Compensation Fee Research Articles

P-746 Recruitment in randomised controlled trials: a conundrum

Abstract Study question What factors are associated with recruitment failure within the pre-planned study period? Summary answer Trials with a no-treatment arm, over four inclusion criteria, without a previous pilot and with low funding, are more likely to experience recruitment failure. What is known already Randomised controlled trials are considered to be the best strategy in evaluating the effectiveness of medical interventions, but they are often hampered by failure to recruit enough patients with the pre-planned study period. This represents a form of research waste. Little is known on variables related to recruitment failure within the pre-planned study period. Study design, size, duration This study was designed as a nationwide cohort study and included 71 randomized controlled trials supported by the Dutch Consortium for Women’s Health Research. We included trials initiated between March 1st 2003 and March 1st 2022. We extracted study data and information on predefined barriers and facilitators. Participants/materials, setting, methods Primary outcome was recruitment target not achieved within 6 months after the pre-planned recruitment period. Secondary outcomes included recruitment target not achieved within an extension of at least 12 months and premature termination of the trial. We used logistic regression to evaluate the association between potential indicators of recruitment failure and expressed these as odds ratios (OR) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI). Main results and the role of chance Of the 71 trials included in our cohort, recruitment was not achieved within the pre-planned study period with a maximal extension period of 6 months or 12 months in 38 (54%) and 33 trials (46%), respectively. Indicators associated with higher chances on recruitment failure were a no treatment arm (OR 8.53 (95% CI 1.01 to 72.36)), a compensation fee of less than 200 euros per included patient (OR 3.16 (95% CI 1.18 to 8.45)) and a funding of less than 350.000 euros (OR 4.30 (95% CI 1.56 to 11.64)). Indicators associated with lower chances on recruitment failure were less than 4 inclusion criteria (OR 0.31 (95% CI 0.10 to 0.97)) and a preceding pilot study (OR 0.53 (95% CI 0.15 to 1.85)). Limitations, reasons for caution If we could have accessed an even larger cohort of studies we might have been able to identify more potential indicators for recruitment failure. Wider implications of the findings Investigators and grantproviders should consider our findings before the start of their studies, to optimize recruitmentcircumstances. If a trial is destined to have a suspected long recruitment, it seems wise to consider the relevance and urgency of the research question, and then accept a longer recruitment period with its consequences. Trial registration number not applicable

Retailer information strategies with a dual-purpose manufacturer

While the information issues among for-profit firms are well known, the extent to which the presence in the market of dual-purpose manufacturers, defined as companies that focus on social welfare as well as their own interests, affects the information strategies of retailers is unclear. A better understanding of this relationship could shift the thinking on the disadvantages of the dual-purpose firm model. This study investigates how a retailer’s information strategy may differ for a for-profit manufacturer compared with a dual-purpose one. By analyzing an established mathematical model, the results indicate that by sharing information, a retailer can make a dual-purpose manufacturer more profitable than a for-profit manufacturer. This may occur when the retailer proactively shares market information with the dual-purpose manufacturer and when the dual-purpose manufacturer uses an information compensation fee lower than that for the for-profit manufacturer to incentivize the retailer to share such information. Further, both social welfare and the consumer surplus are higher in the former case than in the latter, implying that the presence of a dual-purpose manufacturer in the market can promote win/win results by benefiting both itself and society. This study’s findings enrich theories of information sharing and dual-purpose enterprises as well as suggest that information sharing is a useful management tool for practitioners to fully realize the development potential of dual-purpose enterprises.

Pricing and Coordination for the Leasing and Recycling of Construction Machinery in a Supply Chain Based on Industrial Internet Platform

