Compassion Scale Research Articles

The Effect of Self Compassion on Forgiveness in Wives Who Experience Domestic Violence

Domestic violence is rampant among married couples. Various types of domestic violence can have psychological impacts such as anxiety, fear, and depression. Forgiveness is one of the methods for victims of violence to prevent psychological disorders. Self-compassion provides kindness and helps with emotion regulation so that it helps the forgiveness process. The method used is quantitative with regression analysis to determine the effect of self-compassion on forgiveness in wives who experience domestic violence. The sample of this study was wives who were victims of domestic violence as many as 90 women. Forgiveness is measured by The Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivation Inventory (TRIM-18) scale (McCullough, 2003) and self-compassion is measured by The Self Compassion Scale (SCS) scale (Neff, 2003). Both scales have gone through validity and reliability tests. The results showed that there was no effect of self-compassion on forgiveness in wives who experienced domestic violence.

Special needs teachers in emergency remote teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic: the role of personal resources and teaching motivation on burnout

BackgroundThis cross-sectional study explores the connections between burnout, personal resources, and teaching motivation among Italian special needs teachers (SNTs) one year following the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. It specifically seeks to determine if and how personal resources and teaching motivation can help SNTs by buffering the effects of burnout symptoms.MethodsThe study was conducted using a sample of 837 full-time, in-service kindergarten and primary teachers at public schools in Italy. Data were collected through self-report questionnaires, including the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory, the Santa Clara Brief Compassion Scale, the Crèche Educators Emotional Style Questionnaire, and the Autonomous Motivations for Teaching Scale. A multiple regression model was performed to assess the predictive role of personal resources and teaching motivation on the burnout of special needs teachers.ResultsThe findings indicate that higher levels of autonomous motivation are associated with reduced burnout, specifically among special education teachers. Conversely, higher levels of negative emotion regulation strategies were linked to increased burnout, and this relationship was stronger in mainstream teachers than in special education teachers. We found no significant association between teachers’ compassion and burnout.ConclusionsOur research supports the need for educational policymakers and school leaders to focus on personal resources and work-related well-being to enhance and support teachers, in particular during emergencies (e.g., the COVID-19 pandemic) and for specific groups of teachers, such as SNTs.

The Light vs. Dark Triad and compassion for others: The mediating role of inner harmony among teachers

Aim of the studyChildcare can be categorized as a form of compassionate work, and compassion plays a crucial role in fostering positive relationships between teachers and children. This study aimed at understanding the nature of relationships between the Light and Dark Triads and compassion for others within a mediational context of inner harmony among teachers.Subject or material and methodsThe study was conducted on a group of 261 teachers (87% women and 13% men) working in primary schools (62%), secondary schools (25%), preschools (12%), and universities (1%). Participants completed printed or online questionnaires. The measures consisted of the Light Triad Scale, the Dark Triad Scale, the Compassion Scale for Others, and the Inner Harmony Scale.ResultsThe study confirmed all the four hypotheses. The most significant finding revealed that inner harmony mediated the relationship between all the dimensions of both the Light and Dark Triads with compassion for others. The research also demonstrated direct associations between the dimensions of the Light and Dark Triads with compassion for others and inner harmony.DiscussionHigher levels of the Light Triad are related to increased motivation to establish stable and cooperative interpersonal connections. In addition, inner harmony turns out to be a key aspect of happiness, while experiencing positive emotions by an individual leads to more satisfying, empathy-based, and compassionate relationships with others.ConclusionsThe study indicated that compassion for others is a crucial attribute, particularly in the role of a teacher, which justifies the need for further development of research and concepts within this research group.

Extracurricular Activities Involvement and Compassion towards Enhanced Student Participation in Extracurricular Activities for Holistic Education

Extracurricular Activities Involvement refers to a student’s participation in extracurricular activities (ECA), while compassion pertains to the acknowledgment of someone’s suffering. This research assessed the participants’ compassion level and ECA involvement and evaluated the variables’ degree of correlation using a correlational method under a quantitative research design. It was distributed through a combination of systematic and stratified sampling methods on 240 Senior High School students of First City Providential College through a survey questionnaire to measure their ECA involvement and compassion level. The survey was done using published and pre-made validated questionnaires from the Extracurricular Activity Involvement (EAI) Scale and Compassion Scale (CS). The findings found that students can examine and think critically about their behaviors by actively participating in ECAs as common humanity garnered the highest frequency. Meanwhile, not being involved in ECAs was the highest frequency which suggests that some students refuse to participate in ECAs because they believe it might interfere with their studies. The Chi-square test was also utilized for statistical analysis of data and indicated that ECA involvement has a significant role in improving the students’ compassion as it creates more impact on the motivation of students than in most academic classrooms. Lastly, it is recommended to conduct an enhanced student participation program in various extracurricular activities among Senior High School students which will reach a minimum involvement along with an expected development of compassion and holistic education.

