Compensatory Interaction Research Articles

Behavior of boron and nitrogen impurities in diamonds synthesized at high pressure and high temperature

The effect of nitrogen on the growth of boron-doped diamonds was investigated by removing or adding nitrogen impurities. Optical microscopy images showed that adding a small amount of boron to nitrogen-free diamond completely transformed the diamond into an opaque black color. In the presence of small amounts of boron, the addition of nitrogen diminished the chromogenic properties of boron impurities in diamond. The FTIR spectra showed a compensatory interaction between boron and nitrogen in diamond, causing a portion of the nitrogen to exist as N+ center. Raman spectroscopy confirmed that adding small amounts of nitrogen to diamond reduced the stresses in the diamond and improved its quality, whereas adding excessive amounts of nitrogen reduced the quality. The Hall effect measurements showed that adding nitrogen to boron-doped diamond reduced its p-conductivity, causing an increase in its resistivity and a decrease in its carrier concentration.

Interactions between relationship support from mothers, fathers, and best friends as related to adolescent adjustment during the transition to high school

AbstractSupportive parent‐adolescent relationships are known to promote adolescent adjustment, but less is known about the interactive roles of supportive relationships with mothers, fathers, and best friends. The current study examined the interactive relations between mother‐adolescent, father‐adolescent, and best friend relationship support on adolescent internalizing and externalizing problems across the high school transition. Participants (N = 368, Mage = 13.60, 47% male, 58% White) reported on their perceived support from mothers, fathers, and best friends (at Time 1 [Grade 8]) and their depressive symptoms and externalizing behaviors (at Times 1 and 2 [Grade 9]). Path models revealed no interaction effects involving support from mothers, fathers, and best friends when predicting externalizing symptoms. However, when predicting T2 depressive symptoms, several compensatory interaction effects were found. Father supportiveness moderated the association between maternal supportiveness and later depressive symptoms, and maternal supportiveness similarly moderated the relation between father supportiveness and depressive symptoms. In both instances, more support from one parent was related to fewer depressive symptoms when youth experienced an unsupportive relationship with the other parent. Best friend support also moderated the associations between both maternal support and paternal support and later depressive symptoms, such that maternal and paternal support were related to fewer subsequent depressive symptoms when youth experienced low and average (but not high) levels of friend support. The findings highlight the importance of considering networks of close relationships in the study of depressive symptoms during adolescence.

Age-dependent heat shock hormesis to HSF-1 deficiency suggests a compensatory mechanism mediated by the unfolded protein response and innate immunity in young Caenorhabditis elegans.

The transcription factor HSF-1 (heat shock factor 1) acts as a master regulator of heat shock response in eukaryotic cells to maintain cellular proteostasis. The protein has a protective role in preventing cells from undergoing ageing, and neurodegeneration, and also mediates tumorigenesis. Thus, modulating HSF-1 activity in humans has a promising therapeutic potential for treating these pathologies. Loss of HSF-1 function is usually associated with impaired stress tolerance. Contrary to this conventional knowledge, we show here that inactivation of HSF-1 in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans results in increased thermotolerance at young adult stages, whereas HSF-1 deficiency in animals passing early adult stages indeed leads to decreased thermotolerance, as compared to wild-type. Furthermore, a gene expression analysis supports that in young adults, distinct cellular stress response and immunity-related signaling pathways become induced upon HSF-1 deficiency. We also demonstrate that increased tolerance to proteotoxic stress in HSF-1-depleted young worms requires the activity of the unfolded protein response of the endoplasmic reticulum and the SKN-1/Nrf2-mediated oxidative stress response pathway, as well as an innate immunity-related pathway, suggesting a mutual compensatory interaction between HSF-1 and these conserved stress response systems. A similar compensatory molecular network is likely to also operate in higher animal taxa, raising the possibility of an unexpected outcome when HSF-1 activity is manipulated in humans.

