Cardinal Directions Research Articles

Parallel remote state preparation for fully device-independent verifiable blind quantum computation

We introduce a device-independent two-prover scheme in which a classical verifier can use a simple untrusted quantum measurement device (the client device) to securely delegate a quantum computation to an untrusted quantum server. To do this, we construct a parallel self-testing protocol to perform device-independent remote state preparation of n qubits and compose this with the unconditionally secure universal verifiable blind quantum computation (VBQC) scheme of Fitzsimons and Kashefi []. Our self-test achieves a multitude of desirable properties for the application we consider, giving rise to practical and fully device-independent VBQC. It certifies parallel measurements of all cardinal and intercardinal directions in the XY plane as well as the computational basis, uses few input questions (of size logarithmic in n for the client and a constant number communicated to the server) and requires only single-qubit measurements to be performed by the client device. Published by the American Physical Society 2025

Impact of Eastern Redcedar (Juniperus virginiana L.) Canopy Diameter and Stand Canopy Cover on Aboveground Biomass and Composition in the Northern Great Plains Mixed-Grass Prairie

Eastern redcedar (ERC) (Juniperus virginiana L.) trees are invading prairies throughout the Great Plains. This encroachment poses a threat to native plant communities in terms of their production, regeneration, and diversity. The objectives of this study were to determine how ERC canopies impact herbaceous biomass production and composition. Square quadrats (0.25 m2) were placed in four cardinal directions underneath canopies of ERC trees ranging from 0.1–10 m in diameter and at grassland control locations. We collected herbaceous foliar cover by species and biomass estimates underneath 326 ERC trees and at 240 grassland control locations among two sites totaling 1381 samples overall. We found herbaceous biomass production underneath ERC canopies decreased exponentially with increasing ERC canopy diameter with 63–97% reduction under trees with canopies larger than 2 m. Also, biomass decreased linearly with increasing ERC stand canopy cover (%) at nearly a 1:1 ratio. Mean foliar cover for all species, Floristic Quality Index, species richness, and native species richness decreased as individual ERC canopy diameter increased. Results indicate that ERC encroachment is not only reducing herbaceous biomass production, but it is also altering the composition of plant communities. This highlights the importance of ERC control on grasslands and provides landowners with data that can be applied to their individual operation. To maintain or restore native grasslands, we suggest the removal of ERC through prescribed fire and/or mechanical removal every 5–10 years. Following these management strategies should maintain a healthy grassland system.

Comparative Analysis of Cosmetic and Functional Outcomes in Corneal Tattooing (Keratopigmentation) versus Ocular Prosthesis.

This study compares the cosmetic and functional outcomes of corneal tattooing/keratopigmentation and ocular prostheses in rehabilitating disfigured eyes, focusing on esthetic appearance and emotional well-being. Ninety-two patients were included: 48 received corneal tattooing, and 44 were fitted with ocular prostheses. Anophthalmic surgery was indicated for trauma, painful blind eye, endophthalmitis, tumor, and corneal ulcer, while corneal tattooing was performed for trauma, corneal ulcer, and endophthalmitis. Comprehensive ophthalmic examinations, a seven-item satisfaction questionnaire, and assessments of ocular movement in four directions and postoperative complications (e.g., infection, enophthalmos, fornix loss, and eyelid disorders) were conducted. Patients who underwent ocular cosmetic rehabilitation reported high satisfaction, with corneal tattooing yielding higher satisfaction rates across all measures (P<0.001). Patients with corneal tattooing exhibited significantly better ocular movement in all four cardinal directions (P<0.001 for temporal, nasal, superior, and inferior). The prosthesis group experienced more postoperative complications, including ocular surface disorders and structural anomalies. Corneal tattooing and ocular prostheses both provide viable options for rehabilitating disfigured eyes. Corneal tattooing offers advantages in ocular movement, fewer complications, and higher patient satisfaction, while ocular prostheses are more suitable for addressing phthisis bulbi, tumors, and ocular pain.