Leasing and recycling are important methods for developing the low-carbon sustainability of the construction machinery industry. However, there are some dilemmas caused by the extreme limitations of product service life. There has been little research on construction machinery leasing thus far and a lack of description of its unique characteristics in previous models. Focusing on the problem of pricing and coordination, a two-stage model of a leasing closed-loop supply chain based on the practical application of an Industrial Internet platform was proposed. Under centralized and decentralized decision-making scenarios, the prices of leasing and selling, maintenance effort, and recovery rate were calculated, respectively. By using the Shapley value method to optimize the selling price, and the two-part pricing contract to calculate the compensation fee, global profits can be reasonably distributed, while the supply chain can be improved. The effects of different contracts on the improvement of supply chain profit were investigated. Additionally, the correlation among parameters was explored via sensitivity analysis and numerical simulation. The findings show that the maintenance and recycling of construction machinery can be improved by using an Industrial Internet platform while achieving supply chain coordination via contracts. The enhancement of maintenance effort can decrease remanufacturing costs, which are positively correlated with the selling price and leasing price of products, further promoting the recovery rate of used products. The findings of this paper show that manufacturers can take advantage of the Industrial Internet platform to improve recycling efficiency as well as to decrease product prices and remanufacturing costs by promoting remanufacturing technologies. On the other hand, leasers need to enhance the maintenance of construction machinery. Strengthening cooperation via contracts can jointly promote leasing and recycling in the construction machinery industry and help achieve low-carbon sustainable development.

The evolution of the relationship among stakeholders in port integration: Evidence from tripartite evolutionary game analysis

The economies of scale produced by port integration have been demonstrated globally, as port managers and governments have gradually increased the degree of port integration in multi-port regions (MPRs) to promote economic efficiency. In the process of such integration, however, problems such as resource mismatch and a lack of coordination between ports frequently occur. In order to encourage voluntary integration and the transformation of competition among neighboring ports into an overall synergy that produces greater efficiency, it is necessary to explore the cooperative relationship between ports and the role of the government in the process of port integration. This paper adopts dynamic simulation methods to analyze the game relationship between relevant stakeholders, including both governments and port enterprises. The analysis follows the classical hypotheses of game theory, in which the players are rational and possess common knowledge. The results indicate that a reasonable profit allocation coefficient and compensation fee can promote advantageous development within a tripartite game system. In addition, this study suggests several government incentives for port integration, including the adjustment of the benefit allocation coefficient and the strengthening of policy rewards for port enterprises.

Implications of on-time delivery service with compensation for an online food delivery platform and a restaurant

To reduce the negative impact of delivery delay on consumers’ willingness to pay in the online food delivery market, several online food delivery platforms have launched on-time delivery (OTD) services with compensation, in which the platforms will compensate consumers with certain fees when the delivery delay occurs. Therefore, the impact of this new practice on the profitability of platforms and restaurants needs to be understood. This study investigates the strategic decisions on whether an online food delivery platform launches the OTD service with compensation and whether a restaurant offers the service to consumers. The results show that the proportion of the service fee to the food expense (i.e., the service fee proportion), the fee that the platform compensates a consumer (i.e., the compensation fee) and the probability of delivery delay are the key factors affecting the decisions of the platform and the restaurant. Specifically, when the service fee proportion is low, it is beneficial for the platform to launch the OTD service with compensation and for the restaurant to offer the service if the compensation fee and the probability of delivery delay are not concurrently high. When the service fee proportion is high, the platform should launch the service if the compensation fee and the probability of delivery delay are moderate. When the service fee proportion is high, the restaurant does not benefit from offering the service.

Research on Water Rights Trading and Pricing Model between Agriculture and Energy Development in Ningxia, China

The contradiction between the supply and demand of water resources has become increasingly prominent, and water rights trading is an effective approach to increase the efficiency of water resource utilization and allocation so as to achieve sustainable use of water resources. Current transferring cost and price in China are both underestimated, taking into account the construction and maintenance fee of water conservation project and the irrigation risk compensation fee but ignoring the renovation and reconstruction fee of water conservation projects, and the compensation fee for farmers. This paper takes assignee rights, assignee capacity, and compensation to third parties into comprehensive considerations in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, where the contradictions between water, energy and food are most prominent in China. Tradable water use rights were analyzed based on a water transfer pricing model. The results show that there is an obvious negative correlation between shadow water price and water usage, and the shadow price of water resources is between 10.91 and 40.52 CNY/m3, which is an optimal solution under the constraint of water usage from 6.65 to 7.03 billion m3. The reasonable water transfer price is 10.91 CYN/m3, of which the earning of the agricultural assignor was 5.96 CNY/m3. This price guarantees the interests of the assignee and is also affordable to the assignee. This research provides a specific calculation method for the transfer pricing of water rights under non-market conditions, which is of important theoretically and has practical significance.