On the generalized interlacing property for the zeros of Bessel functions

This paper investigates a generalized interlacing property between Bessel functions, particularly Jν and Jμ, where the difference |ν−μ| exceeds 2. This interlacing phenomenon is marked by a compensatory interaction with the zeros of Lommel polynomials, extending our understanding beyond the traditional |ν−μ|≤2 regime. The paper extends the generalized interlacing property to cylinder functions and the derivative of Bessel functions, as an application. It is also discussed that Siegel's extension of Bourget hypothesis to rational numbers of ν cannot be further improved to arbitrary real numbers.

The impact of coach and parent-created motivational climate on moral behaviours of Chinese student-athletes: examining the independent and interactive effects

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of coach- and parent-created motivational climates on the moral behaviour of Chinese student-athletes and to determine whether there were any interactive effects between them. To build on previous research, we proposed the hypothesis of independent effects and two types of interactive effects: synergistic interaction, where both parties work together, and compensatory interaction, where one party complements the other when it underperforms. To test our hypotheses, we gathered data from 255 Chinese student-athletes (159 male, 96 female, M age = 17.55) on their perceived motivational climate created by their coaches and parents, and their self-evaluations of moral behaviour. The hierarchical regression analysis showed that both mastery and performance climates created by coaches and parents had independent effects on all moral behaviours. Additionally, synergistic and compensatory interactive effects were observed on certain moral behaviours. Our study emphasises the crucial role of coaches and parents working together to establish a positive and supportive mastery motivational climate that encourages moral behaviour among Chinese student-athletes.

Non-Additive and Asymmetric Allelic Expression of p38 mapk in Hybrid Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus ♀ × O. aureus ♂).

Hybridization is a widely used breeding technique in fish species that enhances desirable traits in cultured species through heterosis. However, the mechanism by which hybrids alter gene expression to form heterosis remains unclear. In this study, a group of hybrid tilapia was used to elucidate heterosis through interspecies crossing. Specifically, p38 was analyzed to describe the regulation of gene expression variation in hybrid tilapia. Transcripts from the Nile tilapia allele were found to be significantly higher than those from the blue tilapia allele in hybrid individuals, indicating that the expression of p38 was dominated by Nile tilapia sub-genomic alleles. The study also found a compensatory interaction of cis- and trans-acting elements of the Nile tilapia and blue tilapia sub-genomes, inducing a non-additive expression of p38 in hybrids. Eight specific SNPs were identified in the p38 promoter regions of Nile tilapia and blue tilapia, and were found to be promoter differences leading to differences in gene expression efficiencies between parental alleles using a dual-luciferase reporter system. This study provides insights into the non-additive expression patterns of key functional genes in fish hybrids related to growth and immunity response.

Morphological Preconditions of Metabolic Disorders in the Comorbid Course of Inflammatory Processes in the Lungs and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Rats

Objective — to characterize ultrastructural changes in lung and liver cells associated with disturbances in energy metabolism during the comorbid course of inflammation in the lungs and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Materials and methods. The study was conducted on adult Wistar rats, divided into four groups: 1) control; 2) rats with simulated inflammation by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration (0.5 mg/kg intraperitoneally); 3) rats with insulin resistance induced by a high-fat diet (58 % of total calorie intake from lipids) and LPS injection on the 24th day of the experiment; 4) rats with simulated T2DM by a high-fat diet, streptozotocin injection (25 mg/kg body weight) on the 14th day, and LPS injection on the 24th day of the experiment. The ultrastructure of lung and liver cells was evaluated by electron microscopy in tissue samples obtained from anesthetized animals three days after LPS administration. Results and discussion. In the simulation of inflammation induced by LPS-mediated cytokine mechanisms, inflam­matory symptoms were observed in the lungs, with alveolar type II cells showing mitochondrial dysfunc­tion, a large number of free and attached ribosomes, indicating disruptions in energy metabolism, and the development of compensatory-adaptive reactions (intensification of protein synthesis, reparative processes in mitochondria and their interaction with the endoplasmic reticulum). In the comorbid course of LPS-in­duced inflammation in the lungs and T2DM, enhanced inflammatory manifestations in the lungs were registered against the background of lipid infiltration, increased aero-hydrate barrier hydration, endothelial dysfunction and signs of mitochondrial dysfunction in alveolar type II cells. Compensatory protein synthesis increased, indicating the intensification of alteration processes, and worsening of energy and lipid metabolism. In the simulation of LPS-induced inflammation in the lungs with insulin resistance, pathological manifestations were less pronounced, and mitochondrial dysfunction was not observed, indicating the maintenance of energy metabolism under these conditions, with insulin resistance playing a partial role in the unfavourable course of comorbid pathology. In the liver, during the comorbid course of LPS-induced inflammation in the lungs and T2DM, increased steatosis, endothelial dysfunction, signs of mitochondrial dysfunction in hepatocytes, pronounced compensatory protein synthesis in bound ribosomes, and the formation of endoplasmic reticulum-associated membranes with mitochondria were detected. Conclusions. During the comorbid course of LPS-induced lung inflammation and T2DM, disruptions in energy metabolism intensify, mediated by respiratory and mitochondrial dysfunction, and compensatory protein synthesis and interaction of mitochondria with the endoplasmic reticulum are enhanced. The results suggest that the pathogenesis of comorbid inflammation in the lungs and T2DM or insulin resistance occurs through possible compensation of carbohydrate and energy metabolism disorders at the expense of worsening lipid metabolism and progression of obesity.