When compassion, aka karuna, enters the Indian psychotherapy space: A mixed‐method case‐series study of compassion‐focused therapy in depression

AbstractBackgroundCompassion‐focused therapy (CFT) is transdiagnostic. It primarily targets shame and self‐criticism in persons with depression. While there have been studies in the West to explore the beneficial effects of CFT, there is a need to unpack how CFT functions in the East.MethodThis study aimed to explore the utility and process of CFT in North‐East India. The authors tailored a 12‐session CFT module based on the suggestions of three local mental health professionals. A mixed‐method design was employed. Five mental health service users in a tertiary mental healthcare hospital diagnosed with depression based on ICD‐10 criteria were recruited in the study. For quantitative measurements, the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), Others as Shamer Scale (OAS), Fears of Compassion Scales (FOC), The Forms of Self‐Criticizing and Reassuring Scale (FSCRS) and Compassionate Engagement and Action Scales (CEAS) were administered. Three time point assessments were taken, that is, baseline, post‐intervention and 1‐month follow‐up. To understand the process of CFT, qualitative narrative analysis was undertaken on session notes, memos and reflective journals focusing on the nature of compassion, blocks of compassion, sense of shame and self‐criticality.ResultsQuantitative findings indicated improvement of depressive symptoms and changes in sense of shame, fear of compassion, self‐criticality, self‐reassuring tendencies and compassionate engagements and actions. The qualitative findings shed light on the process of CFT.ConclusionThe authors discussed the findings anchoring the existing theories of CFT and relevant studies. The findings support the preliminary evidence of the utility of CFT in persons with depression.

Enhancing Nurse Well-Being: The Role of Self-Compassion in Flourishing

This study explores the relationship between self-compassion and flourishing among nursing staff at RSUD Salatiga. Utilizing a quantitative correlational design, data were collected from 131 nurses through purposive sampling and analyzed using Pearson's Product Moment Correlation. The self-compassion and flourishing variables were measured using the Self Compassion Scale Short Form (SCS-SF) and PERMA profiler, respectively. Results indicated a significant positive correlation (r = 0.266, p = 0.002), with self-compassion contributing 7.1% to the variance in flourishing. Descriptive statistics revealed that 33.6% of participants had high self-compassion, and 62.6% had very high flourishing. Most participants were women (80.2%) and adults aged 20-40 years (56.5%), groups typically associated with higher flourishing levels. The findings underscore the importance of self-compassion in enhancing nurses' well-being, supporting previous research on its role in emotional regulation, stress reduction, and overall mental health. Despite administrative challenges, this study offers valuable insights into promoting self-compassion to improve the quality of patient care in healthcare settings.

Care Burden and Compassion in Caregivers of Stroke Survivors

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the factors related to care burden and compassion levels of caregivers of family members who had a stroke and the relationship between the two variables. Methods: The study was designed as a descriptive, cross-sectional, and correlational one. The sample included 280 stroke survivors and family caregivers. The data were collected using a Family Caregiver Information Form, the Stroke Survivors Information Form, the Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI), the Compassion Scale (CS), and the Modified Barthel Index (MBI). Results: In the study, it was determined that the compassion scores (3.71±0.85), and caregiving burden scores (34.30±17.42) of the family caregivers of stroke survivors were moderate. There was a negative, strong and significant relationship between caregiving burden and compassion (p

Validation of the compassionate engagement and action scales, compassion scale, and Sussex-Oxford compassion scales in a French-Canadian sample.

