Compatible Set Research Articles

A new notion for functional flexibility: a summary

When we design a combinatorial logic circuit, Don't Cares (DCs) play an important role in many aspects. DCs are traditionally expressed by using incompletely specified functions. We explain how to express DCs by using Compatible Sets of Permissible Functions (CSPFs) as an example.

Compatible Information as a Natural Information Measure of a Quantum Channel

As a natural quantitative characteristic of mutual information contained in two compatible sets of quantum states considered as input and output, we introduce the Shannon amount of information corresponding to two independent general measurements of all possible quantum states of the input and output. We analyze the physical content of this information measure and its relation to other measures such as the Holevo information and coherent information. In an example of two two-level systems, the most important features of compatible information in the absence and presence of selection for measured states are revealed and discussed.

Single-step multiplex RT-PCR for simultaneous and colourimetric detection of six RNA viruses in olive trees

A single-step multiplex RT-PCR was developed for the simultaneous and colourimetric detection of six RNA viruses ( Cucumber mosaic virus, Cherry leaf roll virus, strawberry latent ringspot virus, Arabis mosaic virus, Olive latent-1 virus and Olive latent-2 virus) which infect olive trees. Six compatible primer set for one-step RT-PCR amplification in a single closed-tube and 3′ digoxigenin labelled probes were designed in optimal, specific and conserved regions. The method has been assessed with 195 Spanish field olive trees, suggesting that ∼1.5% of the tested material was infected by Cucumber mosaic virus and 0.5% by Cherry leaf roll virus. This method saves time and reagent costs compared with monospecific RT-PCR which needs several reactions for the same number of tests. Using colourimetric detection, it is possible to analyse many samples, it increases sensitivity 10-fold, and whilst facilitating the interpretation of results, it avoids the use of gels and the toxic ethidium bromide. The method could be used routinely for sanitary and certification programmes.

The BIRD Satellite Mission as a Milestone Toward GPS-based Autonomous Navigation

The paper describes the design and implementation of an on-board navigation system for the German BIRD microsatellite. BIRD is a technology and science satellite aiming at the autonomous detection and indentification of hot spots like forest fires or volcanic activities. The Onboard Navgation System (ONS) will provide the instantaneous nadir and along-track direction for Earth- fixed camera pointing as well as precise position values for real-time geocoding of the optical and infrared images and derived data. It employs a GEM-S 5 channel C/A code receiver which provides GPS position fixes with a typical accuracy of 100 m (Selective Availability on). Using an extended Kalman filter and a fidelity force model, a dynamical orbit determination and prediction is performed to povide smooth trajectory data with a nominal accuracy of 30 m during continous GPS data takes and an accuracy of better than 100 m for prediction arcs of up to 30 mins. The ONS is, furthermore, supplemented by a prototype software for the real-time estimation of SGP4 mean elements, which allows an on- board forecast of ground station contracts or eclipse times. In addition, NORAD compatible twolineelement sets can be created and downlinked to ground terminal for autonomous station operation.

A Cretaceous back-arc basin in the Coast Belt of the northern Canadian Cordillera: evidence from geochemical and neodymium isotope characteristics of the Kluane metamorphic assemblage, southwest Yukon

The Coast Belt of the northern Cordillera in Canada is the locus of the boundary between accreted and ancient North American margin rocks. The largest exposure of metasedimentary rocks in the Coast Belt is the Kluane metamorphic assemblage (KMA), a northwest-striking belt 160 km long of graphitic mica–quartz schist and gneiss with minor interfoliated olivine serpentinite. The KMA does not appear to correlate with other sedimentary or metamorphic rock assemblages in the Canadian Cordillera. To determine its tectonic setting and protolith provenance, we analyzed trace element, rare earth elements, and neodymium isotope compositions of the KMA, of the adjacent pericratonic Aishihik metamorphic suite (AMS) of the Yukon–Tanana terrane, and of adjacent slates of the Dezadeash Formation (DF), filling a Late Jurassic – Early Cretaceous flysch basin. The εNd(0) values of analyzed KMA samples range from –1.4 to –5.6 and depleted mantle model ages (TDM) range from 1.16 to 1.45 Ga. KMA samples are intermediate between more evolved AMS samples (average εNd(0) –25, TDM = 2.6 Ga) and more juvenile DF samples (εNd(0) = +1.9, TDM = 0.95 Ga). The intermediate characteristics of the KMA samples cannot be linked to a known source region and are interpreted to reflect homogeneous mixing from predominantly juvenile and minor evolved sedimentary sources. A compatible tectonic setting is a back-arc basin within influence of a continental source. Eastward subduction of the KMA beneath ancient North America collapsed the back-arc basin by latest Cretaceous time.

