Distance Compensation Research Articles

Patient-Centered Cost Saving and Positive Environmental Impact With the Introduction of Telehealth Services at a Single Center.

To establish the patient-specific cost and time savings associated with telemedicine with the secondary environmental benefits of virtual visits within a tertiary referral center sub-specialty urology clinic. An electronic health record query was made of all urology telehealth visits that have occurred between October 4, 2020 and October 10, 2020 at a single academic center. We evaluated the cost of travel for an in-person visit based on zip code data. To adjust for productivity loss, the cost of missed work was added as either full day or half day-based distance and average compensation per day based on zip code data. Environmental impact was calculated using average CO2 emissions per mile not traveled. There were 6444 patients seen in the urology clinic via telehealth during the 6-month period. Urology patients traveled on average 69 ± 148 miles round-trip for an appointment. The average cost savings per patient including the cost of the gas and time away from work was $152.78 ± $105.90. Overall, over a 6-month period, the total cost savings was $984,534.73 for the 6444 patients seen via telemedicine. There was also a significant environmental impact of the decreased travel burden with 153.36 metric tons of CO2 emissions eliminated. With the implementation of telehealth during the COVID-19 pandemic, patients have been able to save a substantial amount of time and money primarily driven by the decreasing work hours lost and cost of travel.

An Accurate and Rapid Docking Algorithm for Four-Way Shuttle in High-Density 3D Warehousing Environment

High-density 3D warehousing is the future cornerstone of modern logistics storage. It aims to efficiently manage and store various types of goods by utilizing 3D space and automation technology. The accurate and fast docking algorithm of the four-way shuttles, as a core method of carrying the goods in high-density 3D warehousing, has become an increasingly important technical challenge. Inaccurate docking will result in a failure to change direction, while long docking time will affect the operation efficiency of the four-way shuttle. To overcome these obstacles, this paper presents an accurate and rapid docking algorithm for four-way shuttles. Firstly, the deceleration and jerk of a four-way shuttle in the braking stage are initialized according to the motion parameter set calculated by the docking motion model. Then, the four-way shuttle starts to move until the stop signal has been detected. If the system fails to detect the stop signal, the distance compensation is needed to ensure that the four-way shuttle can arrive at the stop point. Finally, the four-way shuttle stops immediately by way of amplifying the deceleration when reaching the stop point. The result shows that the accuracy of rapid docking is superior to that of direct docking. Compared with crawling docking, rapid docking reduces the braking time by 3.99s and stops at a speed lower than the crawling speed. The rapid docking algorithm not only enhances the throughput of high-density 3D warehousing but also improves the service life of four-way shuttles.

An improved positioning method based on compensation and optimization of ultra-wideband ranging results

Achieving precision in positioning under conditions of significant interference remains an unresolved challenge in research. This study introduces a low-cost ultra-wideband (UWB) distance compensation model that addresses electromagnetic wave loss in practical indoor settings. This paper employs kurtosis to detect non-line-of-sight environments, which are frequently induced by pedestrian movement. The Generalized Extreme Studentized Deviate algorithm is utilized to discern and eliminate outliers in ranging values and the Piecewise Cubic Hermite Interpolating Polynomial algorithm compensates for the eliminated data points. Finally, Kalman filtering is used to improve UWB ranging results, allowing for better error elimination and compensation. Experimental results demonstrate that our proposed algorithm has higher accuracy and the mean square error improvement ratio can reach more than 20% in dynamic positioning tests.

Piezoelectric Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducers with Micro-Hole Inter-Etch and Sealing Process on (111) Silicon Wafer.

Piezoelectric micromachined ultrasound transducers (PMUTs) have gained significant popularity in the field of ultrasound ranging and medical imaging owing to their small size, low power consumption, and affordability. The scar-free "MIS" (micro-hole inter-etch and sealing) process, a novel bulk-silicon manufacturing technique, has been successfully developed for the fabrication of pressure sensors, flow sensors, and accelerometers. In this study, we utilize the MIS process to fabricate cavity diaphragm structures for PMUTs, resulting in the formation of a flat cavity diaphragm structure through anisotropic etching of (111) wafers in a 70 °C tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) solution. This study investigates the corrosion characteristics of the MIS technology on (111) silicon wafers, arranges micro-pores etched on bulk silicon around the desired cavity structure in a regular pattern, and takes into consideration the distance compensation for lateral corrosion, resulting in a fully connected cavity structure closely approximating an ortho-hexagonal shape. By utilizing a sputtering process to deposit metallic molybdenum as upper and lower electrodes, as well as piezoelectric materials above the cavity structure, we have successfully fabricated aluminum nitride (AlN) piezoelectric ultrasonic transducer arrays of various sizes and structures. The final hexagonal PMUT cells of various sizes that were fabricated achieved a maximum quality factor (Q) of 251 and a displacement sensitivity of 18.49 nm/V across a range of resonant frequencies from 6.28 MHz to 11.99 MHz. This fabrication design facilitates the achievement of IC-compatible and cost-effective mass production of PMUT array devices with high resonance frequencies.

