Compatible Ones Research Articles

Measurement Uncertainty Relations for Position and Momentum: Relative Entropy Formulation

Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle has recently led to general measurement uncertainty relations for quantum systems: incompatible observables can be measured jointly or in sequence only with some unavoidable approximation, which can be quantified in various ways. The relative entropy is the natural theoretical quantifier of the information loss when a `true’ probability distribution is replaced by an approximating one. In this paper, we provide a lower bound for the amount of information that is lost by replacing the distributions of the sharp position and momentum observables, as they could be obtained with two separate experiments, by the marginals of any smeared joint measurement. The bound is obtained by introducing an entropic error function, and optimizing it over a suitable class of covariant approximate joint measurements. We fully exploit two cases of target observables: (1) n-dimensional position and momentum vectors; (2) two components of position and momentum along different directions. In (1), we connect the quantum bound to the dimension n; in (2), going from parallel to orthogonal directions, we show the transition from highly incompatible observables to compatible ones. For simplicity, we develop the theory only for Gaussian states and measurements.

Graft compatibility-incompatibility in fruit crops: Mechanism and determination techniques

Commercial fruit trees are usually formed by the combination of a rootstock and a scion to broaden the adaptability of scion cultivars to soil and climatic conditions, facilitate agricultural management, and/or increase productivity. In general, closely related cultivars and species tend to be compatible, but taxonomically distant plants often manifest incompatibility. The physiological, metabolic and molecular mechanisms that cause incompatibility remain unclear and several hypotheses have been proposed to explain it, mostly based on herbaceous species. We sum up different reasons that may have an influence on graft success: inherent system of cellular incompatibility, formation of plasmodesmata, vascular tissue connections, and the presence of growth regulators and peroxidases. Understanding the spatial organization of the graft interface is important to the evaluation of new rootstock genotypes and to the development of new grafting technologies. An early and accurate prediction of graft incompatibility has great importance because incompatible combinations could be avoided while compatible ones could be selected. The complexity of incompatibility and the mechanism behind the reactions have been investigated in several ways. More research is needed to fully understand the mechanism of graft incompatibility, particularly in woody plants. This knowledge is essential to develop molecular markers useful in rootstock breeding programmes.

Graft compatibility of Vitis spp.: the role of phenolic acids and flavanols

The role of phenolic compounds in graft compatibility has been widely studied in various fruit species. However, little information is available for Vitis spp. This work aims at investigating the differences in phenolic acid and flavanol content in various scion/rootstock systems and understanding if they can be used as chemical markers of graft compatibility, using combinations of the Syrah cultivar (clones FR 470 and FR 383) with two rootstocks (110R and SO4). For this purpose, extracts of grafting tissues collected above graft union, at the graft union and below graft union from each combination at crucial stages of the grafting cycle (callusing, rooting and end of cycle) were prepared and analysed by HPLC. The results obtained revealed that the contents in gallic, ferulic and sinapic acids are closely related to the level of compatibility of the studied grafting combinations. The less compatible combinations (Syrah383/110R and Syrah383/SO4) exhibit higher content of gallic acid and lower contents of ferulic and sinapic acids than the more compatible ones (Syrah470/110R and Syrah470/SO4). In addition, these phenolic acids accumulated in the graft union and in the adjacent sections as a response to grafting. A significant difference in their levels was detected between the above and below graft union sections, especially at the rooting stage. Therefore, they can be seen as chemical markers to be used in an early detection of graft compatibility, preferably performed at the rooting stage and targeting the sections above and below the graft union.

An intuitionistic fuzzy approach to S-approximation spaces

In this paper, we will investigate the concept of intuitionistic fuzzy S-approximation spaces. This concept can be employed to manage the uncertainty in the intuitionistic fuzzy problems which are not expressible in terms of intuitionis- tic fuzzy inclusion relations. Also, we have studied these structures from a three-way decisions approach. The monotone intuitionistic fuzzy S-approximation spaces capture some interesting properties which are discussed as well as complement compatible ones.