Compassion towards oneself and towards others has been associated with positive psychological outcomes, however, research is limited by the availability of valid psychometric measures, particularly in languages other than English. The current study translated (English to French) and validated the following measures: the Compassionate Engagement and Action Scales (CEAS), assessing self-compassion (CEAS-SC), compassion to others (CEAS-TO), and compassion from others (CEAS-FROM); the Compassion Scale (CS); and the Sussex-Oxford Compassion Scales for Self (SOCS-S) and Others (SOCS-O). French-speaking participants were recruited online (N = 384) and completed the translated measures as well as questionnaires assessing self-compassion, depression, anxiety, stress, insecure attachment, mindfulness, and well-being. Confirmatory Factor Analysis supports the original factor structures proposed for the CEAS-FROM (two-factor hierarchical), CS (four-factor hierarchical), SOCS-S and SOCS-O (five-factor hierarchical), with alternate factor structures proposed for CEAS-SC (three-factor) and CEAS-TO (two-factor). Results showed good internal consistency and convergent validity for all scales, supporting the use of total scores for the translated measures.

Does fear of compassion effect nurses' caring behaviours? a cross-sectional study.

Aims: The aim of this study is to determine the levels of nurses' fear of compassion for others, fear of compassion from others, and fear of self-compassion and to examine the effect of fear of compassion on caring behaviors. Design: A cross-sectional, quantitative design was used. Participants and research context: The study was conducted between October 2022 and April 2023 with 304 nurses working in two public hospitals. Data collection tools were the "Fears of Compassion Scales" and the "Caring Behaviors Inventory." Data were analyzed using a t test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation analysis, and stepwise multiple regression model. Ethical considerations: Ethics committee approval of the research was obtained from the non-invasive ethics committee of Kütahya Health Sciences University (Reference No: 25.05.2022/2022/06-19). The principles of the Declaration of Helsinki were followed in the study. The purpose of the research was explained to all participants, and their verbal/written informed consent was obtained. Results: The mean scores of nurses on fear of compassion for others and from others were at a moderate level, and their scores on fear of self-compassion were close to a moderate level. It was found that the level of nurses' fear of compassion was related to their sociodemographic and professional variables. Fear of self-compassion, fear of compassion for others, and fear of compassion from others explained 33.5% of the total variance in caring behaviors. Conclusions: Nurses' caring behaviors were shown to be more associated with fear of self-compassion than fear of compassion for others. Fear of compassion may be one of the barriers to compassionate care. Interventions that will reduce nurses' fear of compassion may be one way to provide compassionate care. It is recommended to conduct awareness studies on self-compassion and accepting compassion from others in nurses.

대학생의 내면화된 수치심이 외로움에 미치는 영향

Objectives The purposes of this study were to examine the mediated effect and pathway of self-criticism and the fear of compassion in the relationship of internalized shame on loneliness of university students. Methods To this end, 340 university students and graduate students aged 18 to 30 years old completed self-re-ported questionnaires consisting of Internalized Shame Scale(ISS), Self-Critical Cognition Scale(SCCS), The Korean version of the Fear of Compassion Scales, The UCLA Loneliness Scale Version 3. Based on the collected data, descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and double mediation effects were analyzed using SPSS 23.0 and PROCESS Macro ver 3.5 program. Results First, there are positive correlations among internalized shame, loneliness, self-criticism and the fear of compassion. Second, the direct path for loneliness from internalized shame, self-criticism and the fear of com-passion from others was significant. but, the direct path for loneliness from fear of compassion for self was not significant. Third, in the pathway in which internalized shame affects loneliness, the sequential partial dual media-tion pathway of the fear of compassion from others and self-criticism was confirmed. Conclusions Finally, based on these results, the implications and limitations of this study and suggestions for the further research were discussed.

Attitudes Toward Organ Donation and Sense of Compassion in Nursing Students

This descriptive type of study was conducted on students studying in the nursing department to determine the relationship between their attitudes toward organ donation and their sense of compassion. Data were collected for students’ sociodemographic characteristics, the Organ Donation Attitude Scale (ODAS), and the compassion scale. The mean age of the participants was 20.40 ± 1.87, 79.7% were female, and 92.8% stated that the kidney could be donated. A very weak negative relationship was found between ODAS positive attitude and negative attitude scores. Between ODAS positive attitudes and the subscales of the compassion scale, it was determined that there was a significant positive correlation with kindness, a weak negative correlation with indifference, a weak positive correlation with common humanity, a weak negative correlation with separation, a weak positive correlation with mindfulness, and a weak negative correlation with disengagement. Nursing students’ organ donation attitudes are affected by compassion.