Care as a Goal of Democratic Education

In this article I present behavioural analyses of particular constructions of democracy and the ethic of care, in order to determine whether care is a democratic virtue. I analyse Carol Gilligan's concept of care as a complex of six virtues or behavioural dispositions: acquaintance, mindfulness, moral imagining, solidarity, tolerance and self-care. I then describe democracy in terms of two divergent but compatible sets of practices: social non-interference and social co-operation. These behavioural analyses lead me to conclude that certain behavioural habits that partially constitute a person's or a community's caring also partially constitute that person's or community's democracy. Specifically, the caring virtues of acquaintance, mindfulness, moral imagining and self-care also belong to the virtue of democratic co-operation, and the caring virtue of tolerance constitutes the democratic ideal of non-interference. However, solidarity of conscience and private purposes is not itself a democratic ideal, and to try to make it so would violate the democratic ideal of non-interference. Since most of the virtues of care I identified are also virtues of democracy, they are appropriate aims of public education. The enculturation of caring and democratic virtues requires that children practise the kind of inquiry in which these ideals are constructed.

Generating-function method for tensor products

This is the first of two articles devoted to a exposition of the generating-function method for computing fusion rules in affine Lie algebras. The present paper is entirely devoted to the study of the tensor-product (infinite-level) limit of fusions rules. We start by reviewing Sharp’s character method. An alternative approach to the construction of tensor-product generating functions is then presented which overcomes most of the technical difficulties associated with the character method. It is based on the reformulation of the problem of calculating tensor products in terms of the solution of a set of linear and homogeneous Diophantine equations whose elementary solutions represent “elementary couplings.” Grobner bases provide a tool for generating the complete set of relations between elementary couplings and, most importantly, as an algorithm for specifying a complete, compatible set of “forbidden couplings.”

Physical activity programs for underserved youth

Underserved youth face enormous barriers in their emotional, social, and intellectual development. One such barrier is the scarcity of developmentally oriented extended day programs. Recent research and professional opinion have stimulated a reconceptualization of the field of youth development as well as the identification of specific guidelines for extended day programs in underserved communities. The Urban Youth Leader Project (UYLP) in Chicago, which has now spread to several other universities, is a specific example of these developments in practice. UYLP sponsors 1) a number of youth programs in Chicago's most underserved communities, 2) service learning and professional preparation programs linked to the community youth programs for interested university students, and 3) applied research. The personal and social responsibility model provides the template for youth programs and for university interns and is the focus of the applied research. Several alternative structures have been created to provide more compatible settings for this work. Although such activities hold promise for incremental change, they do not address the more deeply rooted systemic causes of being underserved.

A computational model for defect prediction in shape castings based on the interaction of free surface flow, heat transfer, and solidification phenomena

High-integrity castings require sophisticated design and manufacturing procedures to ensure they are essentially macrodefect free. Unfortunately, an important class of such defects—macroporosity, misruns, and pipe shrinkage—are all functions of the interactions of free surface flow, heat transfer, and solidication in complex geometries. Because these defects arise as an interaction of the preceding continuum phenomena, genuinely predictive models of these defects must represent these interactions explicitly. This work describes an attempt to model the formation of macrodefects explicitly as a function of the interacting continuum phenomena in arbitrarily complex three-dimensional geometries. The computational approach exploits a compatible set of finite volume procedures extended to unstructured meshes. The implementation of the model is described together with its testing and a measure of validation. The model demonstrates the potential to predict reliably shrinkage macroporosity, misruns, and pipe shrinkage directly as a result of interactions among free-surface fluid flow, heat transfer, and solidification.

Load allocation in DMS with a fuzzy state estimator

This paper describes a load allocation model to be used in a distribution management system (DMS) environment. A process of rough allocation is initiated, based on information on actual measurements and on data about installed capacity and power and energy consumption at LV substations. This process generates a fuzzy load allocation, which is then corrected by a fuzzy state estimator procedure in order to generate a crisp power flow compatible set of load allocations, coherent with available real time measurements recorded in the SCADA.