“Three pills” (cognitive reappraisal × social support × cognitive flexibility) and their impact on ADHD symptoms in early adolescence: Synergistic or compensatory effect?

Converging and compelling evidence has isolated how three malleable “pills” (cognitive reappraisal, social support, and cognitive flexibility) affect the manifestation of ADHD symptoms, but the complex combined effect over time has not been sufficiently addressed. The present research leveraged a strength-based “strategy × situation × person interaction” model to investigate how cognitive reappraisal (strategy), social support from friend (situation), and cognitive flexibility (person) uniquely and interactively impact teacher-rated ADHD symptoms in a typically developing early adolescent sample. In this three-wave multiple-method prospective study, 194 adolescents (Meanage = 11.39; 53.1 % girls) participated. At Time 1, adolescents self-rated cognitive reappraisals; at Time 2, adolescents completed the social support questionnaire and a computerized cognitive flexibility task. Meanwhile, teachers estimated their students' ADHD symptoms at both Time 1 and Time 3. The current study suggests that “more is not always better.” The seemingly beneficial socioemotional and cognitive characteristics in isolation are important to mitigate the manifestations of ADHD symptoms, but when these characteristics work together, they produce a compensatory (instead of synergistic) interaction effect. Specifically, cognitive reappraisal and social support from friend are compensatory and protect young adolescents from severe manifestations of ADHD symptoms. Such a compensatory pattern is especially pronounced for those exhibiting poor cognitive flexibility performance.

Is There Evidence for Intelligence-by-Conscientiousness Interaction in the Prediction of Change in School Grades from Age 11 to 15 Years?

Fluid intelligence and conscientiousness are the most important predictors of school grades. In addition to this main effect, researchers have suggested that the two traits might also interact with each other in the prediction of school success. A synergistic and a compensatory form of interaction have been suggested, but past evidence has been mixed so far. Most previous studies on this subject have been cross-sectional and many of them focused on older adolescents or adults in upper secondary school or university. We thus investigated the main and interaction effects of fluid intelligence and conscientiousness on school grades in math and German in a longitudinal sample of 1043 German students from age 11 to 15 years. Results from latent growth curve models with latent interaction terms showed a small compensatory interaction effect for baseline levels of math grades but not for their development. No interaction effect was found for German grades. These findings are discussed against the background that (synergistic) interaction effects between intelligence and conscientiousness might be more relevant in older students from higher secondary school or university context.

Longitudinal Relationship between Bullying Victimization and Non-Suicidal Self-Injury among Chinese Adolescents: The Buffering Roles of Gratitude and Parental Autonomy Support.

