Compensation In China Research Articles

How to play the role of fiscal subsidies? Based on the research of photovoltaic industry in China——Based on SBM-DEA and FGLS methods

Fiscal compensation may play either an incentive or a crowding-out role in the different enterprises of the PV industry. First, a model for evaluating the efficiency of fiscal compensation was designed. Then, an empirical analysis of the influencing factors using a panel data model was made. Results showed that fiscal compensation had an incentive effect on 73.3 % of enterprises, but it had a crowding-out effect on the remaining enterprises. The average efficiency of fiscal compensation for enterprises in the PV industry is 1.117. The average efficiency of fiscal compensation for the front-end and back-end enterprises was 1.002 and 1.231, respectively. The impact of fiscal compensation on China's photovoltaic industry has shown a downward trend over time, and the role has also changed from an incentive effect to a crowding-out effect. The size of the enterprise and the intensity of fiscal compensation will affect the efficiency of fiscal compensation. There is an inverted U-shaped relationship between the intensity of fiscal compensation in China's photovoltaic industry and the efficiency of fiscal compensation. The larger the enterprise, the more efficient the fiscal compensation will be.

The economic effect of financial compensation in China’s healthcare system: comprehensive insights regarding supply and demand factors

ObjectivesWe aim to analyse the effects of government subsidies on residents’ health and healthcare expenditure from the perspectives of supply and demand.Data and methodsAccording to the regional division adopted in the data query system of the National Bureau of Statistics, this study divides 31 provinces and cities into three regions: eastern, central, and western. The data used are from public databases, such as the “China Statistical Yearbook,” “China Health Statistical Yearbook,” and “Government Final Account Report”. In this study, mathematical model derivation is used to construct a fixed effects model, and an empirical study based on cross-sectional data and general linear regression is conducted. To prevent endogeneity issues, this study introduces instrumental variables and uses 2SLS regression to further analyse the output results.ResultsFor every 1% increase in supplementary funding on the supply side, the perinatal mortality rate decreases by 1.765%, while for every 1% increase in financial compensation on the demand side, per capita outpatient expenses increase by 0.225% and per capita hospitalization expenses increase by 0.196%. Regarding medical resources, for every 1% increase in the number of beds per 1,000 people, per capita hospitalization expenses decrease by 0.099%. In the central and eastern regions, where economic levels are higher, supply-side government funding is more effective than demand-side funding. In contrast, demand-side funding is more effective in the western region.ConclusionsThe roles of multiple influencing factors and significant regional heterogeneity are clarified. Increasing financial compensation to providers positively impacts perinatal mortality but leads to higher per capita outpatient and hospital expenditures. Finally, this study provides targeted policy recommendations and solid theoretical support for policymakers.

The Status of Wildlife Damage Compensation in China.

The conservation management of natural ecosystems in China has significantly improved in recent decades, resulting in the effective protection of wildlife and the restoration of habitats. With the rapid growth in wildlife populations and corresponding range expansions, incidents of human-wildlife conflict have notably increased across China. However, only a few studies have paid adequate attention to wildlife damage management and compensation. In our review, we focus on the foremost mitigation measure to combat human-wildlife conflict, i.e., compensation for damage caused by wildlife. We conducted a questionnaire survey and an in-depth review of the literature across 19 Chinese provinces and autonomous regions, resulting in a total of 78 relevant sources. We first introduce the concept of wildlife damage compensation in China, followed by a review of Chinese legislation and policies regarding wildlife damage compensation. We compiled a comprehensive list of nuisance species, and we showcase four case studies in which we exemplarily describe the current situation of wildlife damage compensation. We reflect on difficulties and challenges such as delayed damage assessments or compensation quotas that do not correspond to current market prices. Since local legislation is often insufficient or completely absent, we make suggestions on how to improve existing policies and compensation mechanisms.

