Harmonic Current Compensation Research Articles

Frequency-adaptive DLIA–PLL-based current harmonic compensation for single-phase grid-interfaced inverters

Frequency-adaptive DLIA–PLL-based current harmonic compensation for single-phase grid-interfaced inverters

Clustered Voltage Control and Modulation Scheme With Switching Loss Reduction for High Power Hybrid Cascaded Converter

The hybrid cascade converters (HCC) is a potential solution to achieve harmonic current compensation in medium and high voltage applications due to the characteristics of having high frequency module. However, the high switching frequency inevitably leads to an increase of undesirable switching loss. In addition, since the reduction of power loss and the balance of clustered voltage are mutually interrelated, the existing modulation and control schemes cannot cope with them decently. To address this problem, the HCC is divided into a high-frequency module (HFM) and a low-frequency module (LFM), and a corresponding hybrid modulation scheme is proposed to reduce the power loss while maintaining a high harmonic compensation performance. Then, based on the analysis of the system voltage constraints, the dc-link voltage and threshold voltage under different parameters are redesigned. Furthermore, since the power flow between modules has been changed with the hybrid modulation scheme, the conventional clustered voltage control strategy is not capable of clustered control. Therefore, based on the re-modeling of the power flow, a negative-sequence voltage injection control strategy is proposed to achieve voltage balance. Finally, simulation and experimental results are demonstrated to verify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.

Grid voltage sensorless control of a single‐phase shunt hybrid active power filter

AbstractHere, a grid voltage sensorless control of an LCL‐filtered LC‐tuned single‐phase shunt hybrid active power filter (HAPF) is proposed, which offers high‐quality harmonic current compensation with low hardware requirements. An estimation algorithm replaces the grid voltage sensor and associated circuitry to reduce the size and cost. This paper presents a straightforward and accurate modelling of the suggested structure and its filtering characteristics, followed by a comprehensive yet simple parameter design procedure. An inherent damping technique that uses digital delay rather than virtual or physical damping resistors eliminates the need for additional sensors or extra power losses. As part of the design, a high‐quality reference current is generated for the filter, which is then effectively tracked using a proportional controller with sufficient bandwidth and stability margin. An experimental prototype is implemented to verify the theoretical results, and several steady‐state and transient waveforms are reported to demonstrate the superior performance of the HAPF.

PV System Linked to an Electrical Network with an Active Power Filter Using DPC Modified Method Under Distorted Grid Voltage Conditions

This article presents an energy system that enhances the quality of electrical energy by injecting photovoltaic (PV) renewable energy into the electrical network in the presence of a polluting load. This system is based on a new control approach known as Zero Direct Power Command (ZDPC). The innovative aspect of the proposed work is the addition of clean energy while simultaneously removing the unsettling harmonics produced by the nonlinear loads provided by distorted voltages. This approach combines a traditional Proportional Integrator (PI) controller for regulating the DC bus voltage with a clever technique (fuzzy logic) for tracking the Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT). The current has a harmonic distortion rate of about 1% with unity power factor due to the suppression of undesirable harmonics from the source currents. A PV panel connected in series with a chopper and managed by fuzzy logic via a two-state inverter ensures the injection of PV energy into the electrical network. Software called MATLAB/Simulink is used to model this system. The outcomes demonstrate the reliability and viability of the ZDPC control, which concurrently ensures harmonic current compensation, power factor correction, and the introduction of solar power into the electrical network despite distorted source voltages.

Evaluation of three consumers' contribution to the current and voltage distortions at the point of common coupling

The article presents the method to evaluate share responsibility for the generation of harmonic currents between utility and consumer that are connected to the same point of common coupling (PCC). For these purposes, an indicator that evaluates the consumer's contribution to the distortion of current and voltage at the PCC is proposed, based on the previously carried out mathematical modeling of the power supply system (PSS) with two consumers. An evaluation of the distortion caused by three different non-linear loads on the consumers’ side is carried out in this study. The approbation of the proposed method was carried out on a laboratory bench, where various operation modes of linear and nonlinear loads were studied. Thus, the results proved that the proposed method could quantify the contribution of voltage and current distortion caused by three and more non-linear loads at the PCC of the consumer’s side. Besides, this proposed method can also be used to draw up recommendations for the mitigation of the harmonic currents compensation.

Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems with Energy Storage for Ancillary Services

This paper presents the topology and control of a photovoltaic inverter with an internal battery storage system in conjunction with droop control designed to perform ancillary services such as frequency and reactive power support (voltage regulation), active power dispatch through a proposal to control the charging and discharging of batteries and harmonic current compensation (active filter) in a microgrid connected to an IEEE 13-bus system. The converter in question consists of two stages, a 3-level NPC DC/AC converter and Boost and Buck-Boost DC/DC converters. The system in question is capable of helping to dampen frequency oscillations, as well as regulating the PCC charging curve by charging or discharging the battery bank. In addition, the proposed system is capable of supplying reactive power to the grid on a permanent basis, thus helping with voltage control. It is also capable of compensating for harmonic currents caused by non-linear loads connected to the PCC. In this context, we can see the multifunctionality of the photovoltaic inverter in helping to mitigate disturbances associated with the power quality, with the differential of charge and discharge control to preserve the useful life of the energy storage system. For this study, Matlab/Simulink software was used to implement and validate the proposed topology and control systems. In the computer simulations carried out, satisfactory results were obtained in relation to the execution of the ancillary services mentioned above, thus demonstrating the viability of the proposed strategy.

Wear-out analysis of a BESS converter under peak shaving and harmonic current compensation

Photovoltaic (PV) inverters integrated with battery energy storage offer a range of services. They can perform peak shaving, power smoothing, and frequency regulation, while also providing ancillary services, such as harmonic current compensation (HCC) and reactive power injection. This paper performs a wear-out analysis of the BESS converter working as peak shaving and HCC operations. The results show that HCC operation can decrease the reliability of the BESS converter up to 44.5%. In addition, the evidence of the dc-link capacitor temperature increasing due to the HCC operation is supported thought thermal experimental results. For the presented case study, the dc-link capacitor temperature increases 1.6 °C due to HCC operation.

Voltage Detection-Based Selective Harmonic Current Compensation Strategies for Photovoltaic Inverters

Voltage and current detection-based harmonic current compensation (VDB-HCC and CDB-HCC, respectively) strategies allow the use of photovoltaic (PV) inverters to enhance the grid power quality. CDB-HCC strategies require converter hardware retrofit by inserting an extra current sensor to measure load or downstream grid currents. On the other hand, VDB-HCC strategies are straightforward solutions employing only embedded measurements used for protection, control, and synchronization purposes. This paper provides a comprehensive comparison of three VDB-HCC strategies: VDB-HCC based on a single current loop (SCL); VDB-HCC based on dual parallel current control loops (DCL); and VDB-HCC based on parallel voltage and current control loops (VCL). The comparison includes the requirement of harmonic detection algorithms, PV array maximum power point tracking (MPPT) performance, stability over grid impedance variations and inverter power rating, steady-state harmonic compensation, enabling transient response, and computational burden. Experimental results using a 1.5-kW commercial PV inverter are conducted. Based on distributed HCC applications by PV systems, VCL has shown the best performance in terms of voltage distortion reduction under weak grids.

Improving the quality of energy using an active power filter with zero direct power command control related to a photovoltaic system connected to a network

Introduction. This article’s subject is a dual function energy system that improves the quality of the electric energy with help of an active power filter and uses a new technique of command named ZDPC (Zero Direct Power Command) on one hand, and on the other hand it injects the photovoltaic (PV) renewable energy to the electrical networks in the presence of non-linear charges. The novelty of the work consists in the subtraction of disturbances resulting from the non-linear charges is provided by an active power filter based on a new ZDPC method. Methods. This strategy combines a classic PI controller for DC bus voltage regulation with a smart method to maximum power point tracking (MPPT) of power based on fuzzy logic. Purpose. The elimination of the undesirable harmonics from the source currents makes the current almost sinusoidal with a harmonic distortion rate close to 1 %. The injection of PV energy into the electrical grid is provided by a PV panel in series with a chopper through a two-state inverter. Results. This system is simulated using MATLAB/Simulink software. The results prove the robustness and feasibility of the ZDPC control which simultaneously guarantees the compensation of harmonic currents, the correction of the power factor and the injection of the solar power into the electrical grid.

SRF theory-based shunt active power filter for power quality improvement in grid-interfaced solar photovoltaic system

This paper uses Shunt Active Power Filter (SAPF) in a polluted and unbalanced mains voltage for the compensation of current harmonics along with the reactive power. During compensation the reference current is calculated by the theory of Synchronous Reference Frame (SRF). This study utilizes the Photovoltaic (PV) energy, a renewable energy source, for which a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) method, an incremental conductance (InCnd), is employed. To modify the energy storage of dc-voltage, an artificial neural network controller (ANN) is used. The power system toolbox of MATLAB/SIMULINK is used to simulate the system being proposed. The SAPF is compared and assessed on the basis of PI control, FUZZY controller, and Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The results demonstrate the ANN control’s efficiency in optimizing the DC capacitor energy storage, sinusoidal form of the current, and reactive power compensation. A low Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) will be achieved with the proposed system which shows the efficacy of the method presented.