Drawing on the resilience-oriented socioecological framework, the current study contributes to scarce scholarship by exploring intrapersonal (i.e., gratitude) and interpersonal (i.e., parental autonomy support) factors in the longitudinal association between bullying victimization and adolescent non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI). Participants were 238 Chinese adolescents (Mage at Time 1 (T1) = 13.45 years; 106 girls and 132 boys) based on a two-wave prospective design with data spanning one year. At T1, adolescents self-rated all study variables, and at Time 2 (T2), youth again reported their NSSI. The results showed a significant main effect (b = 0.12, SE = 0.05, p = 0.04), indicating that bullying victimization was positively related to T2 NSSI one year later, even controlling for T1 NSSI. Moderation analyses further indicated that parental autonomy support buffered against the positive association between bullying victimization and T2 NSSI, but only when adolescents experienced lower levels of gratitude. Specifically, for adolescents with lower levels of gratitude, high levels of parental autonomy support, in a compensatory way, prevented adolescents from NSSI after victimization occurred (b = -0.03, SE = 0.09, p = 0.78); by contrast, for those with higher levels of gratitude, bullying victimization was not significantly related to T2 NSSI, regardless of the levels of parental autonomy support (b = 0.07, SE = 0.04, p = 0.59 for higher parental autonomy support; b = 0.01, SE = 0.07, p = 0.93 for lower parental autonomy support). These findings suggest that gratitude and parental autonomy support, manifesting in a compensatory interaction pattern, could serve as targeted agents for breaking the vicious linkage between bullying victimization and NSSI.

Relationship quality matters: How restaurant businesses can optimize complaint management

This research investigates the effectiveness of complaint management according to company–client relationship quality (RQ). Interactional recovery efforts are critical for efficient complaint management in the hospitality management (restaurant) context; this study addresses the potential compensatory interaction effects of interactional recovery efforts (personal apology vs. impersonal apology via email) and two types of compensatory recovery efforts (voucher vs. refund), as well as their intensity (full vs. partial). A robust cut-off effect emerges, such that a minimum level of interactional effort influences the effectiveness of compensation efforts. Furthermore, RQ influences complaint management effectiveness: For loyal, high-RQ customers, interactional recovery effort (personal apologies) is more important, regardless of compensation intensity (full vs. partial) or type (voucher vs. refund). High- (low) RQ customers are more (less) likely to accept vouchers than refunds; vouchers symbolize their willingness to continue relationships. Thus, interactional effort allows firms to decrease the intensity of customer compensation required.

Evaluation of an ankle-foot orthosis effect on gait transitional stability during ramp ascent/descent.

Wearable ankle-foot orthoses (AFO) are widely prescribed clinically; however, their effect on balance control during ramp ascent/descent walk remains unknown. This study evaluates walking stability on a ramp during weight loading and unloading transitions of the stance phase with the effect of an adjustable AFO. An AFO is tuned firstly by tuning dorsiflexion only and then combining dorsi-plantarflexion adjustments. Gait stability is assessed from neuromotor input (centre-of-mass) and output (centre-of-pressure) responses obtained through motion-capture system and force platform. Stability margins are quantified from Nyquist and Bode methods illustrating the loading phase as stable and the unloading phase as unstable transition in all walking conditions. Further, a significant decrease in stability (p < 0.05) is observed by wearing AFO in its free mode which gets improved (p < 0.05) by tuning AFO. Results from neuromotor outputs also illustrated a strong interlimb correlation (p < 0.001), which implies a compensatory interaction between opposite limbs loading and unloading transitions. Neuromotor inputs illustrated unstable responses both in loading and unloading transitions and were observed to be greater in magnitudes compared with output margins. The overall results support the hypothesis that a wearable AFO affects gait stability during transitional phases, and by applying AFO adjustments, neuromotor balance control achieves stability margins closer to normal range.

Relationship Between Baroreflex and Cerebral Autoregulation in Patients With Cerebral Vasospasm After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.