Complementarity vs. compatibility: what really matters for partner selection in open innovation?

Open innovation (OI) is one of attractive concepts in innovation management literature. Many firms have been investing their resources and efforts into activities and development programs along with the OI concept to improve their innovation performance. The fundamental of OI concept relies on making the best usage of innovation through either integrating external complementary resources with internal ones or commercialising unused internal technologies to the market or both. Hence, the value creation and value capture in OI involve partnering firms with the perfect blend of complement traits and compatible ones. Given multiple choices of alliances in a technology market, managers are however vulnerable to a risk of selecting inappropriate partners especially external ones. The consequences possibly lead to unsmooth coordinations and failures in the OI activities and projects. Drawing on OI literature, this article presents the understanding of complementarity and compatibility dimensions and discusses the roles of managers in determining the appropriateness of external partners.

Interacting Transcriptomes Revealing Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Xa39 Mediated Broad Spectrum Resistance of Rice to Bacterial Blight.

Interaction between rice (Oryza sativa L.) and its bacterial blight (BB) pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) is the model system between monocot plants and their bacterial pathogens. To understand the genome-wide interactions between Xoo and rice resulting from a broad-spectrum hypersensitive reaction (BSHR) mediated by a new rice resistance (R) gene, Xa39, comparative dynamic transcriptomic profiles in the incompatible and compatible interactions were investigated using three related rice lines and a highly virulent Xoo isolate, PXO99. Large numbers of rice and Xoo differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in comparisons between the incompatible interactions and compatible ones, suggesting the gene network consisted of 27 genes in four groups of distinct functions involving leading to BSHR of rice in the sequential events from the avrXa39 × Xa39 interaction → signal recognition and transduction → protein modification → programmed cell death. Correspondingly, several groups of Xoo genes expressed or upregulated specifically in the incompatible interaction were those for type III secretion system (T3SS) and type III secretion effectors (T3SEs). Combined evidence suggests LOC_Os11g37759, one of a two-member CC-NBS-LRR gene family on rice chromosome 11, as the most likely candidate for Xa39 in rice and two genes, XopN and XopX involved in T3SS of Xoo, as the most likely candidate genes for the corresponding avrXa39 in Xoo. Our transcriptome data and identified rice and Xoo DEGs provided a valuable source of information for future investigations on the Xoo-rice interactions.

Incompatible Kidney Transplantation Risk and Its Relationship to CMS Regulation: A Multi-Center Study.

Single-center reports suggest incompatible live donor kidney transplant (ILDKT) outcomes are worse than compatible transplants. However, while almost 100 U.S. centers report performing ILDKT, outcomes studies are limited to a handful of the largest volume, most experienced centers. Furthermore, CMS holds ILDKT outcomes to the same standard as compatible ones, potentially penalizing centers performing ILDKT. We amassed 22 centers' DSA data—(+)Luminex (-)flow (PLNF, n=185), (+) flow (-)cytotoxic (PFNC, n=536), and (+)cytotoxic crossmatch (PCC, n=304). We tested associations of DSA, graft loss, and death compared to 9,669 non-ILDKTs.Figure: No Caption available.PLNF had similar graft loss and mortality. PFNC (adjusted HR=1.6, 95%CI:1.1-2.2, P<.01) and PCC (aHR=5.0, 95%CI:3.7-6.8, P<.001) were associated with increased graft loss in the first year.Table: No Caption available.PFNC (aHR=2.0;95%CI: 1.3-3.3; P<.01) and PCC (aHR=4.6; 95%CI:3.0-7.1; P<.001) were associated with increased mortality. We simulated CMS flagging to examine ILDKT's effect on it. Compared to equal-quality centers performing no ILDKT, centers doing 5, 10, or 20% PFNC or PCC had a 1.2, 1.3, and 1.7-fold and 2.2, 4.1, and 10.7-fold higher odds of flagging, respectively. Failure to account for ILDKT places centers offering this life-saving treatment at high risk of regulatory action.

