Competency Expectations Research Articles

Can reputation biases influence the outcome and process of making competence judgments of a coach?

The present studies explored the effect of reputational biases on judgments made of coach competence and the visual search patterns adopted by individuals when generating initial impressions and expectations of a target. In study 1, participants (n = 326) observed footage of two coaches prior to making competence judgments of them. All participants viewed similar footage for the first coach (control) but reputational information was manipulated for the second coach (target). In study 2, participants (n = 22) followed the same procedure as study 1 but also wore a head-mounted eye-tracking system to enable visual search data to be collected. Study 1 broadly reported coaches with a "professional" reputation to be judged as being significantly more competent across varying competence measures compared to coaches with either an "in-training" reputation or "no reputation." Study 2 indicated limited differences across the reputational conditions in relation to visual fixations. The data indicate that expectations of coach competence can be influenced, and largely controlled, by the reputational information provided to athletes. While there were limited differences in visual search strategies across reputation conditions, suggestions for research are made to enable a fuller insight to the interpersonal interactions that may facilitate the working association between athletes and coaches.

Report of the 2011-2012 Standing Committee on Advocacy: The Relevance of Excellent Research: Strategies for Impacting Public Policy

Report of the 2011-2012 Standing Committee on Advocacy: The Relevance of Excellent Research: Strategies for Impacting Public Policy

Millennial Health Care: Change You Can Believe in

Millennial Health Care: Change You Can Believe in

Developing global practitioners

Intercultural competence, defined as the skills required for an increasingly globalised world, is poorly understood in both higher education and in its value for different professions. The challenge for educators is how to develop such competence – as a kind of professional knowledge – through the curriculum. This paper explores industry expectations of intercultural competence in public relations graduates in two cities, Singapore and Perth, and offers useful insights into the perceived value of intercultural competence for public relations. The study highlights the need for intercultural competence, as both an understanding of cultural difference and as it applies to professional knowledge, to be incorporated into public relations curricula. The findings highlight the difficulties in offering a ‘national’ curriculum, which is then exported to other countries, and demand educators address the ethnocentric values and narratives of their discipline. These findings are significant given the internationalisation of public relations education and the need to prepare graduates for careers in public relations in a globalised world.

Self efficacy as a predictor of compassion satisfaction, burnout, compassion fatigue: A study on psychological counselors

The aim of this study is to reveal the relationship between psychological counselors’ levels of compassion satisfaction, burnout and compassion fatigue and their perception of self-efficacy with regard to multidirectional roles and skills (MRS). The sample of the study is composed of 142 school psychological counselors. In order to collect the research data, the study used personal information form, life quality scale for workers, and school counselor competency expectation scale. In terms of the analysis of the research data, in order to determine whether or not there is any direct relationship between variables, the study calculated the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient. This was followed by the application of the direct multiple regression analysis technique to the data. The findings of the data showed that, there is a positive relationship between perceptions of self-efficacy with regard to the skills of psychological counseling and multidirectional roles, skills and compassion satisfaction; and that there is a negative relationship between burnout and compassion fatigue. The results of the regression analysis, on the other hand, revealed that psychological counseling skills (PCS) and perceptions of self-efficacy as to MRS significantly predicted compassion satisfaction and compassion fatigue; and that fatigue is not a significant predictor. Key words: Psychological counselors, self-efficacy, compassion satisfaction, burnout, compassion fatigue.

Evaluation of the expectations, learning and competencies of surgical skills by undergraduate veterinary students performing canine ovariohysterectomies

To investigate the development of surgical skills of veterinary undergraduates and determine the number of canine ovariohysterectomies required to achieve competency and reduce levels of student concern. This was compared to student expectations and that of employers regarding surgical ability and provision of support to new graduates. A questionnaire regarding surgical concerns was sent to final year veterinary students enrolled within the University of Bristol, UK. A questionnaire was also sent to 200 UK veterinary practices regarding their impressions of surgical competence of new graduates and their provision of supervision. The responses were compared. Eleven additional final year students performed five canine ovariohysterectomies and graded their concerns. The number of supervised canine ovariohysterectomies required until competency was determined. 80·4% of final year veterinary undergraduates replied that the surgical procedure which they were most concerned about their ability to perform was canine ovariohysterectomy. Students and veterinary practitioners differed in their opinions regarding whether they considered canine ovariohysterectomy to be a "day one skill" and what were desirable levels of supervision. Completing a minimum of four canine ovariohysterectomies led to 81·8% of students being assessed as competent. An unrealistically high expectation of competency by students may be a source of stress and concern. Employers should aim to provide hands-on support whilst new graduates complete at least four canine ovariohysterectomies. Postoperative haemorrhage is uncommon but is the main concern for students.