Introduction: Common consequences following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) are cerebral vasospasm (CV), impaired cerebral autoregulation (CA), and disturbance in the autonomic nervous system, as indicated by lower baroreflex sensitivity (BRS). The compensatory interaction between BRS and CA has been shown in healthy volunteers and stable pathological conditions such as carotid atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the inverse correlation between BRS and CA would be lost in patients after aSAH during vasospasm. A secondary objective was to analyze the time-trend of BRS after aSAH.Materials and Methods: Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data was performed at the Neuro-Critical Care Unit of Addenbrooke's Hospital (Cambridge, UK) between June 2010 and January 2012. The cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) was measured in the middle cerebral artery using transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (TCD). The arterial blood pressure (ABP) was monitored invasively through an arterial line. CA was quantified by the correlation coefficient (Mxa) between slow oscillations in ABP and CBFV. BRS was calculated using the sequential cross-correlation method using the ABP signal.Results: A total of 73 patients with aSAH were included. The age [median (lower-upper quartile)] was 58 (50–67). WFNS scale was 2 (1–4) and the modified Fisher scale was 3 (1–3). In the total group, 31 patients (42%) had a CV and 42 (58%) had no CV. ABP and CBFV were higher in patients with CV during vasospasm compared to patients without CV (p = 0.001 and p < 0.001). There was no significant correlation between Mxa and BRS in patients with CV, neither during nor before vasospasm. In patients without CV, a significant, although moderate correlation was found between BRS and Mxa (rS = 0.31; p = 0.040), with higher BRS being associated with worse CA. Multiple linear regression analysis showed a significant worsening of BRS after aSAH in patients with CV (Rp = −0.42; p < 0.001).Conclusions: Inverse compensatory correlation between BRS and CA was lost in patients who developed CV after aSAH, both before and during vasospasm. The impact of these findings on the prognosis of aSAH should be investigated in larger studies.

The Interaction Between Conscientiousness and General Mental Ability: Support for a Compensatory Interaction in Task Performance

The Interaction Between Conscientiousness and General Mental Ability: Support for a Compensatory Interaction in Task Performance

Intragenic suppressors of unc-104 ( e1265 ) identify potential roles of the conserved stalk region.

UNC-104 and its mammalian ortholog, KIF1A, are microtubule motor proteins required for moving synaptic vesicle precursors from neuronal cell bodies to presynaptic sites. These motor proteins consist of N-terminal motor domain, followed by a neck region, three coiled-coil domains and a FHA domain, and a C-terminal PH domain. Between the coiled-coil 3 and the PH domain is a large uncharacterized region called stalk. In C. elegans unc-104 ( e1265 ), a partial loss of function mutant, synaptic vesicles are retained in the cell body and absent from presynaptic sites. unc-104 ( e1265 ) contains amino acid substitution D1497N in the PH domain and the mutant proteins show reduced PI(4,5)P(2) binding. Through genetic suppressor screening, we identified amino acid substitutions in a conserved region of the stalk that cause intragenic suppression of unc-104 ( e1265 ). Currently, little is known about the functions of the stalk region. Our findings imply potential compensatory or antagonistic interaction between the stalk region and the cargo binding PH domain.

Structures of the HER2-HER3-NRG1β complex reveal a dynamic dimer interface.

Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) and HER3 form a potent pro-oncogenic heterocomplex1-3 upon binding of growth factor neuregulin-1β (NRG1β). The mechanism by which HER2 and HER3 interact remains unknown in the absence of any structures of the complex. Here we isolated the NRG1β-bound near full-length HER2-HER3 dimer and, using cryo-electron microscopy, reconstructed the extracellulardomain module, revealing unexpected dynamics at the HER2-HER3 dimerization interface. We show that the dimerization arm of NRG1β-bound HER3 is unresolved because the apo HER2 monomer does not undergo a ligand-induced conformational change needed to establish a HER3 dimerization arm-binding pocket. In a structure of the oncogenic extracellular domain mutant HER2(S310F), we observe a compensatory interaction with the HER3 dimerization arm that stabilizes the dimerization interface. Both HER2-HER3 and HER2(S310F)-HER3 retain the capacity to bind to the HER2-directed therapeutic antibody trastuzumab, but the mutant complex does not bind to pertuzumab. Our structure of the HER2(S310F)-HER3-NRG1β-trastuzumab Fab complex reveals that the receptor dimer undergoes a conformational change to accommodate trastuzumab. Thus, similar to oncogenic mutations, therapeutic agents exploit the intrinsic dynamics of the HER2-HER3 heterodimer. The unique features of a singly liganded HER2-HER3 heterodimer underscore the allosteric sensing of ligand occupancy by the dimerization interface and explain why extracellular domains of HER2 do not homo-associate via a canonical active dimer interface.

Antecedents of Interest and the Investment of Fluid Intelligence in the Formation of Crystalized Intelligence.