Steel bracing configurations for seismic retrofitting of a reinforced concrete frame

Steel bracings are among the most common and potentially effective technical solutions for enhancing the seismic safety of existing reinforced concrete structures. Nevertheless, several issues dealing with both analysis and design of steel bracings for retrofitting reinforced conrete frames remain unresolved. This paper presents a study inspired by a practical retrofitting project of a reinforced concrete frame with concentric X-bracings. Specifically, it proposes a discussion about the consequences and implications of assuming three different configurations for the steel diagonals, chosen from among the architecturally compatible ones. A detailed description of the as-built reinforced concrete frame is first presented, along with key information about the procedure followed to design the bracing diagonals. Then, after having outlined the numerical models employed to simulate the mechanical response of both concrete and steel members, the results of a series of non-linear time-history analyses are reported and discussed with the aim of highlighting the key advantages and disadvantages of adopting the three alternative bracing configurations. In this regard, particularly critical aspects, such as the actions transferred to foundations, the stresses achieved in beam-to-columns joints and the distribution of forces throughout the existing reinforced concrete members, are considered to compare the performance of the three alternative bracing patterns.

Decision support for preference elicitation in multi-attribute electronic procurement auctions through an agent-based intermediary

Multi-attribute auctions have become increasingly popular in enterprise procurement. In the auctions, the elicitation of the preference of an auctioneer concerning multiple attributes is a central task in determining the winner(s). Considering the difficulty of explicit elicitation, a preference elicitation framework is proposed to assist the auctioneer in inferring his/her underlying preference model(s). The auctioneer is expected to provide the information of attribute weights, the holistic preference relations concerning a set of reference bids and the comparison information of intensities of preferences between some pairs of bids on all attributes and/or a particular attribute. Based on this information, a linear programming model is constructed to infer the preference model(s) of the auctioneer so that the estimations are as consistent as possible with the given preference statements. Furthermore, a method is also given to select a representative preference model from the set of compatible ones. The framework is implemented by an intelligent buyer agent called e-buyer which has five main components, i.e., a semantic analyzer, a preference elicitation module, a bid evaluation module, a model base, and a database. The e-buyer is embedded into an auction intermediary, and the proposed preference elicitation models are stored in the model base. Several graphical user interfaces are also presented to visualize the future trading intermediaries. Finally, a numerical example is given to illustrate the framework and show the effectiveness of the preference elicitation models.

Lime render layers: An overview of their properties

Abstract Lime renders are of great importance not only to enhance the appearance of the buildings, but also to protect and preserve old masonries. They constitute a specialized system, composed of several layers, in which each of them depends on the others and carries out some specific functions in order to assure a suitable performance of the whole. Knowledge of the traditional materials and techniques, as well as the know-how , is one of the key points in the maintenance and conservation of lime renders and, by extension, of our Heritage. However, the promotion of the use of cement and the industrialization process, which in the case of Spain took place about the 1960's, caused lime mortars to fall into disuse. In this article, classical treatises as well as the state-of-the-art researches were analysed to compile the properties of lime render layers, on the whole. The knowledge of these characteristics is essential to maintain and repair the existing renders as well as to formulate new compatible ones, while assuring their durability and appropriate performance. Lime is the selected binder for these recommendations because it was widely used as drawn from the literature.

Simultaneous RNA-Seq Analysis of a Mixed Transcriptome of Rice and Blast Fungus Interaction