IJCM_324A: Self-Compassion and its Association with Resilience among Senior Nursing Students in Rural Area of Singur, West Bengal

Background: Self-compassion involves showing kindness to oneself during times of suffering. In nursing, students face diverse challenges; resilience helps them to serve compassionate care for the community & to themselves. Objectives: To measure the self-compassion and resilience among final year ANM nursing students and to find the association between these two and with other stress factors. Methodology: An Institution-based observational study with Mixed Method study (QUAN + qual) design, was conducted from July to December 2023 among final year ANM students of a selected college in rural area of Singur, West Bengal, comprising a Cross-sectional quantitative part and qualitative part conducted through key informant interviews with relevant stakeholders until data saturation is achieved. 190 students participated via census method. Self- compassion and resilience were measured using Neff’s and Connor Davidson’s scales. Quantitative data were analyzed with SPSS 16, while qualitative analysis is ongoing. Ethical approval was obtained from AIIH&PH, Kolkata’s Institutional Ethics Committee. Results: The median age of participants was 22 with IQR of (22, 25), 42.8% students belong to middle class according to modified BG Prasad scale, 66.3% students were unmarried. According to the mean score of Neff’s self- compassion scale 27.8% students showed low levels of self-compassion while 43.7% scored moderate self-compassion level. The mean score of resilience was 21.5, where 55.06% students scored less then mean resilience score which shows low resilience among students. We found strong positive correlation between Self compassion and resilience (Spearmann’s rho = 0.738, p = 0.000). Conclusion: In demanding professions like nursing, self-compassion and resilience are vital. Embracing self-compassion addresses self-doubt, while resilience facilitates navigating challenges independently, fostering self- healing.

Starting well to stay well - randomised controlled trial of Whitu, an app for improving the well-being of university students

IntroductionUniversity students often face challenges to their well-being and up to a third develop mental health problems. Given high rates of smartphone use among this group, app-based digital mental health interventions may play a role in preventing these problems. Previously demonstrated to improve well-being and mental health outcomes in young people aged 16-25, ‘Whitu: seven ways in seven days’ is a well-being app based on positive psychology, cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) and psychoeducation principles.ObjectivesThis randomised controlled trial was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy, usability and acceptability of Whitu with first year university students.Methods Ninety first year university students were recruited via a social media advertising campaign to take part in a prospective randomised controlled trial of Whitu against a standard university self-help website, with 45 participants in each arm. Primary outcomes were changes in well-being on the World Health Organisation 5-item well-being index (WHO-5) and short Warwick-Edinburgh mental well-being escale (SWEMWBS). Secondary outcomes were changes in depression on the Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), anxiety on the Generalised Anxiety Disorder seven item scale (GAD-7), self-compassion on the Self Compassion Scale- Short Form (SCS-SF), stress on the 10-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), sleep on the single-item Sleep Quality Scale (SQS), and self-reported acceptability of the app. Outcomes were evaluated at baseline, four weeks (primary study endpoint) and three months.Results At 4 weeks, participants in the intervention group experienced significantly higher mental well-being and significantly lower depression compared to controls. Emotional well-being among the Whitu group was greater in the intervention group at 3 months. Other outcomes did not differ between groups. User feedback was positive, with 88% of those who provided feedback saying they would recommend the app to a friend.ConclusionsOur findings provide preliminary evidence that Whitu is an acceptable and more effective, scalable and multi-modal means of improving some aspects of well-being and mental health among university students than direction to a self-help website.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Psychometric properties of the World Health Organization WHOQOL-AGE Scale in Singapore

WHOQOL-AGE is a promising quality of life (QOL) tool that has not been fully validated in Asia. The present study aimed to verify its factor structure and psychometric properties among community-dwelling older adults in Singapore. This study was cross-sectional and used data (N = 593) from the Community Health and Intergenerational study that interviewed older adults between 2018 and 2021. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to examine the factor structure of the WHOQOL-AGE, and Cronbach’s alpha coefficients were employed to examine internal consistency. Spearman’s rho correlations coefficients between WHOQOL-AGE and other related scales (Satisfaction with Life and the Friendship) examined convergent validity. A Pearson’s correlation coefficient between WHOQOL-AGE and compassion scale examined discriminant validity. An independent t test was used to demonstrate known-groups validity, examining differences in QOL scores between individuals with and without chronic medical conditions. Findings supported a bifactor model with more satisfactory goodness-of-fit indices than the original two-factor model and the two-correlated factor model. WHOQOL-AGE showed adequate internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha coefficients > .70). Good convergent validity was demonstrated by moderate-to-large correlations between WHOQOL-AGE and satisfaction with life (rs = .54) as well as social connectedness (rs = .33). Discriminant validity was shown by low correlations between WHOQOL-AGE and compassion (r = .19). Findings also indicated good known-groups validity (p < 0.01). The WHOQOL-AGE showed promising psychometric properties using an Asian convenience sample and can be useful in large-scale studies or busy clinical settings.