Diat and Peace Money in the Crime of Culpable Homicide

Islamic Law and Indonesian Criminal Law place compensation as an essential part of criminal liability. The fundamental difference is that compensation is primary in Islamic law, while positive law is an alternative. This paper examines and compares the application of the theory of diat and compensation in the crime of culpable homicide. The writing is framed with a normative-empirical approach, with data sources from books and court decisions. The results of the study show three things: First, diat and peace are different conceptions. Diat refers to property given in exchange for a slain soul, while peace is given as a compensation fee and as an effort to forgive. Second, the amount of compensation in the diat is regulated in detail with a certain nominal. At the same time, positive law is an agreement considering the perpetrator's ability. Third, compensation in the diat is an inspiration for developing legal theories such as restitutive justice, which emphasizes the importance of forgiveness and reconciliation between two parties. Research suggestions so that the diat theory can be developed into modern law so that it can be an inspiration for lawmakers so that in its application, the diat theory can be a reason for the abolition of crimes, not limited to leniency.

A study of ecological compensation in watersheds based on the three-way decisions theory

Transboundary pollution in the watersheds poses serious challenges to the allocation of water resources, social stability, and economic sustainability of upstream and downstream cities. Water pollution in the basin has become a key factor restricting regional economic and social development. To address this problem, a watershed ecological compensation model was proposed. This model includes a range of indexes that reflect upstream and downstream government’s decision evolution process in factors such as ecological benefits, the marginal benefits of reputation, opportunity costs and direct costs, and compensation fees. Also, the model incorporates three-way decision theory to expand government’s strategies when treating the following: water pollution problems, evolutionary game theory to capture decision dynamics for government with different strategies, the influence of reputation and aim to reduce the regulatory pressure of the central government. In the simulation, the proposed ecological compensation model predicts decisions of the upstream and downstream government with various water problems. Eventually, a case study of HaiHe River Basin in China serves to verify the practicable effectiveness of the foregoing model combined with numerical simulation and support key insights as below: (i) when the reputation of the upstream government increases or decreases, it will form an effective positive feedback mechanism to promote its enthusiasm for protecting water resources; (ii) for the whole ecosystem, setting a reasonable ecological compensation fee can effectively promote active cooperation between upstream and downstream governments; (iii) as long as upstream government choose a non-commitment strategy, downstream government will be less willing to pay compensation fees. This study provides a valid approach that can be applied to develop a long-term effective mechanism for protecting river basin sustainability and improving the system of ecological compensation in the watersheds.

Did the Integrated Urban and Rural Resident Basic Medical Insurance Improve Benefit Equity in China?

The reform of merging 2 major health insurance schemes into Urban and Rural Resident Basic Medical Insurance (URRBMI) is recognized as a vital step to safeguard equal healthcare and benefit to each enrollee in China. Against this backdrop, this article aims to evaluate the impact of URRBMI integration on benefit and its contribution to benefit equity. The data of this study were derived from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study 2011 and 2015. A total of 11 383 individuals were included in the final sample. Coarsened exact matching with difference-in-difference approach was firstly adopted to investigate the treatment effects of URRBMI on benefits. Next, the decomposition of concentration index (CI) was conducted to explore the contribution of URRBMI to benefit equity. The coarsened exact matching with difference-in-difference results revealed that the consolidation of URRBMI has significantly improved outpatient benefit. The decomposition results showed that the contribution rates of URRBMI scheme to outpatient benefit rate (CI-0.0114), benefit probability (CI 0.0673), compensation fee (CI 0.0076), and reimbursement ratio (CI 0.0483) were 11.26%,-3.38%,-7.67%, and-0.81%, suggesting that this reform makes contribution to the propoor inequity in the outpatient benefit rate and relieves the prorich inequity in outpatient benefit probability and the degree of benefits. The findings of this study provide novel evidence of enhanced benefits and benefit equity for outpatient care with the integration of URRBMI. Further efforts should be made to the expansion of URRBMI coverage and the elimination of income disparities that affecting benefit equity.