Study on ecological environment damage compensation in China

To provide more theoretical support for improving the ecological environment damage compensation system, this paper discusses policy design and enforcement in China in recent years. A flow chart is summarized to clarify the whole implementation process and extract the characteristics of the policies implemented in China now. An evaluation system that refers to these characteristics is built to measure their pros and cons. This evaluation system is based on six key indicators: official value criteria, the management of compensatory payments, executive efficiency, emergency efficiency, responsibility fulfillment and innovation. Focusing on the field of biodiversity, biodiversity compensatory cases based on their different features from the officially released typical examples are selected to assess the policies. The result shows that performance of the management of compensatory payments is generally poor, and the indicators of executive efficiency and responsibility fulfillment mostly improve over time, while the performance of the official value criteria indicators of administrative public interest litigation and civil public interest litigation are quite different. From the perspective of types, the characteristics of biodiversity cases related to marine resources are more prominent. From the perspective of time, the indicators of emergency efficiency gradually improve over time. From the perspective of policy stages, good design and implementation of policy can bring good effect. Finally, we also put forward suggestions on promoting and improving the ecological environment damage compensation system in China.

Development, hotspots and trend directions of marine ecological compensation in China: A bibliometric-based assessment

Marine ecological compensation plays a critical role in harmonizing marine ecology protection and resource utilization, serving as the key to establishing marine ecological civilization. This study constructs a knowledge framework for China's marine ecological compensation based on current research. Utilizing the China National Knowledge Infrastructure database as the main data source and employing CiteSpace software to visualize knowledge map, it showcases the hotspots and frontiers in the field of China's marine ecological compensation research over the past two decades. In additional, the study innovatively adds international literature on this topic in the Web of Science database for comparative analysis to grasp the new trends in China's marine ecological compensation research. The results show that: China's marine ecological compensation research started later than international research, with fewer publications, and a clear policy-oriented focus in the literature output. High-frequency cited literature reflect the interdisciplinary nature of marine ecological compensation research. The research hotspots in China's marine ecological compensation primarily revolve around damage assessment, standard quantification, and regional practices. In contrast, international research centers more on aspects like "Willingness to pay", "Contingent valuation", and "Blue carbon". Since 2016, the keywords that have emerged with greater intensity in China's marine ecological compensation research include "island tourism", "ecological damage", "legal path", etc. During the precipitation period of China's marine ecological compensation research, diversified compensation standards, pre-compensation methods, island ecological compensation, and performance evaluation have emerged as research focus. During the same period, marine ecosystems with carbon sequestration potential received great attention from international literature.

Reflection on and construction of the legal regimes of nuclear damage compensation in China: a policy analysis perspective

This paper explores the legal policy of nuclear damage compensation laws. As a specialised sector of nuclear law, the legal regimes on nuclear civil liability aim to provide timely and effective compensation to third parties, while also addressing the special policy concern of ensuring the sustainable development of the global or national nuclear industry. The paper examines the international methods of establishing major principles of liability with the corresponding rules and regimes to balance the interests of the parties involved. Comparatively, there is great uncertainty surrounding Chinese rules and principles of nuclear liability. Therefore, this paper suggests accelerating the enactment of a Chinese law specifically addressing nuclear damage compensation, aligning it with the national strategy and prospects of civil nuclear energy in China. Additionally, issues closely related to nuclear damage compensation, such as nuclear insurance policies, operation and supervision of national public funds and the use of alternative dispute resolution to settle nuclear disputes, are also discussed.

Foreign Divorce Damage Compensation System and Its Inspiration to Our Country

The divorce damage compensation system refers to the breakdown of the marriage caused by the bigamy, cohabitation, domestic violence, abuse and abandonment of the spouse. An innocent party is a system of claiming damages from the guilty party. Divorce damage compensation is an important legal system in China's marriage law. This paper first expounds the definition of "damage" in the divorce damage compensation system in China, analyzes the nature and significance of divorce damage compensation, expounds the constituent elements of divorce damages compensation, examines the legislation of divorce damage compensation system abroad, and puts forward the inspiration of divorce damage compensation in China. The law should recognize damages for divorce. Evidence obtained privately by the innocent parties. Only in this way, can we effectively make up for the lack of social moral function and the gap of the current criminal law system, safeguard the normal marriage and family relations and the legitimate rights and interests of the parties, and better deal with the complex situation in the field of divorce in China.