A Comparison of Senior Student Affairs Officer and Student Affairs Preparatory Program Faculty Expectations of Entry-Level Professionals' Competencies

This survey research project compared and contrasted faculty and SSAO expectations for discrete new professional competencies. Findings revealed few significant differences. This study further examined differences between expected and perceived levels of new professional competency. Significant gaps emerged for fiscal management, planning, assessment, the application of theory to practice, critical thinking, collaboration, conflict management, and written communication. Implications for faculty, practitioners, and professional organizations are discussed.

Assessment of Electronic Health Record Usability with Undergraduate Nursing Students

Health information technology (HIT), and specifically electronic health records (EHR), are recognized as fundamental tools for collecting, storing, retrieving, and monitoring patient care and information. However, few schools of nursing have incorporated theoretical or practical aspects of HIT competencies within the educational curriculum. The purpose of this study was to conduct a usability assessment to explore undergraduate nursing student electronic health record documentation knowledge and skill, using a patient case scenario to inform the development of an informatics-based undergraduate nursing curriculum. Three themes were identified: "Being a Novice User/Practitioner," "Confidentiality and Security," and "Repetition and Practice." Integration of the EHR into nursing curriculum will allow students an EHR apprenticeship with the potential to enhance understanding and skill of nursing processes, documentation, and critical thinking. Findings will also guide teaching and learning strategies that will respond to rising expectations for competency with health information technology.

Perceptions of Professional Practice and Work Environment of New Graduates in a Nurse Residency Program

New nurses continue to face challenging work environments and high expectations for professional competence as they enter practice. Nurse residency programs are gaining prominence as a mechanism to ease new graduates' transition to practice. This study examined new graduates' perceptions of their professional practice competence and work environment throughout a yearlong nurse residency program. Employing a repeated measures design, data were collected at baseline, at 6 months, and at 12 months. Results showed that job satisfaction was significantly lowest at 6 months and highest at 12 months. Job stress was found to be lowest at 12 months and organizational commitment was highest at baseline. Of the variables related to professional practice, clinical decision-making was highest at 12 months and quality of nursing performance significantly increased at each measurement point. These data add to the growing evidence supporting the efficacy of nurse residency programs.

Speaker reliability in preschoolers' inferences about the meanings of novel words

Preschoolers participated in a modified version of the disambiguation task, designed to test whether the pragmatic environment generated by a reliable or unreliable speaker affected how children interpreted novel labels. Two objects were visible to children, while a third was only visible to the speaker (a fact known by the child). Manipulating whether a novel object was visible to both interlocutors or hidden from the child tested the child's understanding of pragmatic expectations of interlocutor competence. When interacting with a speaker with a history of accurately labeling familiar objects, children responded appropriately in both cases. When interacting with a speaker who previously generated inaccurate labels for familiar objects, children's behavior and eye-movements reflected their belief that the speaker was not a competent communicator. These data support the hypothesis that children consider the pragmatic environment constructed by an interlocutor when that speaker asks them to make a lexical inference.

CEO Expectations of HR, HR Challenges, Metrics and Competencies

CEO Expectations of HR, HR Challenges, Metrics and Competencies

Expectations of Competency: The Mismatch between Employers’ and Graduates’ Views of End-User Computing Skills Requirements in the Workplace

An international association advancing the multidisciplinary study of informing systems. Founded in 1998, the Informing Science Institute (ISI) is a global community of academics shaping the future of informing science.

Experiences with general practitioners described by families of children with intellectual disabilities and challenging behaviour: a qualitative study

ObjectiveTo investigate parents' experiences of follow-up by general practitioners (GPs) of children with intellectual disabilities (ID) and comorbid behavioural and/or psychological problems.DesignQualitative study based on in-depth interviews with parents of...

Role of Human Resource Managers in Employee Relations - Competency, Attitude, and Top Management Expectations

Role of Human Resource Managers in Employee Relations - Competency, Attitude, and Top Management Expectations

Inter-organizational trust and the dynamics of distrust

Early research on inter-organizational trust drew on theories about social ties among individuals, for example, duration of ties and amount of interaction, yet these proved inadequate to explain the diverse arrangements arising in international business. Dyer and Chu's award-winning JIBS paper demonstrated that trust was best predicted by organizational processes that developed positive expectations of predictability, reliability, and competence, not only within national boundaries but also in cross-national relationships. This review of recent trust research building on Dyer and Chu draws attention to six themes: (1) new conceptualizations that explore identity, roles, and rules as foundations of presumptive trust at the organizational level; (2) dynamics of trust and distrust over time, how violations of trust are interpreted, and what affects ease of repair; (3) pendulum swings in inter-organizational relationships, arising from plural governance and alternation between modes, but also resulting in the continuous coexistence of positive and negative states; (4) the impact of intra-organizational conflict and inter-organizational coalitions on the establishment and maintenance of trust; (5) the relative impact of nation-level vs organization-level differences in culture as influences on trust; and (6) whether intermediate modes of exchange in between transactional and relational modes are unstable, transitional hybrids or embody complementarities that yield both value and stability.