SPFD: A new method to express functional flexibility

In this paper, we propose a unique way to express functional flexibility by using sets of pairs of functions called "Sets of Pairs of Functions to be Distinguished" (SPFDs) rather than traditional incompletely specified functions. This method was very naturally derived from a unique concept for distinguishing two logic functions, which we explain in detail in this paper. The flexibility represented by an SPFD assumes that the internal logic of a node in a circuit can be freely changed, SPFDs make good use of this assumption, and they can express larger flexibility than incompletely specified functions in some cases. Although the main subject of this paper is to explain the concept of SPFDs, we also present an efficient method for calculating the functional flexibilities by SPFDs because the concept becomes useful only if there is an efficient calculation method for it. Moreover, we present a method to use SPFDs for circuit transformation along with a proof of the correctness of the method, We further make a comparison between SPFDs and compatible sets of permissible functions (CSPFs), which express functional flexibility by incompletely specified functions. As an application of SPFDs, we show a method to optimize LUT (look-up table) networks and experimental results.

On rule pruning using fuzzy neural networks

Shann and Fu (SF) proposed a fuzzy neural network (FNN) for rule pruning in a fuzzy controller. In this paper we first analyze the FNN of SF and discuss some of its limitations. SF attempted to eliminate redundant rules interpreting some of the connection weights as certainty factors of rules. In their strategy the connection weights are unrestricted in sign and hence their interpretation as certainty factors introduces some inconsistencies into the scheme. We propose a modification of this FNN, which eliminates these inconsistencies. Moreover, we also propose a pruning scheme which, unlike the scheme of SF, always produces a compatible rule set. Superiority of the modified FNN is established using the inverted pendulum problem.

A framework for designing efficient value chain networks

Strategic interorganizational networks aid organizations in gaining competitive advantages and improving production efficiencies. Network organizations, virtual corporations, and value-adding partnerships are envisioned by many experts as the epitome of interorganizational networks for the 21st century. These multi-organizational structures are viewed as a solution for rapid introduction of products while maintaining high quality and minimal costs. One common key issue in designing these new forms of organizations is the partner selection process. The business processes, owned by organizational partners, must be efficient both individually and as a collective group. This paper proposes a two-phase quantitative framework to aid the decision making process in effectively selecting an efficient and a compatible set of partners. Phase 1 identifies efficient candidates for each type of business process (e.g. design, manufacturing, distribution, etc.) utilizing data envelopment analysis. Phase 2 involves the execution of an integer goal programming model to determine the best portfolio of efficient partners based on a number of compatibility objectives. Model application and insights are evident through an illustrative example.

Contact mechanics in multibody systems

Many applications of multibody dynamics to real-world systems require the modeling of contact mechanics. In order to simulate the contact in a multibody system it is necessary to determine the contact points and to model the contact forces. Contact points may be calculated analytically or numerically. Contact forces are modelled as applied forces and unilateral constraints. A new description is presented which comprises all possibilities of constrained and not constrained motion in one set of equations. The corresponding contact forces can be activated and deactivated easily. The procedure yields an advantage in finding a compatible set of constraints and applied forces after a contact event, resulting in a discontinuity. The contact events are indicated by switching functions. It is necessary to formulate the constraints on position, velocity, acceleration and velocity variation level. The first two choices are needed for the time-integration. The third option is required to calculate the discontinuities in the accelerations in the case of a transition from sliding to stiction and vice versa. The constraints on velocity variation level are used to calculate the discontinuities in the velocities caused by an impact. The structure-variant modeling of contact is implemented in the multibody program SIMPACK. The application is illustrated by the examples of a docking manoeuvre of spacecrafts and the gripping with a robot hand. For both examples a comparison is made between the structure-variant modeling and the usually used elastic contact approach.

A new algorithm for exact reduction of incompletely specified finite state machines

We propose a new algorithm for the problem of state reduction in incompletely specified finite state machines. Unlike the most commonly used algorithms for this problem, our approach is not based on the enumeration of compatible sets, and, therefore, its performance is not dependent on its number. Instead, the algorithm uses techniques for finite state machine identification that are well known in the computer science literature, but have never been applied to this problem. We prove that the algorithm is exact and present results that show that, in a set of hard problems, it is much more efficient than both the explicit and implicit approaches based on the enumeration of compatible sets. We also present a complexity analysis for the special cases where worst case polynomial time bounds can be obtained and present experiments that validate empirically the bounds obtained.

Library cataloguing and abstracting and indexing services: reconciliation of principles in the online environment?

With the ever‐increasing developments in information technology and networks, end users of the online environment now have integrated access to a variety of bibliographic databases, mainly library catalogues and A&I services, from a single terminal. While such a facility influences users’ expectations and preferences in the searching, retrieval and presentation of bibliographic information, it raises an important question as to whether different bibliographic practices can use a similar or compatible set of principles for creating bibliographic records and files. This paper is an attempt to identify areas of possible reconciliation and also address some of the implications of such an issue.