НЕКОТОРЫЕ АСПЕКТЫ ПРАВОВОГО РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЯ ТОРГОВЛИ СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННОЙ ПРОДУКЦИЕЙ В ЕВРОПЕЙСКОМ СОЮЗЕ

This study is devoted to certain aspects of the general agricultural policy of the EU and considers some peculiarities of the legal regulation of agricultural trade in the European Union. The author examines the legal principles of regulation of the organization of agricultural markets, as well as analyzes the system of intervention prices and threshold prices. The main legal acts regulating agricultural trade in the European Union are the acts of primary EU law - the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. Besides that, a solid base of secondary legislation is applied, consisting of regulations and ordinances. The prospects of development of the organization of the agricultural market depend largely on certain economic indicators, such as production and consumption, exports and imports of both raw materials and finished products, the area of cultivated land, etc. At the same time, there are some factors that can significantly affect the legal aspects of agricultural trade in the EU: some of them are the system of mandatory compensations, new environmental standards, the system of subsidies for farmers, etc. Special attention is paid to the result of the agrarian sector reform: the system of lump-sum subsidies for farmers was introduced. The author separately examines the grain market within the EU, its characteristics and legal regulation. The author pays special attention to the price formation process and its legal basis. It is noted that due to the inability to protect the EU grain market from cheaper imported grain, the EU uses the compensation fee as a mechanism to equalize grain prices on the domestic market.

Analysis on Decision-Making Changes of Multilevel Governments and Influencing Factors in Watershed Ecological Compensation

Watershed ecological compensation has been widely accepted as a system to promote the cooperation of various stakeholders to solve the problem of transboundary water pollution, but the existing research does not fully consider the impact of compensation fee paid by different governments on stakeholders’ decision-making. Therefore, this paper constructs a tripartite game model between upstream governments, downstream governments, and the central government by using evolutionary game theory and determines the influence of different factors on the decision-making process of each player through simulation. The results show the following: (1) the initial probability significantly affects the decision-making behavior of each player; (2) daily supervision of the central government and the reduction of the environmental protection cost can promote the implementation of watershed ecological compensation; (3) the fine to downstream governments makes the decisions of the central government and downstream governments change periodically; and (4) the increase of ecological compensation fee urges downstream governments to choose noncompensation, and compensation fee paid by the central government has a critical value.

Settlement of Disputes Between Buyers of Moi Ulayat Land in Sorong District

Based on this perspective, the type of legal research is carried out through Empirical Legal Research. In fact, a lot is done in the life of the Moi Tribe. It’s carried out by buying and selling which is accompanied by a letter of land release with a compensation fee given as proof that the land has been released or transferred to the party in need. In other words, the four things above are done by buying and selling land, so it must be done in cash where the transfer of land rights by the land owner (the seller) is carried out together with the payment by another party (the buyer).

Water Supply-Demand and Transferring Compensation Fee

Reliable water availability has been termed “water security”, defined as “the availability of an acceptable quantity and quality of water for health, livelihoods, ecosystems and production, coupled with an acceptable level of water-related risks to people, environments and economies.” Water is a mostly important resource for Taiwan, an island surrounded with Taiwan Strait and the Pacific Ocean. Three main utilizations of water are for livelihood, agriculture, and industry. Three properties of water are quantity, quality, and water right. Three control factors are sufficient for quantity, stable for quality, and fair for distribution. In the seriously global climate change, the conjunction uses for surface water and groundwater will be the long-term strategy, while the compensation for transferring the water volumes from agriculture to industry is a short-term purpose. In this article, the water supply-demand of Taiwan from 2010 to 2019 will be discussed and the example of 2016, a significant period, are given. Here, the calculation of compensation fee for transferring the water volumes from agricultural purpose to industrial utilization is also presented.

Effect of price reduction on renewable energy technology supply chain performance and contract design

Over the past ten years, fossil fuel sources, particularly coal, dominate global electricity generation. With increasing concerns of large pollution emissions from coal-fired power plants and world-wide commitment to environmental change, clean and renewable energy has begun to surge. However, while the installation of renewable energy technology such as solar photovoltaic (PV) panels has risen globally, there has been a sharp reduction in the price of solar PV panels, which has created a challenge for manufacturers and retailers due to a rapidly changing market. This unique characteristic of renewable energy technology supply chains creates inefficiencies by incentivizing manufacturers and retailers to maintain stock levels that are too low prior to a price reduction. To address this challenge, this research models a renewable energy technology supply chain with one manufacturer and one retailer (who acts as an installer) that faces stochastic consumer demand. Applying inventory models with stochastic demand, this research aims to (1) demonstrate the negative impact of a price reduction on the supply chain by comparing to a model without a price reduction; (2) characterize the renewable energy technology manufacturer’s and retailer’s optimal stock and production policies with and without a compensation fee contract when a price reduction is present; (3) conduct sensitivity analysis by simulating supply chain performance with different parameter settings; and, (4) provide guidance on supply chain contract design to enhance the efficiency of a renewable energy technology supply chain.