P54 Incidence of hypermobility and fibromyalgia in the state of West Bengal: a population-based survey

Social media has become an attractive platform for users to exchange health information with others. However, little research has been done to identify the determinants of health information exchange. By integrating aspects of the social cognitive theory and perceived interactivity, this study proposes a research model to investigate the antecedents of health information exchange in social media. Data collected from Facebook users with health information exchange experience were used to examine the proposed model. The results demonstrate that human-to-human interaction, human-to-information interaction, outcome expectation of health self-management competence, and outcome expectation of social relationships have a significant impact on health information exchange behavior. The results also reveal that human-to-human interaction exerts a significant influence on the outcome expectation of health self-management competence and the outcome expectation of social relationships, while human-to-information interaction has a positive effect on the outcome expectation of health self-management competence. The implications for the theory and practice and future research directions are discussed.

Students' achievement goals in relation to academic motivation, competence expectancy, and classroom environment perceptions

The present study aimed at investigating elementary students' academic motivation (intrinsic motivation, external regulation, introjected regulation, identified regulation, and amotivation), achievement goals (mastery approach goals, mastery avoidance goals, performance approach goals, performance avoidance goals), competence expectancies, and classroom environment perceptions in terms of challenge and threat. Self-report instruments were administered to 482 elementary students to assess variables of the study. Results showed that elementary students have significantly higher levels of identified regulation compared to all other types of motivation. The students also appeared to adopt approach goals more than avoidance goals. Both mastery approach goals and performance approach goals were found to be positively linked to intrinsic motivation. Moreover, findings revealed that perceived classroom threat was positively associated with mastery avoidance goals and negatively with performance approach goals. Additionally, it was found that classroom challenge perceptions were positively related to external regulation, introjected regulation, and identified regulation.

Comparison of nurse practitioner job core competency expectations of nurse managers, nurse practitioners, and physicians in Taiwan

The purpose of this study was to compare expectations of nurse practitioner (NP) job competencies among physicians, nurse managers, and NPs. A quantitative survey was designed using the Analytic Hierarchy Process to determine the essential NP job competencies based on a checklist of 38 daily activities of NPs, which were recorded for a 10-day period. Using purposive sampling, a demographic data tool and a Nurse Practitioner Job Competency Questionnaire were completed by 56 participants from 13 hospitals in Taiwan, for which they prioritized and assigned percentage weights for NP competencies. A qualitative open-ended interview was undertaken to establish the meaning of the hierarchy outcomes that had been obtained. NPs face the pressure of whether medical staff and nurses agree with NPs' perceptions of their role, which can result in conflicts between nurses and doctors. Taiwanese NPs are still seen as assistants to doctors and, as such, the benefits of the creation of this new field of nursing are not being fully utilized. NPs should be aware of discrepancies among health professionals as to their role, make efforts to communicate what their competencies include to avoid conflicts, and use their abilities effectively.

Socializing economic theories of discrimination: Lessons from Survivor

This paper draws upon structural social psychological theories of small group dynamics to add predictive power to economic theories of discrimination. We first combine economic models of taste-based discrimination with social identity theory and hypothesize that discrimination is driven mainly by preferences or affinities that follow in-group/out-group boundaries. We also bring together status characteristics theory with economic views on information-based discrimination to alternatively hypothesize that discrimination is primarily driven by expectations of competency that are culturally linked to status characteristics. Predictions from both arguments are tested using data from the reality television show Survivor, a quasi-experimental setting that has compelling advantages for the study of discrimination. Specifically, we model the number of votes for elimination a contestant receives using sex, race, age, education, and group membership as explanatory variables. The results overwhelmingly support our integration of status characteristics theory and information-based models of discrimination. In the early episodes, when strategic considerations should lead contestants to value competency, low status individuals (women, minorities, and older contestants), receive more votes for elimination than high status contestants. However, as predicted from our refinement of information-based discrimination, this pattern is reversed in the later episodes. Here, when strategic considerations disfavor competency, it is high status contestants who are targeted more frequently. In contradiction to taste-based theories, discrimination tied to status characteristics is much more evident than voting according to in-group/out-group membership. We conclude by discussing the implications of our research for contemporary theories of discrimination.

Teachers' experiences with and expectations of children with incarcerated parents

Children with incarcerated parents, and mothers in particular, are at increased risk for academic failure and school dropout. In two studies, we examined teachers' experiences with children with incarcerated parents and their expectations for competence of children with incarcerated mothers. In Study 1, a descriptive, qualitative study, teachers ( N = 30) discussed their experiences with children with incarcerated parents. The results of Study 1 suggest that children with incarcerated parents experience stigmatization in the school setting and children with incarcerated mothers are considered especially at risk. Based on the results of Study 1, we designed an experiment for Study 2 to examine teachers' ( N = 73) expectations for competency of fictitious children new to class because of maternal incarceration. Teachers randomly assigned to a scenario describing a female student whose mother is away at prison rated the child as less competent than teachers randomly assigned to scenarios in which the child's mother was described as being away for other reasons.