On the simplest (2+1) dimensional integrable spin systems and their equivalent nonlinear Schrödinger equations

Using a moving space curve formalism, geometrical as well as gauge equivalence between a (2+1) dimensional spin equation (M-I equation) and the (2+1) dimensional nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE) originally discovered by Calogero, discussed then by Zakharov and recently rederived by Strachan, have been estabilished. A compatible set of three linear equations are obtained and integrals of motion are discussed. Through stereographic projection, the M-I equation has been bilinearized and different types of solutions such as line and curved solitons, breaking solitons, induced dromions, and domain wall type solutions are presented. Breaking soliton solutions of (2+1) dimensional NLSE have also been reported. Generalizations of the above spin equation are discussed.

Contact Mechanics in Multibody Systems

Contact forces are modeled as applied and constraint forces, the latter resulting from unilateral constraints. This modeling of a contact is called structure-variant. A description is presented which comprises all of the possibilities of constrained and unconstrained motion due to contact in one single set of equations. The corresponding contact forces can be activated and deactivated easily. The procedure yields an advantage in finding a compatible set of constraints and applied forces after a contact event, resulting in a discontinuity. It is necessary to formulate the constraint equations on a position, velocity, acceleration and velocity increment level. The first two choices are needed for time-integration. The third option is required to calculate the discontinuities in the accelerations, in case of a transition from sliding to stiction and vice versa. The constraint equations on velocity increment level are used to calculate the discontinuities in the velocities caused by an impact. The structure-variant modeling of contact is implemented in the multibody program SIMPACK using the procedures which are already available. Its applicability is illustrated by a simulation of a docking manoeuvre of spacecrafts and the analysis of the gripping with a robot hand. For both of the examples a comparison is made between the structure-variant modeling and an elastic contact approach applied frequently.

Verdier Duality for Systems of Coefficients over Simplicial Sets

AbstractLet X. be a simplicial set. A cohomological system of coefficients F. on X. with values in an abelian category A is given by an object F σ ∈ A for every σ ∈ X. and by a compatible set of morphisms Fα*σ → Fσ for every map of ordered sets α : m → n, m, n = 0, … and σ ∈ Xn. We denote by SH(X.) the category of cohomological systems F. of coefficients on X, such that the maps Fα * σ → Fσ, are isomorphisms if α is surjective. This category is equivalent to a certain subcategory of the category of sheaves SH(X) on the geometric realization X = ∣X.∣ of the simplicial set X.The present paper gives a construction of a duality theory for SH(X.) which is analogue to the topological Verdier duality for SH(X). It consists of a construction of a right adjoint to the cohomology with compact support functor and a resulting duality theory given by a dualizing complex. These constructions are much more explicit than in the topological case. We compare the simplicial and topological constructions via the embedding SH(X.) → SH(X). In particular, we get an explicit description of the dualizing sheaf complex for topological spaces X = ∣X∣.

Choosing Biot parameters for modeling water-saturated sand

The work of Chotiros [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 97, 199–214 (1995)] has stimulated renewed interest in detecting the Biot type II (slow) P wave for the purpose of ocean bottom characterization. Chotiros postulates that total internal reflection of the type I (fast) P wave can occur at a water–sediment interface and that the observed refracted energy below the critical angle is associated with the type II (slow) P wave. The choice of parameters used in the Biot theory to model these observations is discussed. Two major differences between the parameter set proposed by Chotiros and previous parameter sets for sandy sediments exist. First, the value for the unjacketed bulk modulus, Kr, is about five times less than the bulk modulus for quartz crystals, which is commonly used. This value is obtained by equating it to a value of effective grain modulus measured by Molis and Chotiros [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 91, 2483(A) (1992)]. Second, the value for the frame bulk modulus, Kb, obtained by fitting to measured values of the type I (fast) P wave speed, is from 50 to 100 times larger than in the previous models. The larger value for the frame bulk modulus is in part a consequence of the smaller value of the unjacketed bulk modulus. Within the constraints imposed by the Biot theory, subject to the assumption of an effective homogeneous solid, the proposed values of unjacketed bulk modulus and frame bulk modulus are incompatible. It is shown here that it is not possible to predict Chotiros’ observed large phase speed of the type II P wave by assuming an equivalent homogeneous solid. However, it is possible to choose a compatible set of parameters for the Biot theory so as to fit the velocity observations once the assumption of an equivalent homogeneous solid is relaxed.