APPLICATION OF DELIGHTING TO OPTIMIZE WINDOW-TO-WALL RATIO (WWR) IN BUILDINGS IN INDIAN CLIMATIC CONDITIONS

This research focuses on the energy performance of buildings with glass windows to allow daylight in three different locations in India. The utilization of glass in modern commercial buildings is rapidly increasing for aesthetic views and daylighting through the glazing. Much research has been conducted on WWR and daylight integration into the building through window glazing. In this study, the window area is distributed to different cardinal directions and the result is compared with the reference building in the study location. Focus has been given to optimizing WWR for different window combinations. Energy consumption in eleven different window combinations and five different WWRs were studied. The result shows the reduction of total energy consumption of buildings with different window combinations as a result of the integration of daylight. Window combinations for higher WWR and the optimum value of WWR in all window combinations are determined.

Akurasi Arah Kiblat Kuburan Umum Songgen Desa Wanasaba Kabupaten Lombok Timur

This research discusses two main points of discussion, namely the methods used by the community in Wanasaba Village in determining the Qibla direction of the Songgen public cemetery and the level of accuracy of the Qibla direction of the Songgen public cemetery in Wanasaba Village. The type of research used is field research with a qualitative descriptive approach. Data collection was obtained through direct observation in the field by carrying out measurements and structured interviews with resource persons. The results of this research show that the method used to determine the Qibla direction of the Songgen Public Cemetery is an estimation method by looking at the cardinal directions. The level of accuracy of the Songgen Public Cemetery after measurements were carried out using the Istiwa,aini method, it was found that the results ranged from 13° to 37°.

Serial Dependence in Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements of Preadolescent Children and Adults.

Serial dependence refers to the attraction of current perceptual responses toward previously seen stimuli. Despite extensive research on serial dependence, fundamental questions, such as how serial dependence changes with development, whether it affects the perception of sensory input, and what qualifies as serial dependence, remain unresolved. The current study aims to address these questions. We tested 81 children (8-9 years) and 77 adults (18-30 years) with an ocular tracking task in which participants used their eyes to track a target moving in a specific direction on each trial. This task examined both the open-loop (pursuit initiation) and closed-loop (steady-state tracking) smooth pursuit eye movements. We found an attractive bias in pursuit direction toward previously seen target motion direction during pursuit initiation but not sustained pursuit in both children and adults. Such a bias displayed both feature- and temporal-tuning characteristics of serial dependence, showed oblique-cardinal directional anisotropy, and was more pronounced in children than adults. The greater effect of serial dependence around oblique than cardinal directions and its increased magnitude in children compared to adults can be explained by the larger variability in pursuit direction around oblique directions and in children, as predicted by the Bayesian framework. Serial dependence in smooth pursuit occurs early during pursuit initiation when the response is driven by the perception of sensory input. Age-related changes in serial dependence reflect the fine-tuning of general brain functions, enhancing precision in tracking a moving target and thus reducing serial dependence effects.

UV Solar Energy and Erythemal Exposure: Mathematical Models to Assess the Dose on Vertical and Inclined Planes in Different Sky Conditions

Ultra violet (UV) solar energy can cause several negative effects to the skin and eyes in case of overexposure. To protect people from erythemal damage, personal erythemal exposure must be carefully assessed when outdoor activities are carried out. The direct measure with scientific instruments is impracticable to common people, and indirect methods assess the exposure only on the horizontal plane: this work developed a mathematical model to assess erythemal exposure to all the body districts. UVA irradiance and erythemal irradiance were measured on several inclined planes, oriented to the four cardinal directions, in seven environments with multiple sky conditions. The UV erythemal (UVE) ratio between erythemal irradiance on an inclined plane (Iery°) and UVA irradiance on a horizontal plane (IUVAh) was calculated. The results indicate that the UVE = Iery°/IUVAh is variable across the day and depends on the plane orientation, its degree of inclination, and sky conditions. Mathematical models to calculate erythemal exposure in clear, intermediate and overcast sky conditions on planes with different inclinations and orientations were derived from the daily trends of the UVE = Iery°/IUVAh. The application procedure of the mathematical model to the vertical plane oriented to the south is provided as an example.

