hospital CFO to fulfil management practices, including personal morality, resource management, strategy management, learning ability, negotiating skill, leadership skill, and financial management. The findings indicate that a single competency factor is not a necessary condition to become an excellent hospital CFO. The results of qualitative comparative analysis then make it possible to propose four configurational paths, namely, supportive, interpersonal, all-around development, and technical, to become an excellent hospital CFO and achieve effective managerial performance.ConclusionsThe responsibilities of hospital CFOs are complex and varied, hence, a better understanding of competencies required by CFO is essential to implement their responsibilities effectively. The identification in this study of the four effective implementation pathways to becoming an excellent hospital CFO enriches the literature on hospital management and provides implications for China’s hospitals and their CFOs.

Unleashing digital superheroes: Unravelling the empathy factor in digital competence and online teacher autonomy support

AbstractConsiderable research has been dedicated to studying teachers' digital competence, yet limited insights have been gained regarding its impact on online teacher autonomy support. Based on the Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) framework, this study utilized a multiple regression analysis model to explore how teachers' digital competence affects online teacher autonomy support. Drawing on data from 652 Chinese primary school teachers, the study revealed that teachers' digital competence positively influenced online teacher autonomy support via teachers' cognitive empathy. Teachers' emotional empathy strengthened the direct effect of cognitive empathy on online teacher autonomy support, and its indirect effect on teachers' digital competence on online teacher autonomy support. The findings inform TPACK framework development and practical considerations in online teaching, deepening understanding of the impact of digital competence on online teacher autonomy support.Practitioner notesWhat is already known about this topic Previous research has recognized the importance of teachers' digital competence in supporting learners' autonomy and enhancing their online learning experiences. Existing studies have explored different dimensions of teachers' digital competence, including technological proficiency, pedagogical knowledge and content expertise. Studies have also examined the role of empathy in online teaching and learning, emphasizing its importance in fostering positive teacher–student relationships and promoting student engagement and motivation. What this paper adds This study introduces digital competence as a novel and comprehensive assessment of technology integration in teaching, bridging an existing gap in the literature. This study recognizes the importance of socio‐emotional skills in online teaching by including teachers' empathic traits within the expanded TPACK framework. Teachers' cognitive empathy acts as a mediator and emotional empathy functions as a moderator in the relationship between digital competence and online teacher autonomy support, offering new insights into the underlying mechanisms. Implications for practice and/or policy Teacher educators should find ways to support teachers' digital competence in facilitating learners' autonomy in online learning environments effectively. Teacher educators should incorporate teacher empathy development into teachers' professional development programmes for online teaching, offering tailored interventions to differentiate and enhance both cognitive and emotional empathy.

Widyaiswara Competency Development at the Center for Human Resources Development for Electricity, New, Renewable Energy and Energy Conservation

Widyaiswara is a training human resource who has a very important role for the training unit in the cycle of education and training. At the Human Resource Development Center for Electricity, New Energy, Renewable Energy and Energy Conservation (PPSDM KEBTKE). Competency development for Widyaiswara in the KEBTKE PPSDM unit is not optimal and still requires increased development. This study aims to analyze the implementation of competency development, competency factors that influence development, and formulate a development strategy that suits the needs of Widyaiswara in supporting the performance of the KEBTKE PPSDM Organization. This study uses descriptive qualitative research methodology by using research instruments in the form of interview guidelines and supporting documents. The results of this study indicate that Widyaiswara PPSDM KEBTKE requires an increase in work experience competencies through non-classical training in the form of internships can increase real experience in the field, develop skills, and improve the quality of work experience.