Decoupled Mitigation Control of Series Resonance and Harmonic Load Current for HAPFs With a Modified Two-Step Virtual Impedance Shaping

Hybrid active power filter (HAPF) with large series capacitor can reduce the rating of power converter, but it is associated with the risk of low frequency <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">LC</i> resonance. The overlapping of series <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">LC</i> resonance frequencies and the dominated load harmonic current frequencies makes the conventional active damping approaches less effective. To overcome this challenge, a two-step harmonic virtual impedance control approach is developed to compensate the load harmonic current and reshape the closed-loop equivalent circuit of the HAPF for resonance damping. First, the shunt capacitor harmonic voltage is regulated according to a term that is associated with both the harmonic load current and the HAPF harmonic line current. Further investigation on the equivalent circuit transformations indicates that HAPF is equivalent to a controlled current source to compensate for load harmonic current and a virtual harmonic damping resistor between the series capacitor and grid impedance. Accordingly, the resonance damping and the nonlinear load low order harmonic current compensation can be well decoupled with minimal interference.

A four-line active shunt filter to enhance the power quality in a microgrid

In recent years, power quality has become a major concern for electric network managers. Active filtering control schemes ensure improved power quality of the electric network and are able to maintain a desired voltage level at the point of connection, regardless of the current absorbed by nonlinear loads. Harmonics can cause vibrations, equipment distortion, losses and sweatiness in transformers. The main objective of this work is to enhance the quality of energy in a microgrid consisting of 100 kW photovoltaic (PV) system and a 50 kW battery storage connected to nonlinear and unbalanced loads. This paper proposes a the four-arm parallel active filter with a on Proportional-Integral (PI) controller to mitigate the harmonic problems in a microgrid. In addition, an algorithm has been designed to eliminate the neutral current. The identification function is one of the most particular approach for extracting harmonics, it involves providing a current reference imposed by the active filter in order to carry out the filtering operation. Both the performance and the quality of the current harmonic compensation's depend strongly on the strategy adopted for the generating the current reference. In this work, the instantaneous power strategy p-q is chosen outstanding the simplicity and effectiveness in implementation. The proposed control strategy has been tested under simulations and the results have shown good tracking of the references and a significant reduction in the Total Harmonic Distorsion (THD) level under highly unbalanced conditions of the nonlinear loads. The current THD is reduced from 43.64 before filtering to 3.74% after the application of the four-arm filter, following the recommendations of IEEE-519 standard (THD less than 5%).

Adaptive PI + VPI Harmonic Current Compensation Strategy under Weak Grid Conditions

With the increase of the penetration rate of renewable energy power generation in the power system, the power grid gradually tends to be weak. Under the scenario of nonlinear load connecting to weak power grid, the grid-side voltage will produce unbalance, distortion and frequency deviation due to the influence of large internal impedance, insufficient inertia, three-phase current unbalance and harmonics of weak power grid. The operation of active power filters (APF) under above conditions can lead to significant degradation in harmonic compensation performance. An adaptive proportional integral (PI) + vector PI (VPI) harmonic compensation strategy for a three-phase APF is proposed for use in complex conditions of weak grid. The strategy consists of an adaptive notch filter based synchronous phase-locked loop (ANF-PLL) and an adaptive PI + VPI current control method. In this strategy, a series of adaptive lattice notch filters are introduced to improve the accuracy of grid phase and frequency estimation under the condition of voltage unbalance, distortion and a large range of frequency deviation. Then the phase and frequency information are used in the Park transformation of harmonic detection and current compensation control and the update of PI + VPI current control law parameters. A VPI current tracking controller with adaptive resonant frequency is constructed, which can improve the gain of the resonant frequency point and ensure that the APF can maintain the best compensation performance under the above weak grid conditions. Finally, the simulation and experimental results indicate that the ANF-PLL shows a better phase and frequency estimation performance under complex conditions of weak grid than the conventional and notch filter based methods, and the harmonic compensation strategy presented in this paper achieves a significant performance improvement under complex conditions of weak grid compared with Fixed VPI/SRF-PLL strategy and adaptive VPI/NF-PLL strategy.