PENGARUH SELF COMPASSION DAN SELF IMAGE TERHADAP IDE BUNUH DIRI PADA MAHASISWA DI KOTA SEMARANG

Suicide is one of the causes of death in the world. According to WHO, the number of deaths due to suicide is about 800,000 people each year, or about 1 person every 40 seconds. Indonesia ranks fourth from countries in ASIA with suicides. Suicide is prevalent among teenagers. In this case, it can be said that college students are also classified into late adolescence to go into early adulthood. Adolescence is the most important period for personality development and integration. The importance of Self Compassion and Self Image influences the emergence of Suicidal Ideation. The population in this study is students in Semarang City. Sample using Purposive Sampling. This type of research is quantitative research, which uses 3 scales, namely the Self Compassion scale, the Self Image scale and the Suicide Ideation scale. Data analysis techniques using SPSS. The results showed that the value of F Value calculated = 85.726 &gt; Ftable = 8.562, this means that Self Compassion (X1) simultaneously affects Suicide Ideation (Y). F value count = 126.646 &gt; Ftable = 8.562, This means that Self Image (X2) simultaneously affects Suicide Ideation (Y).&#x0D; Keywords: Self Compassion, Self Image, Suicide Ideation, Student&#x0D;

Cultivating compassion in medicine: a toolkit for medical students to improve self-kindness and enhance clinical care

BackgroundCompassionate care lies at the foundation of good patient care and is a quality that patients and providers continue to value in the fast-paced setting of contemporary medicine. Compassion is often discussed superficially in medical school curricula, but the practical aspect of learning this skill is often not taught using a formal framework. In the present work, the authors present an 8-session curriculum with a mindfulness-based approach to compassion that addresses this need. It is hypothesized that students in this curriculum will improve in their levels of compassion based on validated scales.MethodsThe curriculum was delivered to fourth-year medical students at Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University who had just completed their clerkship year. It was developed as a customizable set of modules that could be delivered in various ways. The students were taught with evidence-based cognitive exercises followed by group discussions and written reflections based on compassion-focused thematic questions. All students completed a pre- and post-Self-Compassion Scale, Compassion Scale, and Toronto Mindfulness Scale. Students in this course were compared with students in different courses about non-clinical topics delivered at the same time. Wilcoxon Signed Rank tests and Mann Whitney U tests were used to assess potential associations between pre- and post-survey responses for the validated scales and subscales.Results17 fourth-year medical students completed pre- and post-course tests, 11 participated in the compassion curriculum while 6 participated from the other courses. Before any of the courses began, all students performed similarly on the pre-test across all scales. The students in the compassion curriculum demonstrated a significant increase in their total Self-Compassion score by 8.7 [95% CI 4.3 to 13.2] points (p = 0.008), total Compassion score by 6.0 [95% CI 1.4 to 10.6] points (p = 0.012), and the curiosity component of the Toronto Mindfulness Scale by 4.4 [95% CI 1.0 to 7.7] points (p = 0.012). There was no statistically significant difference between pre- and post-tests among the non-compassion curriculum students in the aforementioned scales (p = 0.461, p = 0.144, p = 0.785, respectively).ConclusionsOur results indicate that the students in our course developed an enhanced ability to engage in self-compassion, to understand the shared human experience, and to be motivated to act to alleviate suffering. Regardless of a program’s existing compassion education, this customizable model allows for easy integration into a medical student’s crowded curriculum. Furthermore, although teaching compassion early and often in a clinician’s training is desirable, our study that targeted fourth-year medical students suggests an additional benefit of rekindling the loss of compassion well described in a medical student’s clinical years.