Development of an indoor corridor localization system based on a WCL method with corridor area selection and distance compensation

SummaryIn this paper, a received signal strength indicator (RSSI)‐based weighted centroid localization (WCL) method for indoor corridor scenarios is developed and tested. The contribution of the proposed system is that, to scope the area of an unknown target position, the possible corridor area where the target node should be located is automatically selected, and only reference nodes deployed in such an area are applied for position estimation. Additionally, to improve the estimation precision, distance values converted from measured RSSIs and used for the WCL are also compensated to alleviate the RSSI variation problem caused by physical environments. Therefore, our methods can save a number of reference nodes to be used, while localization accuracy can also be achieved. Experiments in the corridor environment using a 2.4 GHz IEEE 802.15.4 wireless sensor network with four reference nodes deployed in the test field dimension of 22 m × 9.3 m have been performed. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method, which requires only two reference nodes, outperforms the original WCL method with four reference nodes by 53.053%, as indicated by average localization errors. The results also reveal that the proposed method provides error distances lower than the WCL method for all test target positions, while all estimated positions fall within the corridor areas by 100%.

LOS compensation and trusted NLOS recognition assisted WiFi RTT indoor positioning algorithm

In previous studies, ranging errors in the line of sight (LOS) environment were often overlooked, resulting in an increase in positioning errors. In non-line of sight (NLOS) conditions, the measuring distance hardly participates in the location calculation, leading to the loss of useful positioning information. Thus, this paper proposes a WiFi RTT positioning approach based on LOS compensation and trusted NLOS recognition, which improves the performance of RTT positioning by using the compensated LOS distances and trusted NLOS ranges to estimate location. In the proposed approach, NLOS and LOS identification need to be implemented first. A support vector machine algorithm is used to construct a real-time model that recognizes NLOS and LOS distances based on the proposed classification features. Then, the distances under NLOS and LOS environments are evaluated and compensated, respectively, to obtain reliable NLOS ranges and calibrated LOS measurements. A least squares algorithm is utilized to build the LOS distance compensation model, and Bayesian theorem is applied to recognize the trusted NLOS ranges. The compensated LOS distances and credible NLOS ranges are used for estimating the location. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm achieves excellent positioning accuracy, with a mean absolute error of 1.082 m. This signifies a substantial enhancement of 53.34% when compared to the least squares algorithm, a remarkable 60.24% improvement over the weighted centroid positioning algorithm, a significant 36.11% progress in comparison to the RTNLIA algorithm, and a noteworthy 32.82% boost relative to the NLRNB approach.

Research on Geometric Constraint Strategies for Controlling the Diameter of Micro-Shafts Manufactured via Wire Electric Discharge Grinding.

Micro-tools comprising difficult-to-machine materials have seen widespread application in micro-manufacturing to satisfy the demands of micro-part processing and micro-device development. Taking micro-shafts as an example, the related developmental technology, based on wire electric discharge grinding (WEDG) as the core method, is one of the key technologies used to prepare high-precision micro-shafts. To enable efficient and high-precision machining of micro-shafts with target diameters, instead of performing multiple repeated on-machine measurements and reprocessing, a geometric constraint strategy is proposed based on the previously introduced twin-mirroring-wire tangential feed electrical discharge grinding (TMTF-WEDG). This strategy encompasses the tool setting method, tangential feed distance compensation, and an equation that establishes the relationship between tangential distance and diameter variation. These components are derived from a key points analysis of the geometric constraints. The micro-shafts with diameters of 50 µm and consistencies of ±1.5 µm are repeatedly processed. A series of micro-shafts with diameters ranging from 30 µm to 120 µm achieve geometric constraints with a diameter accuracy of ±2 µm, accompanied by the complete continuous automation of the entire process. Accordingly, it can be concluded that the geometric constraint strategy is flexible and stable and can be controlled with high precision in the TMTF-WEDG process.