Prospect theory in an evolutionary game: Construction of watershed ecological compensation system in Taihu Lake Basin

As an important system to solve cross regional water pollution, watershed ecological compensation has been widely used in the world. However, the existing studies mainly focus on the governments, while ignoring the important role of polluting enterprises in watershed ecological compensation. Thus, the established watershed ecological compensation mechanism is difficult to implement sustainably. Therefore, taking the local governments and polluting enterprises in the watershed as the research object, and studying the change process and influencing factors of their decision-making behavior is of great significance to attract polluting enterprises to join the watershed ecological compensation, and to formulate a sustainable watershed ecological compensation mechanism to solve the cross regional water pollution. Therefore, based on prospect theory and evolutionary game theory, this paper firstly establishes an evolutionary game model between local governments and polluting enterprises in Taihu Lake Basin; secondly, combined with simulation technology, their decision-making behaviors and influencing factors of watershed ecological compensation are studied. The results show that: (1) The initial probabilities will affect their decision-making behaviors; (2) The ecological compensation fee has little influence on the decision-making behaviors of polluting enterprises; (3) The increase of environmental tax rate has significant influence on the local governments’ decision-making behaviors with low initial probabilities; (4) The improvement of supervision ability can promote local governments and polluting enterprises to reach a stable state faster; (5) The marginal decreasing degree of value function has a stronger influence on local governments than on polluting enterprises. This paper can provide suggestions for local governments to build a sustainable watershed ecological compensation mechanism including polluting enterprises, and provide the scientific basis for decision-makers of polluting enterprises whether to join watershed ecological compensation. • The players will follow the prospect theory to make decisions in the short term, but the expectation theory in the long term. • Initial probabilities will affect decision-making behaviors of players. • Ecological compensation fee has little influence on polluting enterprises. • In the low probabilities, environmental tax rate has significant influence on the local government. • Marginal decreasing degree of value function has a stronger influence on local governments than on polluting enterprises.

The establishment of a cross-regional differentiated ecological compensation scheme based on the benefit areas and benefit levels of sand-stabilization ecosystem service

A scientific and reasonable ecological compensation scheme (ECS) is an important guarantee for promoting coordinated and equitable development between regions. The existing ECSs usually ignore the premise that the ECS can only be accepted by the stakeholders if there are a clear scope and benefit to the ecosystem services (ES). An ecological compensation scheme should be based on the transmission principle of ES so that a scientific and reasonable scheme can be proposed and accepted by the stakeholders. Based on the theory of ecosystem service flow, this paper analyzed the provision‒benefit mechanism of sand-stabilization ecosystem service (SSS) and selected Ordos City, Inner Mongolia, which is located in Northwest China, as the study area. A revised wind erosion equation (RWEQ) model was used to estimate the sand-stabilization amount of Ordos’s ecosystem in 2015, and a hybrid single-particle Lagrangian integrated trajectory (HYSPLIT) model was used to simulate the path of sand-stabilization ecosystem service flow (SSSF). Then, the benefit areas and levels of SSS were identified, and the spatial distribution of land cover, population, and gross domestic product (GDP) in the ecosystem services beneficiary area (SBA) was evaluated. Based on the identified benefit areas and benefit levels, and combined with the investment and income in the ecological construction of the Ordos, a cross‒regional differentiated ECS was proposed. The results show that the Ordos’s ecosystem played a huge role in sand-stabilization, which have brought huge ecological and economic benefits. In 2015, the sand-stabilization amount of Ordos’s ecosystem was about 7.20×108 tons. The area of SBA is1.66×106Km2, accounting for 17.21% of China’s total area, this mainly involves 16 provinces and cities, including Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, etc. The amount of dust‒fall (ADF) in the beneficiary area was reduced by 28,738.67 ×104 tons, and investment of 4318.51 ×108 RMB (Renminbi) in dust removal would be avoided. For the ECS, based on the principle of “equity, beneficiary compensation, more benefit and more compensation”, Ordos shall take care of the ecological compensation fee (ECF) of about 36.28% of the total. In 16 provinces and cities, Inner Mongolia costs 66,121.03 ×104 RMB, which is the most. The fees are payable by other SBAs decrease with distance. Hubei Province (Suizhou) pays the least in ecological compensation, at 7.5 ×104 RMB. Based on the theory of ecosystem service flow, this paper proposes a research framework of differentiated ECS of SSS, which can provide an accurate scientific basis for determining the SBA and cross-regional ECS of SSS in the future.