Quantitative assessment of agricultural horizontal ecological compensation in China, from the perspective of virtual land and virtual water.

A stable and complete agricultural horizontal ecological compensation (AHEC) is an essential means of reconciling agricultural ecosystem protection and regional development and is also the key to the sustainable use of agricultural water and land resources. Unlike previous methods of studying agricultural ecological compensation (AEC), this study analysed the direction and amount of net transfer of agricultural land and water use along with inter-provincial trade. In conjunction with the value of ecosystem services embedded in agricultural land and water resources, this study calculated AHEC standards and estimated payments/reimbursements from each province. We found that agricultural land and water resources continued to flow from the underdeveloped inland provinces to the developed coastal provinces in 2017. In addition, the value of agricultural ecosystem in the central and coastal areas can be further enhanced by reducing the negative value of their cropland. Even though the ecological compensation standards for virtual agricultural water use (AWU) was much lower than the ecological compensation standards for virtual agricultural land use (ALU), the integrated AHEC in 31 provinces was more reasonable than considering only virtual ALU and virtual AWU. These findings are of great theoretical and application significance for the government to establish a systematic and feasible framework for inter-provincial AHEC and serve as a reference for other countries to conduct related research.

Environmental Policy and Compensation in China: An Empirical Analysis of Article Eight of the Chinese Administrative License Law

Abstract In the past few years, China has implemented environmental policies that negatively affected the property interests of numerous private enterprises. This article offers the first systematic analysis of how China compensates enterprises for losses caused by the implementation of environmental laws and policies. It generates descriptive statistics on the characteristics of the compensation cases and finds that in a majority of the cases, the court allowed the government to set compensation below the value of the enterprise’s investment. Statistics also show that China offers weaker protection for private enterprises against newly adopted environmental policies compared to other types of rules or policies, allowing the government to close highly polluting enterprises with relatively low compensation. This article then offers an explanation of the courts’ approach and considers whether Chinese courts achieve an appropriate balance between property protection and policy flexibility.

Study on the Spatial and Temporal Differentiation Pattern of Carbon Emission and Carbon Compensation in China’s Provincial Areas

Excessive carbon emissions lead to global warming, which has attracted widespread attention in the global society. Carbon emissions and land use are closely related. An analysis of land use carbon emissions and carbon fairness can provide guidance for the formulation of energy conservation and emission reduction policies. This study uses data on agricultural production activities, land use and energy consumption and uses the carbon emission coefficient method to calculate carbon emissions and carbon absorption. The tendency value is used to analyze trends in land use carbon emissions and carbon absorption. The Gini coefficient, ecological support coefficient and economic contributive coefficient are used to analyze the fairness and difference of carbon emissions. The results showed that: (1) During the study period, there were fewer provinces with rapid growth in carbon emissions and carbon absorption and more provinces with slow growth. (2) Cultivated land and woodland are the main carriers of land use carbon absorption, and most provinces steadily maintain the type of carbon absorption to which they belong. (3) Carbon emissions from construction land are the main source of total carbon emissions, and the high concentration areas of carbon emissions are mainly located in the more economically developed areas. (4) There are obvious regional differences in the net carbon emissions. By 2015, Shanxi–Shandong High–High agglomeration areas and Yunnan–Guangxi Low–Low agglomeration areas were finally formed. (5) The distribution of carbon emissions in different provinces is not fair, and the spatial distribution is obviously different. Based on the analysis results, relevant suggestions are made from the perspectives of carbon emission reduction and carbon sink enhancement.