Distance compensation-based dual adaptive artifact removal algorithm in microwave breast tumor imaging system

Microwave imaging techniques have been rapidly developed in the medical field due to its non-invasive and non-radiological advantages. Pre-artifact removal is a critical procedure for desirable imaging quality produced by microwave breast imaging systems. However, current methods do not sufficiently remove pre-artifact to allow accurate localization of multiple tumors from the retrieved images. This paper presents a dual adaptive artifact removal method based on distance compensation to address issues of improving imaging quality. The method compensates for the attenuation effects due to magnetic wave propagation and adaptively selects the time entropy window threshold for grouped signals. The signals are then fed into an adaptive filter with variable filter parameters to minimize pre-artifact before imaging. Comparative tests are conducted to evaluate the merits of pre-artifact removal. The proposed method effectively reduces the pre-artifact for improving the overall quality of imaging and greatly enhances the accuracy of localizing multiple tumors.

Bifurcation control analysis based on continuum model with lateral offset compensation

The study of traffic flow bifurcation control analysis is of great significance for understanding the essential evolution law of traffic flow, controlling traffic flow with practical means and alleviating traffic congestion. This paper describes the influence of lateral distance compensation in the process of lane change, and adjusts the traffic flow from the perspective of bifurcation control, which can capture the characteristics of traffic flow better, so as to describe the practical significance of the actual traffic phenomenon better. For example, the green ratio of traffic lights in the road, the planning and design of traffic signs, and the guidance of traffic condition prediction in ITS. In addition, the traffic flow is introduced and applied to the traffic model from the perspective of random function, and the bifurcation control is carried out according to the bifurcation behavior in traffic. That is, the bifurcation characteristics of the system are modified by the designed feedback controller, and the appearance of the equilibrium point of the system is adjusted to make it move forward, backward or disappear, so as to prevent or alleviate traffic congestion. There are few researches on bifurcation control of traffic flow model with lateral distance compensation. This paper introduces stochastic function based on lateral compensation model to study Hopf bifurcation phenomenon and Hopf bifurcation control. Firstly, the existence condition of Hopf bifurcation at the equilibrium point in the model is proved theoretically. Then, a feedback controller is designed to control the amplitudes of the Hopf bifurcation and the limit cycles formed by the Hopf bifurcation. Finally, the theoretical results are verified by numerical simulation. The research shows that by adjusting the control parameters in the feedback controller, the influence of boundary conditions on the stability of the traffic system is fully described, the effect of unstable focus and saddle point on the system is inhibited, and the traffic flow is slowed down. In addition, the unstable bifurcation points can be eliminated, and the amplitude of the limit cycle formed by Hopf bifurcation can be adjusted, so as to achieve the stability of the control system.

Longitudinal Predictive Control for Vehicle-Following Collision Avoidance in Autonomous Driving Considering Distance and Acceleration Compensation.

In response to the widespread adoption of vehicle-following systems in autonomous applications, the demand for collision warning to enable safer functionalities is increasing. This study provides an approach for automated vehicle guidance to follow the preceding vehicles longitudinally and puts emphasis on the performance of collision avoidance. The safety distance model is established, which contains a distance compensation algorithm to deal with the special case on curved roads. By introducing the algorithm of velocity and distance prediction, the collision risks are detected and measured in real time. The objective function is established based on optimal control theory to solve the desired following acceleration. The control system designed with the method of proportion integration differentiation combines throttle percentage and brake pressure as outputs to compensate acceleration. In the Carsim and Simulink co-simulation platform, the control system for longitudinal collision avoidance is simulated and analysed for four typical working conditions: the preceding vehicle drives at a constant speed on straight and curved roads, while the preceding vehicle drives at various speeds on straight and curved roads. The results validate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method, which can be used for the longitudinal control of vehicle-following active collision avoidance.

An Improved WKNN Algorithm Based on Flexible K Selection Strategy and Distance Compensation for Indoor Localization

An Improved WKNN Algorithm Based on Flexible K Selection Strategy and Distance Compensation for Indoor Localization

High-Spatial-Resolution Strain Sensor Based on Distance Compensation and Image Wavelet Denoising Method in OFDR

A high-spatial-resolution strain sensor in OFDR was experimentally demonstrated by use of combining distance compensation (DC) and image wavelet denoising (IWD) method. Compared with using one method alone, the measured distribution strain could be varied from 200 to 2000 μϵ at a spatial resolution of 2.56 mm. Moreover, four times enhancement of the accuracy for the strain senor was achieved without hardware modification. This method is a significant step toward a high performance OFDR system, especially for evaluating the rapid change of object's structural condition.