Psychometric Properties of the Swedish Version of the Compassion Scale

ObjectivesAn increased interest in the phenomenon and process of compassion, in both clinical and non-clinical psychological research, has been seen in recent decades. In these contexts, compassion is frequently understood as a felt response to the suffering of others that involves caring and seeing the universal nature of human suffering, as well as an authentic desire to ease the distress. Based on the above, the purpose of the study was to validate a Swedish translation of the Compassion Scale.MethodThe manuscript reports on the analyses of the factor structure, reliability, and convergent and discriminant validity of the developed scale using data from two samples (n = 1712 and n = 353) of Swedish adults, using confirmatory factor analysis and correlation analyses.ResultsThe results show that the translated scale had the same factor structure as the original scale, with four distinct but related factors relating to the aspects of “Kindness”, “Common humanity”, “Mindfulness”, and “Indifference”. In addition, the results indicate that the developed measure provided reliable scores, both for the entire scale and for the different subscales. In addition, the performed analyses indicate that the Swedish version of the Compassion Scale generally showed the expected relationship to related measures of personality and individual differences in empathic responding. Finally, the results supported the predictions that women would generally score higher than men on the Compassion Scale, and that compassion would have negative correlations with both age and average monthly income.ConclusionsIn conclusion, the performed studies provide support for the adequacy of the psychometric properties of the Swedish version of the Compassion Scale, as well as for its congruent and discriminative validity.

My Colleague and I: Contribution of Coworker Support and Self-compassion to Stress Among Health Workers During Health Crises

The devastating Covid-19 pandemic forced health workers to adapt quickly to uncertain circumstances, increasing moral burden, excessive workload, and limited rest time. Many adversities in the hospital setting may increase stress levels due to prolonged and uncertain pandemics. Coworker support and self-compassion are two protective factors that may help health workers to manage stress during the pandemic. This study examined the contribution of coworker support and self-compassion to stress among health workers during the pandemic. A quantitative correlational study using simple random sampling to select samples from a list of referral hospitals for Covid-19 in the Malang area. One hundred seventeen health workers from six randomly selected referral hospitals for Covid-19 completed three instruments: the stress subscale of Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale 21 (DASS-21), Coworker Support Scale, and Self- Compassion Scale (SWD) adapted to the Indonesian population. The linear regression showed that only self-compassion predicted stress levels among health workers. In contrast, coworker support and self-compassion did not contribute simultaneously to the stress levels of health workers during the pandemic. Therefore, maintaining self-compassion is vital to coping with stress while providing adequate health care during health crises.&#x0D; Keywords: coworker support, health worker, self-compassion, stress

The Role of Body Compassion in the Risk of Eating Disorders: Mediational Effects of Body Appreciation and Body Shame.

Body compassion is a protective factor in the field of eating disorders (ED) that has been associated with higher body appreciation and lower body shame. However, more studies are needed in order to disentangle the protective role of compassion in regard to the risk of ED. The study&rsquo;s aims were to (1) analyze the psychometric properties of the Spanish adaptation of the Body Compassion Scale (BCS) and (2) determine whether body appreciation and body shame were mediators in the relationship between body compassion and the risk of ED. 288 women (range: 18-40 years old; M = 24.65 &plusmn; 5.02) from the general Spanish population completed online questionnaires. The Spanish adaptation of the BCS was reliable and valid. Results of a serial and parallel mediation model confirmed the protective role of body compassion and body appreciation on body shame and the risk of ED, accounting for 68.88% of the variance. Findings indicate that women who present higher body compassion tend to show higher body appreciation, which in turn leads to lower internal body shame and lower risk of ED. These results support the need to develop a positive and compassionate relationship with one&rsquo;s body, in order to prevent ED.

Challenging the Nuances of Pain Assessment With Co-designed Audio-Visual Simulations in Nursing Education: A Descriptive Study

BackgroundAppropriate management of pain remains a challenging issue. Surfacing nurses’ inherent assumptions about pain may lead to better pain management. This study developed and evaluated new audio-visual (AV) simulations for nursing students showcasing patient characteristics that may influence pain assessment. MethodsDescriptive pre/post intervention study informed by the STROBE framework. Participants were drawn from two Australian universities. Three AV simulations were codesigned by clinicians, educators, and health consumers. Data included: demographics, previous experiences of pain assessment; compassion scale, feasibility, and relevance of AV simulations. Quantile regression and content analyses were applied. ResultsFull data sets of 491 participants (314 from Curtin University and 177 from Queensland University of Technology) were analyzed. Cohorts were equivalent except for age, country of birth, and stage within the program of study. Participants found the AV simulations easy to understand, relevant to practice, and beneficial in prompting reflection on patients’ responses to pain and nurses’ critical thinking. Compassion scores increased significantly following the intervention. ConclusionsAV simulations triggered participants’ reflection on factors that can influence pain assessment and were considered valuable learning experiences.