A filamentous fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae, is a causal agent of rice blast disease, which is one of the most serious diseases affecting cultivated rice, Oryza sativa. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying both rice defense and fungal attack are not yet fully understood. Extensive past studies have characterized many infection-responsive genes in the pathogen and host plant, separately. To understand the plant-pathogen interaction comprehensively, it is valuable to monitor the gene expression profiles of both interacting organisms simultaneously in the same infected plant tissue. Although the host-pathogen interaction during the initial infection stage is important for the establishment of infection, the detection of fungal gene expression in infected leaves at the stage has been difficult because very few numbers of fungal cells are present. Using the emerging RNA-Seq technique, which has a wide dynamic range for expression analyses, we analyzed the mixed transcriptome of rice and blast fungus in infected leaves at 24 hours post-inoculation, which is the point when the primary infection hyphae penetrate leaf epidermal cells. We demonstrated that our method detected the gene expression of both the host plant and pathogen simultaneously in the same infected leaf blades in natural infection conditions without any artificial treatments. The upregulation of 240 fungal transcripts encoding putative secreted proteins was observed, suggesting that these candidates of fungal effector genes may play important roles in initial infection processes. The upregulation of transcripts encoding glycosyl hydrolases, cutinases and LysM domain-containing proteins were observed in the blast fungus, whereas pathogenesis-related and phytoalexin biosynthetic genes were upregulated in rice. Furthermore, more drastic changes in expression were observed in the incompatible interactions compared with the compatible ones in both rice and blast fungus at this stage. Our mixed transcriptome analysis is useful for the simultaneous elucidation of the tactics of host plant defense and pathogen attack.

Likelihood Approach for Detecting Imprinting and In Utero Maternal Effects Using General Pedigrees from Prospective Family‐Based Association Studies

Genetic imprinting and in utero maternal effects are causes of parent-of-origin effect but they are confounded with each other. Tests attempting to detect only one of these effects would have a severely inflated type I error rate if the assumption of the absence of the other effect is violated. Some existing methods avoid the potential confounding by modeling imprinting and in utero maternal effect simultaneously. However, these methods are not amendable to extended families, which are commonly recruited in family-based studies. In this article, we propose a likelihood approach for detecting imprinting and maternal effects (LIME) using general pedigrees from prospective family-based association studies. LIME formulates the probability of familial genotypes without the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium assumption by introducing a novel concept called conditional mating type between marry-in founders and their nonfounder spouses. Further, a logit link is used to model the penetrance. To deal with the issue of incomplete pedigree genotypic data, LIME imputes the unobserved genotypes implicitly by considering all compatible ones conditional on the observed genotypes. We carried out a simulation study to evaluate the relative power and type I error of LIME and two existing methods. The results show that the use of extended pedigree data, even with incomplete information, can achieve much greater power than using nuclear families for detecting imprinting and in utero maternal effects without leading to inflated type I error rates.

Assembly simulation incorporating component mobility modelling based on functional surfaces

Assembly/disassembly (A/D) simulations are important to improve designs and efficiency of product development processes. In order to get efficient simulation processes it is important to simulate all the possible relative movements between the components in a mechanical system (assembly). This is important both in the context of interactive simulation and in the context of immersive/real time simulations. If some categories of movements are missing, simulations can loose key configurations, hence they may be no longer meaningful. This paper deals with a theoretical framework for developing of a kinematical model able to represent all the valid relative movements of a reference component with respect to its surrounding ones, which form a family of trajectories. It is based on the analysis of the three basic movements: translation, rotation and helical movements. In order to determine the compatibility between different families of trajectories, a bi-quaternion is associated to each contact area between the different components. All possible trajectories for each component are analyzed, for the three basic type of movements, in order to find the compatible ones, which leads to the specification of an operator. Thus, the results of all the possible associations are determined and a general combination operator is proposed and its properties are demonstrated. This operator can form, in a real time simulation environment, the basis for determining at each moment, the valid movements between components, thus reducing the complexity of collision detection algorithms.