Environmental Policy and Compensation in China: An Empirical Analysis of Article Eight of the Chinese Administrative License Law

Environmental Policy and Compensation in China: An Empirical Analysis of Article Eight of the Chinese Administrative License Law

Corruption and Compensation in China

Corruption and Compensation in China

Impact of transboundary PM2.5 pollution on health risks and economic compensation in China

Economic compensation offers an equality and justice lens through which to examine transboundary air pollution control by determining its impact on health risks and economic losses. In this study, the Intervention Model for Air Pollution (InMAP) is adopted to quantitatively calculate the changes in PM2.5 concentrations due to transboundary pollution in each province of China. Then, the exposure-response function and economic loss estimation methods are used to estimate the health risks and economic losses caused by transboundary PM2.5 pollution. The results show that the pollutant emissions from each province lead to increases in PM2.5 concentrations both within each province and in neighboring provinces, and that the contribution rate of transboundary pollution varies greatly among provinces, ranging from 6% to 80%. The increase in PM2.5 concentrations also increases health risks, and the proportion of the increase in PM2.5 concentration caused by transboundary pollution is higher than 50% in many provinces. The results from the estimation of economic losses are used to determine appropriate compensation amounts. Jiangsu, Shandong, and Anhui are key provinces that are expected to both pay and receive large amounts of compensation. To clarify the environmental responsibilities of each province, the 31 provinces were categorized into 4 types according to their per capita economic compensation. Environmental equity theory requires that compensation mechanisms focus on the interests and responsibilities of each resident, and a national standard eco-compensation system for transboundary air pollution control should be established based on the results of the compensation calculations.

Multidimensional trust and its impact on the willingness to pay for ecological compensation in China’s transboundary watersheds—taking the largest tributary of the Yellow River as an example

Transboundary watershed ecological compensation in China is a kind of trust-based cooperation between the upstream and downstream. However, existing research does not further detail multidimensional trust to explore its impact on willingness to pay (WTP). From the perspective of multidimensional trust, it is helpful to clarify the internal motivations for public participation, so as to realize the transformation from current government-led economic incentive mode to normative guidance of effective social behavior. Combined with the specific background of China’s ecological compensation, this study divides the downstream public trust into three dimensions: trust in self-governance capabilities, trust in upstream governance capabilities, and trust in local government. The empirical results show that the downstream trust in their own governance ability has a positive impact on their WTP, and when the downstream trust in the upstream governance capacity, the higher their WTP. Moreover, the more trust the local government, the higher the WTP.

浅谈我国耕地占补平衡政策落实的挑战与对策

浅谈我国耕地占补平衡政策落实的挑战与对策

Performance sensitivity of non-executive compensation in China: The role of economic policy uncertainty

This paper examines the impact of economic policy uncertainty on non-executive employees from the perspective of pay-performance sensitivity (PPS). Economy-wide uncertainty can trigger adverse impacts for businesses, and in response enterprises may adjust employee pay to maintain their level of activity. Using firm-level data on A-share companies listed on the Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges during 2003–2016, this paper finds that better-performing firms pay higher wages on average, which they adjust only during uncertain times. We also show that the impact of economic policy uncertainty on PPS is more pronounced in the context of labor-intensive, highly competitive industries and state-owned enterprises, because they tend to respond to uncertainty via wage adjustment. The evidence demonstrates that the pay-performance link is much weaker during uncertain times, when different subgroups react differently. However, our finding of a robust pay-performance relation holds, even with a range of firm-level controls and accounting for different levels of firm heterogeneity.

The Impact of Institutional Investors’ Holdings on Performance Sensitivity to Management Compensation in China

In recent years, institutional investors have developed rapidly, and have gradually developed into a trend of growing multi-type institutional investors. Management compensation system, as an important part of corporate governance, is a system that institutional investors often pay attention to. And the performance sensitivity to management compensation can precisely measure the improvement of corporate governance of corporate investors, showing the convergence of management and shareholders’ goals. Therefore, it is meaningful to discuss the relation between institutional investor's shareholding and company management compensationperformance sensitivity. This paper combines normative research and empirical research, combs and summarizes domestic and foreign literature, and puts forward some research hypotheses. In terms of empirical research, this paper selects Chinese listed companies as research samples to study the influence of overall institutional investors and different types of institutional investors on the performance sensitivity to listed companies' management compensation. There is a positive correlation between the overall institutional investor's shareholding and performance sensitivity to management compensation. Compared with trading institutional investors, stable institutional investors are more able to increase the performance sensitivity to management compensation in Chinese listed companies.