UWB and MEMS IMU Integrated Positioning Algorithm for a Work-Tool Tracking System

In this paper, we address a system that can accurately locate and monitor work tools in a complex assembly process, such as automotive production. Our positioning monitoring system is positioned by a combined sensor of the UWB module and the MEMS IMU (inertial measuring unit) sensor based on the extended Kalman filter. The MEMS IMU sensor provides the positioning calibration information. The proposed method incorporates IMU and UWB positioning to compensate for errors that can only occur in UWB positioning through the extended Kalman filter (EKT). This EKT is improved by the error dynamic equation derived from the sparse state-space matrix. Also, the proposed method computes the transmission time and distance between the tag and anchor of the UWB module by the TWR (two-way range) system. The tag of a mobile node, which is attached to a moving tool, measures the position of the work tool and transmits the position coordinate data to the anchor. Here, the proposed method uses the trilateration localization method by the confidence distance compensation to prevent the distance error by obstacles and changes in the indoor environment. Experimental results verified that the proposed method confirms whether a specific tool is accurately used according to the prescribed regulations and has more positioning accuracy than the conventional methods.

A Pragmatic Approach for the Evaluation of Depth-Sensing Indentation in the Self-Similar Regime

Abstract This work evaluates and revisits elements from the depth-sensing indentation literature by means of carefully chosen practical indentation cases, simulated numerically and compared to experiments. The aim is not to provide a comprehensive study, but to close a series of debated subjects, which constitute major sources of inaccuracies in the evaluation of depth-sensing indentation data in practice, with the help of illustrative examples. First, own examples and references from the literature are presented in order to demonstrate how crucial self-similarity detection and blunting distance compensation are, for establishing a rigorous link between experiments and simple sharp indenter models. Moreover, it is demonstrated, once again, in terms of clear and practical examples, that no more than two parameters are necessary to achieve an excellent match between a sharp indenter finite element simulation and experimental force–displacement data. The clear conclusion is that reverse analysis methods promising to deliver a set of three unique material parameters from depth-sensing indentation cannot be reliable. Lastly, in light of the broad availability of modern finite element software, we also suggest to avoid the rigid indenter approximation, as it is shown to lead to unnecessary inaccuracies. All conclusions from the critical literature review performed lead to a new semi-analytical reverse analysis method, based on available dimensionless functions from the literature and a calibration against case specific finite element simulations. Implementations of the finite element model employed are released as supplementary material, for two major finite element software packages.

A Proposal of Contactless Electrostatic Sensor with Distance Compensation

A Proposal of Contactless Electrostatic Sensor with Distance Compensation

The Relationship of Intra-Individual Release Variability with Distance and Shooting Performance in Basketball

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of release parameter changes within individuals (intra-individual) on basketball shooting performance across both free throws and three-point shots, and identify whether any velocity dependence exists. Twelve male basketball players were recorded shooting seventy-five three-point shots (6.75 m) and fifty free throws (4.19 m). Ball release parameters were estimated by combining an analytic trajectory model including drag, a least squares estimator, and gradient-based release distance compensation. Intra-individual release velocity standard deviations (SD) were found to be significantly smaller across all distances ([0.05-0.13 m/s] when compared to statistics reported by other studies [0.2-0.8 m/s]). Despite an increase in lower body motion and a 24% increase in release velocity (p < 0.001) as shooting distance increased, no increases in intra-individual release velocity or angle SD were observed indicating velocity-dependent changes in release parameters were absent. Shooting performance was found to be strongly correlated to the release velocity SD (r = -0.96, p < 0.001, for three-point shots, and r = -0.88, p < 0.001, for free throws). Release angle SD (1.2 ± 0.24 deg, for three-point shots, and 1.3 ± 0.26 deg, for free throws) showed no increase with distance and unrelated to performance. These findings suggest that velocity-dependent factors have minimal contribution to shooting strategies and an individual's ability to control release velocity at any distance is a primary factor in determining their shooting performance.

Design and Implementation of Medical Ultrasound Remote Control Software Based on Sensor Design.

With the development of medical technology, medical ultrasound technology is widely used in the diagnosis of human diseases. It has become an indispensable diagnostic method in modern clinical medicine by detecting the internal physiology or tissue structure of the human body by ultrasound and then discovering diseases. Based on this, this paper designs a medical ultrasonic remote control software based on sensor design. The system software communicates with the stimulator through the Bluetooth port of the mobile phone and can send the parameter information input by the mobile phone to the field-programmable gate array of the stimulator for compilation. The upper computer control interface with a remote communication function is written by Lab VIEW software. A socket is used to establish inter-network process connection, and medical ultrasonic equipment simulates hardware key input according to the received control instructions so as to achieve the purpose of remote control. Experiments show that, compared with other systems, the infrared human body temperature measurement system with the functions of environmental temperature compensation and distance compensation can effectively reduce the influence of environmental temperature, distance, and other factors and has the advantages of non-contact, low power consumption, fast response speed, high sensitivity, and high accuracy, which is suitable for rapid and accurate human body temperature measurement in crowded places with large traffic.