Research on bonus-penalty mechanism of pollution abatement: A case study of the northeastern region of China

As China’s environmental governance turn to a high-quality management, establishing reasonable and effective bonus-penalty mechanism is an effective means to promote coordinated emission reduction and improve regional air quality. Therefore, this paper constructs a bi-level programming model with bonus-penalty standards and emission quotas, based on the maximization of social benefits and the minimization of the gap between reward and punishment funds. Given the NP-hard problem of bi-level programming model, this work also designs a nested hierarchical particle swarm optimization (HPSO) algorithm for the above model. Subsequently, from the emission data of SO2 and macroeconomic data in the northeastern region of China from 2006 to 2015, the SO2 emission quota and bonus-penalty standards of each province are calculated. The results demonstrate that (1) the optimal emission quotas of Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning province are 37.7, 30.3 and 69.3 (10,000 tons), respectively. (2) When the compensation fee of pollutant abatement is set at 521.48 yuan/ton and the standard of excess discharge levy is 2977.43 yuan/ton, the effect of pollution control in each province can be effectively improved. The empirical analysis also reveals that the proposed model has a remarkable effect on regional environmental governance. Finally, this paper puts forward some suggestions on the implementation of the bonus-penalty mechanism.

An evolutionary game analysis of governments’ decision-making behaviors and factors influencing watershed ecological compensation in China

As a way to coordinate the interests of multi-government and solve the problem of transboundary water pollution, watershed ecological compensation system has been promoted in China. It is necessary to understand the influencing factors of watershed ecological compensation from the perspective of how interactions occur between different governments. This paper analyses the interaction among upstream governments, downstream governments and the central government in the Eastern Route of South-to-North Water Transfer Project, using evolutionary game theory. In particular, how ecological benefits are distributed between upstream and downstream governments is analyzed. Simultaneously, numerical simulation is used to analyze the effects of influencing factors on governments’ behaviors. The results show that: (1) the initial willingness of governments to corporate affect their final behaviors; (2) upstream and downstream governments cannot spontaneously cooperate to implement watershed ecological compensation system without supervision of the central government; (3) opportunity costs only have a significant impact on upstream governments; (4) punishment on downstream governments can effectively influence the behaviors of governments at all levels; (5) high ecological compensation fee improve downstream governments' willness not to pay; (6) upstream governments get about 78% of ecological benefits due to the implementation of watershed ecological compensation system.

Evaluating Family Planning Organizations Under China's Two-Child Policy in Shandong Province.

Background: The 2015 two-child policy was the most important institutional change in China’s family planning since the 1978 one-child policy. To implement the two-child policy, China merged the former health departments and family planning departments into the new Health and Family Planning Commission organization. We collected and analyzed funding and expenditure data, providing a novel approach to assessing the family planning outcomes under China’s two-child policy. The paper shows how the management structure and funding levels and streams shifted with the new two-child policy and assesses the new management structure in terms of the ability to carry out tasks under the new family planning policy. Methods: We collected data on the funding, structure of expenditure and social compensation fee in Shandong province from 2011 to 2016, to evaluate how resources were allocated to family planning before and after the organizational change. We also collected interview data from family planning administrators. Results: While total family planning government financing was reduced after the organizational change, expenditures were shifted away from management to family planning work. Funding (80%) was allocated to the grass-root county and township levels, where family planning services were provided. The overlapping work practices, bureaucracy, and inefficiencies were curbed and information flows were improved. Conclusions: The new Health and Family Planning Commissions shifted resources to carry out the new family planning policy. The aims of the two-child policy to reduce inefficiencies, overlapping authorities and excessive management were achieved and expenditures on family planning work was enhanced and made more efficient.

Review of a Demanding Agency’s Claim for Return of Design Compensation Fee to Bid Rigging Actors according to Request Procurement Contract

Review of a Demanding Agency’s Claim for Return of Design Compensation Fee to Bid Rigging Actors according to Request Procurement Contract