Selection of a representative value function in robust multiple criteria sorting

We introduce the concept of a representative value function in robust ordinal regression applied to multiple criteria sorting problems. The proposed approach can be seen as an extension of UTADISGMS, a new multiple criteria sorting method that aims at assigning actions to p pre-defined and ordered classes. The preference information supplied by the decision maker (DM) is composed of desired assignments of some reference actions to one or several contiguous classes—they are called assignment examples. The robust ordinal regression builds a set of general additive value functions compatible with the assignment examples and results in two assignments: necessary and possible. The necessary assignment specifies the range of classes to which the action can be assigned considering all compatible value functions simultaneously. The possible assignment specifies, in turn, the range of classes to which the action can be assigned considering any compatible value function individually. In this paper, we propose a way of selecting a representative value function among the set of compatible ones. We identify a few targets which build on results of the robust ordinal regression and could be attained by a representative value function. They concern enhancement of differences between possible assignments of two actions. In this way, the selected function highlights the most stable part of the robust sorting, and can be perceived as representative in the sense of robustness preoccupation. We envisage two possible uses of the representative value function in decision support systems. The first one is an explicit exhibition of the function along with the results of the UTADISGMS method, in order to help the DM to understand the robust sorting. The other is an autonomous use, in order to supply the DM with sorting obtained by an example-based procedure driven by the chosen function. Three case studies illustrating the use of a representative value function in real-world decision problems are presented. One of those studies is devoted to the comparison of the introduced concept of representativeness with alternative procedures for determining a single value function, which we adapted to sorting problems, because they were originally proposed for ranking problems.

Roles of the actin cytoskeleton and an actin-binding protein in wheat resistance against Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici

Elucidating resistance mechanisms of plant cells against pathogens is essential to develop novel strategies of disease control. The actin cytoskeleton was found intimately involved in plant defense. In order to reveal how actin would be involved in the interaction between wheat and the stripe rust Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, prior to fungal inoculation, wheat leaves were treated with cytochalasin A, an inhibitor of actin polymerization. Our results showed reduced incidence of hypersensitive cell death and delayed accumulation of H(2)O(2) in wheat leaves treated with cytochalasin A compared to the control. We also found that the TaPRO profilin gene exhibited significantly different expression levels in host leaves when comparing compatible and incompatible interactions. Real-time PCR analysis revealed that the expression transcript of TaPRO was lower at each time point in incompatible interactions when compared to compatible ones, and the largest difference between the two interactions occurred at 12 h post-inoculation. Both pharmacological and gene expression results collectively support the notion that the compromise of the actin microfilament is linked to the compatible interaction between the stripe rust fungus and the leaves of its wheat host.

Automatic Determination of Compatibility in Evolving Services

A major advantage of Service-Oriented Architectures (SOA) is composition and coordination of loosely coupled services. Because the development lifecycles of services and clients are de-coupled, multiple service versions must be maintained to support older clients. Typically versions are managed within the SOA by updating service descriptions using conventions on version numbers and namespaces. In all cases, the compatibility among services descriptions must be evaluated, which can be hard, error-prone and costly if performed manually, particularly for complex descriptions. In this paper, the authors describe a method to automatically determine when two service descriptions are backward compatible. The authors describe a case study to illustrate version compatibility information in a SOA environment and present initial performance overheads. By automatically exploring compatibility information, a) service developers can assess the impact of proposed changes; b) proper versioning requirements can be put in client implementations guaranteeing that incompatibilities will not occur during run-time; and c) messages exchanged in the SOA can be validated to ensure that only expected messages or compatible ones are exchanged.

Low‐Loss Microwave Dielectrics in the (Mg1−xZnx)2TiO4 Ceramics

The microwave dielectric properties and the microstructures of (Mg1−xZnx)2TiO4 ceramics prepared by the conventional solid‐state route were investigated. Lattice parameters were also measured for samples with different x. As x increased from 0 to 0.05, the Q×f of the specimen can be promoted from 150 000 GHz to a maximum 275 300 GHz. It also showed a remarkable lowering in the sintering temperature (∼100°C). Ilmenite‐structured (Mg0.95Zn0.05)TiO3 was detected as a second phase. The coexistence of the second phase, however, is not harmful to the dielectric properties of the specimen because it possesses compatible ones. A fine combination of microwave dielectric properties (ɛr∼15.48, Q×f∼275 300 GHz, τf∼−34 ppm/°C) was obtained for (Mg0.95Zn0.05)2TiO4 specimen sintered at 1330°C for 4 h. It is proposed as a very promising dielectric material for low‐loss microwave and millimeter wave applications.