Novel Mobile Mechanism Design for an Obstacle-Overcoming Robot Using Rotating Spokes

In this paper, a mechanism for overcoming high obstacles is proposed to broaden the application range of the exterior wall cleaning robot. The proposed one-degree-of-freedom wheel mechanism can overcome high obstacles by the rotation of a wheel with two different spoke lengths. To implement the inclined tilted wheel (ITW), two design variables were studied - a spoke assembly angle and a wheel shaft assembly angle. At the critical assembly angles of $\varphi = 45^{\circ }$ and $\theta = 135^{\circ }$ , the characteristics of the generated wheel trajectory does not invade the upper and lower space of the robot. From the trajectory, the space efficiency can be secured for thrust unit cleaning device. And the same contact characteristics can get with the existing wheel on the surface. To secure the orientation stability after overcoming a high obstacle, the reaction force analysis at each caster was performed. Through the analysis results, the orientation stability was secured without the distance compensation at the gantry during or after overcoming obstacles. To verify the obstacle-overcoming ability of the ITW, a 6m - high - test bench and a 0.3m - high - obstacles was manufactured. With a scenario defining an angular position of ITW, the ability of overcoming obstacle was confirmed in the test. In addition, the scenario was supplemented for stable overcoming to avoid a collision against obstacles through additional experiments.

A Study on the Time Lag and Compensation of a Variable-Rate Fertilizer Applicator

HighlightsA lag time detection system for variable-rate fertilization was developed.The lag time of a variable-rate fertilizer applicator was obtained and analyzed.A sigmoid equation was fitted to the data of rate change transition tests.The planar coordinates-based lag distance compensation method (LDCM) could reduce the lag distance effectively.Abstract. The location accuracy of fertilizer application is an essential aspect of the performance of variable-rate fertilizer applicators. The lag time of the fertilization system is an important cause of fertilizer rate transition lags. In order to obtain the lag time and make proper corrections, we developed a lag time detection system for a fluted roller-based variable-rate fertilizer applicator, taking into account the distance between the on-tractor GNSS antenna and the applicator furrow openers, and applied a planar coordinates-based lag distance compensation method (LDCM) to reduce the lag distance. To verify the performance of the LDCM, we conducted fertilization tests with and without LDCM at tractor forward speeds of 3.8, 5.5, and 8 km/h. First, the lag time detection sensors were installed on the fertilizer applicator, and the lag times were measured. Then, the corrected relative position coordinates of the fertilizer outlets were calculated according to the real-time speed and position data from the GNSS receiver. By implementing the control function of the applicator, the fertilization lags were corrected. A sigmoid equation was fitted to the rate change transition data. The results showed that for rate changes from 200 to 325 kg/ha, the delay distances were reduced from 1.10 to -0.84 m (at V = 3.8 km/h), from 1.97 to 0.09 m (at V = 5.5 km/h), and from 6.38 to 0.80 m (at V = 8 km/h). As a result, the LDCM can efficiently decrease lag distances of the variable-rate fertilizer applicator and meet the requirements of accurate fertilization in precision agriculture. Keywords: Fertilization lag, Lag distance compensation, Lag time, Variable-rate fertilization.

Method study for implantation positioning of corn seeds

To meet the needs of precision agriculture for crop location information, to achieve accurate plant position of crops, and to solve the problem of low resource utilization rate and high operation cost caused by repeated identification and positioning of plants in each part of field management, a seed positioning method was proposed by using maize planting as research object. A 4-row precision planter was used, all seed tubes were replaced with optoelectronic sensor (OE-sensor) equipped tubes to monitor seeds dropping. An RTK satellite receiver mounted on seeder frame girder provided global position. Furthermore, time and distance compensation model of seed from OE-sensor to implantation process was established based on EDEM numerical simulation. Seeds implantation location prediction and actual position measurement data acquisition programs were developed. Field test results showed that the mean, range and standard deviations (SD) of the longitudinal deviation between prediction location and actual position in operation direction were greater than vertical deviation which is perpendicular to operation direction. 87.7% of corn seeds dropped within 50mm from prediction location at operating speed of 3.2 km/h. This method can provide theoretical reference for synchronous generation of seed map in seeding process.