Implementation and performance comparison of harmonic mitigation schemes for three-phase grid-connected voltage-source converter under grid voltage distortion: HiL and experimental validation

This paper presents an implementation methodology for a current harmonic compensation technique of three-phase grid-connected voltage-source converter (VSC), which was applied under the grid voltage distortion and frequency variation. The proportional–integral plus multi-resonant controllers (PIMR) were used to mitigate the high-order harmonic current. The harmonic compensators were used in the synchronous reference frame at harmonic orders 6th and 12th for suppression of the grid voltage harmonic orders 5th, 7th, 11th, and 13th with a total harmonic distortion of 4.69%. The PIMR controller was transformed to the discrete-time domain and implemented on a TMS320F28379D digital signal processor. The PIMR controller was compared with the conventional multiple synchronous reference frame (PIMSR) controller. The two control schemes were validated with a hardware-in-the-loop (HiL) and with a 5 kW three-phase LCL-filtered grid-connected VSC. The PIMR and PIMSR controllers exhibited excellent harmonic rejection on the grid current with a total harmonic distortion close to 1%, which complied with the IEEE 1547 standard. The grid current can track the reference command with a fast dynamic response. Moreover, the PIMR controller consumed a computational time of 1.625μs, 35% of the PIMSR controller.

Power Quality Enhancement of Grid-Connected Renewable Systems Using a Matrix-Pencil-Based Active Power Filter

Power electronic converters are used for integrating renewable energy sources such as wind and photovoltaic into the grid. This integration gives rise to many challenges in power systems, especially regarding power quality. Indeed, integrated systems generate a non-linear current full of harmonics, which degrades power quality. Active power filters are usually used to compensate for these harmonics at the point of common coupling. In the control of active power filters, harmonics need to be extracted from the non-linear current. In this paper, the matrix pencil method―a model-based technique for estimating parameters of exponentially damped or undamped sinusoids in noise―is proposed to extract the reference signal in shunt active power filter applications. The performance of the proposed matrix pencil method is studied for current harmonic compensation and power factor correction under different modulation schemes and two DC links: an external DC voltage source and a capacitor. Using a capacitor for the DC link requires not only including a proportional-plus-integral controller to maintain a constant capacitor voltage, but also accounting for the loss current in the formulation of the matrix pencil method. Compared with the instantaneous reactive power theory and synchronous reference frame, results obtained from simulated data using MATLAB/Simulink under different loading conditions show that the proposed method corrects the power factor and affords a lower source current total harmonic distortion and fast response.

Voltage Support and Selective Harmonic Current Compensation in Advanced AC Microgrids

The high penetration of distributed energy resources (DERs) and non-linear loads in low-voltage (LV) grids may cause overvoltage and voltage harmonic distortion. This paper proposes an automatic control strategy to flexibly steer dispatchable DERs in AC microgrids (MGs) while simultaneously mitigating harmonic voltage distortion and over- and undervoltage at the MG nodes. Voltage support is performed through integrated local and coordinated volt-var and volt-watt functionalities, with a well-defined coordinated sequence of actions to avoid active power curtailment. A voltage detection-based decentralized selective harmonic current compensation (HCC) is enabled when the voltage total harmonic distortion exceeds the established threshold at the MG point of common coupling (PCC). The proposed scheme consists of a model-free control that provides power flow controllability at the MG PCC. It does not require computationally intensive algorithms, does not require extra grid-side and/or load-side current measurements, and effectively regulates the internal MG node voltages regardless of the line impedance X/R feature. The strategy is evaluated based on multiple simulations and experimental results, considering a LV MG model with several DERs as well as unbalanced, non-linear loads and non-dispatchable photovoltaic inverters. The simulations and experimental results showed an improved overall voltage profile throughout the MG nodes in terms of magnitude and distortion, which certifies the feasibility of the proposed scheme in real-field applications.