Board of director compensation in China: It pays to be connected

We investigate the influence of board of director networks (network prominence) on the career outcomes of directors of Chinese public firms from 2005 to 2014. We find that higher network prominence leads to increased compensation for independent and executive directors. Network prominence increases turnover for independent directors, which facilitates access to better ex- ternal opportunities, whereas network prominence reduces turnover for directors with positions in controlling firms, which protects these related directors from dismissal. Network prominence also leads to additional future directorships, but for non-independent non-executive directors, this effect only holds for related directors who hold positions in controlling firms. These findings are consistent with related directors acting in the interest of the controlling firm. Overall, higher network prominence both directly leads to higher compensation and indirectly leads to higher compensation through the channels of labor mobility and additional board seats.

Are Large Shareholders Willing to Pay Top Executives Equity-Based Compensation in China? The Moderating Role of Female Executives

The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between equity concentration and equity-based executive compensation (EBEC), and the moderating role of female executives in such a relationship between the two. Multiple statistical methods including Multiple Linear Regression Based on OLS, Random Effect Regression Analysis, and One-period Lagged-Term Regression have been applied to analyze the data drawn from a research sample of non-financial A-share listed companies from 2010 to 2018, which consists of 22151 observations in China. Empirical results show that large shareholders of Chinese listed companies have negative attitudes towards the adoption of EBEC; besides, female executives not only improve the adoption of EBEC directly, but enhance the adoption of EBEC indirectly by mitigating the negative link between large shareholders and the adoption of EBEC in Chinese listed companies. The rich robustness tests and endogeneity tests have confirmed the findings. Moreover, large shareholders intend to limit the cash compensation level of top executives, while female executives can not only directly improve top executives’ cash compensation level by participating in the compensation setting process, but also indirectly increase top executives’ cash compensation level by mitigating the negative attitudes of large shareholders towards executives’ cash compensation.

Farmers’ Satisfaction and its Influencing Factors in the Policy of Economic Compensation for Cultivated Land Protection: A Case Study in Chengdu, China

With the rapid progress of urbanization, the loss of cultivated land has attracted great attention worldwide, and economic compensation is one of the incentives commonly used by the governments to enhance farmers’ enthusiasm in protecting cultivated land. In recent years, although various economic compensation modes have been implemented by the Chinese government, such modes are still experimental and exploratory. Thus, designing and implementing a national economic compensation mode is urgent to effectively protect the quantity and quality of cultivated land. This study focuses on the mode of cultivated land protection fund (CLPF) in Chengdu, which is the earliest mode of the implementation of economic compensation in China in 2008. First, we analyzed the farmers’ satisfaction with the CLPF through a face-to-face interview with 296 farmers in Chengdu. Then, we used the path analysis method to identify the influencing factors of farmers’ satisfaction from the characteristics of farmers and the policy. Results show that the CLPF was generally supported by farmers. Nevertheless, room for improvement still exists. Particularly, farmers’ satisfaction was low in the design of the government’s supervision management of the CLPF. Farmers’ satisfaction with compensation standard, funding use requirement, and the government’s supervision management were remarkably affected by factors, including farmers’ educational level, cultivated land area, total annual agricultural income, farmers’ knowledge of the CLPF, farmers’ recognition of the value of the CLPF, and farmers’ perception of the changes in household economics. Particularly, the direct influence of farmers’ perception of the changes in household economics was the most important. Finally, we proposed the recommendations for constructing a national economic compensation mode for cultivated land protection. Our results have certain guiding significance for promoting the sustainable development of cultivated land protection policies by means of economic incentives in China and other countries.