Fast responders have blinders on: ERP correlates of response inhibition in competition

Recent studies have demonstrated that individuals acting in a social context form shared representations, resulting in incorporating another person's action plan into their own. The present study investigated the extent to which shared representations are formed in a competitive task. Specifically, it was tested whether in competition the process of response inhibition is affected by explicit knowledge of another's task. Event-related potential (ERP) correlates of response inhibition were measured while pairs of participants competed with each other on a speeded go/no-go task. Participants were instructed to always try to respond faster than their direct competitor. No-go stimuli requiring an inhibitory response of the other person as well (compatible action) or no-go stimuli to which the other person should respond (incompatible action) were directly compared. Behavioral performance measures and response inhibition, as reflected in the no-go P3, were decreased on incompatible actions compared to compatible ones. Interestingly, both the behavioral and the ERP effects were caused by the slow responding and thus unsuccessful competitors. These findings indicate that shared representations are formed in competitive tasks, but differently for successful and unsuccessful competitors. Only the slow responders are impeded by incompatible actions. The present study therefore demonstrates that the formation of shared representations is not a fully automatic process. People can differ in the extent to which they incorporate the other's action plan into their own and this may be closely related to successful performance in competitive action.

Differential expression of defence-related genes between compatible and partially compatible sunflower– Phoma macdonaldii interactions

A population of 120 sunflower mutant lines (M6), developed by seed irradiation with γ-rays, and their original line (‘AS-613’) was evaluated with an aggressive French isolate of Phoma macdonaldii (‘MP6’). Four mutant lines as well as the original line were chosen and their reactions evaluated against seven P. macdonaldii isolates. Contrast interactions in the response of the original line ‘AS613’ and its mutant line ‘M6-54-1’ versus two Phoma black stem isolates ‘MA6’and ‘MP8’ were observed. The mutant line also showed partial resistance to the ‘MP10’ isolate. These six line/isolate combinations were used to assess the profile of 12 genes potentially associated with the partial resistance of sunflower to P. macdonaldii using quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Five genes out of 12 showing changes in gene expression less than 2.0-fold were excluded from statistical analysis. The expression of three out of seven genes was found to be up-regulated by infection. Genes encoding for phenylalanine ammonia-lyase 2 (PAL2) and a thaumatin-like protein, showed significant differences in expression between partially compatible and compatible interactions of the original line and its mutant challenged by ‘MP8’ and ‘MA6’ isolates, so that the degree of induction was higher in the partially compatible interaction than in the compatible ones. No significant difference in gene expression level of the above-mentioned genes was observed between the original line and its mutant contaminated by the ‘MP10’ isolate. The expression of four out of seven genes was down-regulated in both lines across three isolates. A straightforward correlation between expression levels of genes encoding for the HD-Zip transcription factor and protein phosphatase and disease symptoms was observed in the original line and its mutant challenged by the ‘MA6’ isolate so that the degree of repression was higher in the partially compatible interaction than in the compatible ones. This suggests an active inhibition of host genes upon pathogen infection.

Possible contribution of blast spores to the oxidative burst in the infection droplet on rice leaf

The infection-induced overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in resistant plants is usually ascribed to the host. Here we tested the possible contribution of the parasite, the rice blast fungus to ROS production. Droplets of spore suspensions or water were kept on rice leaves or on a plastic. After one day, superoxide radical and hydrogen peroxide were chemically assayed in drop diffusates. Similar measurements were done on diffusates of rice calli submerged in spore suspension or water. Negligible amounts of ROS were found in diffusates of plant tissues treated with water. In contrast, diffusates from tissues treated with spore suspensions had appreciable levels of ROS, usually higher in incompatible combinations than in compatible ones. However, diffusates of spores incubated on plastic produced ROS to an extent comparable to those of infected tissues. In diffusates of spores, O 2 − was found after their germination, and H 2 O 2 was found after appressorium formation. Various fungal strains dif...