Most of the studies of the effects of fluid intelligence and non-cognitive characteristics on crystalized intelligence examined additive effects. The results of the few studies that examined interactive effects are inconsistent. Some find a positive (facilitating) interaction and some find a negative (compensatory) interaction. We improve on these previous studies by examining non-cognitive characteristics that were not studied before and by using a very large representative sample (n = 11,266). We find a positive/facilitating interaction. We discuss the implication of these results to theories about the joint effect of fluid intelligence and non-cognitive characteristics on crystalized intelligence.

INCISOR: An Algorithm to Identify Synthetic Rescue Mediators of Resistance to Targeted and Immunotherapy.

Despite the success of targeted therapies including immunotherapies in cancer treatments, tumor resistance to targeted therapies remains a fundamental challenge. Tumors can evolve resistance to a therapy that targets one gene by acquiring compensatory alterations in another gene, such compensatory interaction between two genes is referred to as synthetic rescue (SR) interactions. To identify SRs, here we describe an algorithm, INCISOR, that leverages tumor transcriptomics and clinical information from10,000 patients as well as data from experimental screens. INCISOR can identify SRs that are common across several cancer-types in genome-wide fashion by sifting through half a billion possible gene-gene combinations and provide a framework to design therapies to tackle resistance.

Effect of BDNF Val66Met on hippocampal subfields volumes and compensatory interaction with APOE-\u03b54 in middle-age cognitively unimpaired individuals from the ALFA study

BackgroundCurrent evidence supports the involvement of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) Val66Met polymorphism, and the ε4 allele of APOE gene in hippocampal-dependent functions. Previous studies on the association of Val66Met with whole hippocampal volume included patients of a variety of disorders. However, it remains to be elucidated whether there is an impact of BDNF Val66Met polymorphism on the volumes of the hippocampal subfield volumes (HSv) in cognitively unimpaired (CU) individuals, and the interactive effect with the APOE-ε4 status.MethodsBDNF Val66Met and APOE genotypes were determined in a sample of 430 CU late/middle-aged participants from the ALFA study (ALzheimer and FAmilies). Participants underwent a brain 3D-T1-weighted MRI scan, and volumes of the HSv were determined using Freesurfer (v6.0). The effects of the BDNF Val66Met genotype on the HSv were assessed using general linear models corrected by age, gender, education, number of APOE-ε4 alleles and total intracranial volume. We also investigated whether the association between APOE-ε4 allele and HSv were modified by BDNF Val66Met genotypes.ResultsBDNF Val66Met carriers showed larger bilateral volumes of the subiculum subfield. In addition, HSv reductions associated with APOE-ε4 allele were significantly moderated by BDNF Val66Met status. BDNF Met carriers who were also APOE-ε4 homozygous showed patterns of higher HSv than BDNF Val carriers.ConclusionTo our knowledge, the present study is the first to show that carrying the BDNF Val66Met polymorphisms partially compensates the decreased on HSv associated with APOE-ε4 in middle-age cognitively unimpaired individuals.

The Conscientiousness × Interest Compensation (CONIC) model: Generalizability across domains, outcomes, and predictors.

Conscientiousness and interest are well-known predictors of academic effort and achievement. As hypothesized by the Conscientiousness × Interest Compensation (CONIC) model, conscientiousness and interest can (partly) compensate for each other, leading to (comparatively) high effort if either conscientiousness or interest is high. The present research (a) provides a test of this prediction across four school subjects, (b) examines whether the compensatory interaction can also be found when academic achievement is the outcome instead of academic effort, and (c) probes for the compensatory interaction when interest is replaced by utility value as a predictor variable. A total of 830 students in Grades 5 to 12 participated in this study. We assessed their conscientiousness and measured task value beliefs, academic effort, and achievement in 4 school subjects (German, English, mathematics, and biology). The predictions of the CONIC model were supported in all 4 subjects. In addition, we found compensatory interactions between conscientiousness and interest in predicting both academic effort and achievement. Furthermore, we observed similar compensatory interactions between conscientiousness and utility value. In sum, the results suggest a broader applicability of the CONIC model than originally proposed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)