Hybrid Prediction-Based Deadbeat Control for a High-Performance Shunt Active Power Filter

This paper proposes a hybrid current predictive deadbeat tracking control method to address the problem that a conventional deadbeat current tracking control has evolved into a deadbeat control in the digital implementation process. First, the reference current prediction link provides in advance the harmonic compensation reference current at two sampling periods by adopting adaptive forward linear prediction and repetitive prediction algorithms. It realizes the switching between the two current prediction algorithms by setting load dynamic occurrence discriminant conditions. Second, the inverter output current historical and harmonic compensation reference current data is used to predict the output current of the inverter. It can effectively predict the output current of the inverter while considering measurement noise suppression. The problems of the deadbeat control method are its strong mathematics model dependence and weak ability to resist high-frequency interference. Therefore, this study analyzes the robust stability of the control system under the uncertainties of the output filter inductor and equivalent resistance parameters of the active power filter and the measurement noise transmission in the system. Finally, the simulation and experimental results indicate that the proposed method based on hybrid current prediction has a high steady-state compensation accuracy and a fast dynamic response speed under steady-state and load mutation conditions. Thus, the proposed method can still effectively compensate the harmonic current under the condition of uncertain output filter inductor and its equivalent resistance parameters.

Energy management and harmonic compensation of micro‐grids via multi‐agent systems based on decentralized control architecture

AbstractHere, a new energy management strategy based on a multi‐agent structure is presented by introducing hybrid control of AC micro‐grid (MG), where current harmonics compensation is also considered. This energy management strategy is based on Mealy machine in a multi‐agent system (MAS), which is implemented by generating coordination signals and sending them to the renewable energy sources (RES). In RES, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) or reverse of Hill‐climbing (RHC) is used based on these received coordination signals to limit the exchange power between the MG and the grid. Also, the multi‐agent structure of shunt active power filters (SAPFs) and passive filters have been studied in power MGs. The comparison of MG current harmonic compensation by these filters by fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm has been investigated in the proposed network. The simulation results show that the proposed energy management system (EMS) with proper management of MG different agents has been able to have a suitable performance for hybrid distributed generation (DG) systems. Also, the SAPF with better and more appropriate harmonic compensation than the SC‐RC‐LCL passive filter can eliminate the harmonic pollution of MG and be used with high performance in hybrid DG systems.

Optimization of the structure of filter-compensating devices in networks with powerful non-linear power consumers based on fuzzy logic

&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;The article presents a solution to the problem of optimizing the structure of filter-compensating devices (FCD) when installed in high-voltage mine networks with powerful nonlinear electrical receivers. The urgency of the problem of choosing a rational structure of the FCD. The problem of choosing the design and installation location of the FCD is presented. The main technical means of compensation of higher harmonics of currents and voltages in high-voltage networks with powerful nonlinear electrical receivers are considered. Analysis of different types of passive filters (PF) and their frequency properties showed that the choice of specific types of PF refers to the multi-criteria optimization problem. The main methods of optimization of FCD design are considered. The variant of FCD construction based on the solution of multi-criteria optimization problem with the use of fuzzy sets is proposed and justified. To this end, the calculation of PF parameters and frequency characteristics of equivalent systems of the "filter-external network" type for four possible combinations of PF is performed. The optimal is a FCD with two resonant PF tuned to the 11&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; and 13&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; harmonics, and a second-order broadband PF tuned to compensate harmonics starting from the 23&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt; and above. The analysis of simulation results showed effective compensation of higher harmonic currents and voltages.&lt;/span&gt;

Harmonic current compensator in battery charger using hybrid intelligent controller

This paper proposes a current-controlled hybrid power filter (CCHPF) to compensate source current harmonics produced by battery charger. Current harmonics are compensated by the voltage- and current-controlled active power filter, whereas in the proposed system, current-controlled hybrid power filter is used. CCHPF overcomes the limitation of voltage-controlled harmonic compensator, conventional proportional integral controller and the passive filter which has high power loss and which may deteriorate the system frequency with high harmonic attenuation. In the proposed control system, the super twisting sliding mode algorithm (STSMA) is used with a modified form of active power theory and cognitive emotional controller to compute the three-phase compensating current reference and the DC link current regulation. The compensated reference signal obtained by sliding mode controller is used to generate switching pulses to current-controlled active power filter (CCAPF) switches. The significant contribution of the proposed system includes the development of CCHPF and its control strategy based on PI- and emotional controller-tuned STSMA to reduce the harmonic distortion of the source current used in electric vehicle charging. The passive power filter is designed to eliminate fifth-order harmonic current. A major advantage of the super twisting sliding mode control algorithm is its adaptability and robustness, which will result in improved reference current tracking without causing chattering. CCHPF is widely used for compensating harmonics generated by electric vehicle battery chargers, UPS systems and industrial loads. The control technique is implemented in MATLAB Simulink environment for dynamic load conditions, and the obtained result compensates the harmonic current to a required level (total harmonic distortion of source current is 0.79%) satisfying IEEE 519-1992 standard.