Using trees to monitor airborne Cr pollution: Effects of compass direction and woody species on Cr uptake during phytoremediation

Among the heavy metals (HMs) whose concentrations in natural environments have risen considerably in the last era, chromium (Cr) is one of the most toxic. Because of the risks it poses to human and environmental health, it is of great importance to screen the variation in Cr contamination in the atmosphere and decrease the pollution. This study aimed to determine the proper tree species that can be used to monitor and reduce Cr contamination. For this aim, studies were conducted on Tilia tomentosa, Robinia pseudoacacia, Cedrus atlantica, Pseudotsuga menziesii, and Fraxinus excelsior species growing in Düzce, which is among the 5 most contaminated European towns according to the World Air Pollution report. Samples taken from these trees were examined, and changes in Cr concentration depending on species, organs, compass direction, and age range in the last 60 years were evaluated. Results indicated higher Cr pollution in recent years, consistent with higher traffic density, but that there was no consistent effect of compass direction. It was also determined that the tree species most appropriate for screening the variation in Cr contamination in the airborne were Tilia tomentosa, and the most appropriate species for decreasing pollution were Robinia pseudoacacia and Cedrus atlantica.

Humans underestimate the movement range of their own hands

Motor planning and motor imagery are assumed to use veridical internal representations of the biomechanical properties of our limbs. Here, we report that people underestimate their hands’ range of motion. We used two tasks probing representations of own motion range, estimation and imagery, in which participants were supposed to judge their rotational hand movement ranges. In both tasks participants’ judgments were underestimated in three out of four cardinal directions. We suggest that this representational bias provides an optimal balance between movement efficiency and safety in face of the inherently stochastic nature of movement execution.

Comparative Temporal Infrared Thermography of Arboricultural Materials for Sun‐Induced Trunk Injury Prevention in Broad‐Leaved Woody Plants

ABSTRACTUsing an infrared (IR) thermal camera, we evaluated the efficacy of six arboricultural materials for preventing sunscald and frost crack. The trunks of adult Yoshino cherry (Prunus × yedoensis) and Japanese zelkova (Zelkova serrata) were treated with (i–iii) three paint types (white water paint [P–W], white latex paint [P–L], and quicklime [P–Q]), (iv and v) two band wrap types [brown tree wrap (B–B) and white tree wrap (B–W)], and (vi) a wound paste: thiophanate‐methyl paste (TP) in the shape of a band 10 cm thick. Outdoor IR thermographs were captured four times a day at 3 h intervals (09:00 a.m., 12:00 p.m., 03:00 p.m. and 06:00 p.m.) over four consecutive days in late October 2019. Bark temperatures recorded for P–W, P–L, P–Q and B–W treatments were consistently lower than those for untreated trunks. The mean temperature difference between B–W and untreated bark (up to 4.57°C) remained pronounced between 09:00 a.m. and 06:00 p.m. for both tree species each day. Conversely, no significant differences in bark temperatures were observed under B–B and TP treatments compared with untreated bark (p = 0.01). Elevated bark temperature was observed on the south side compared with the other three cardinal directions; however, temperatures were similar in all directions at 06:00 p.m. These findings suggest that white tree wrapping may provide a viable approach to prevent sun‐induced trunk injuries, leveraging the light reflectivity of the white colour and thermal insulation properties of the wrapping material.

Orientational Features of School Buildings in Iran by Cardinal Directions in Terms of Their Energy Efficiency

This article examines the orientation of school buildings in Iran from an energy efficiency perspective. It analyzes traditional approaches to building orientation in Iran, considering their impact on energy consumption, and provides examples of contemporary international approaches to this issue. The study evaluates the climatic characteristics of Iran's four main zones to determine the optimal orientation and length of school buildings in each region. Special attention is given to the heating requirements of the buildings and the identification of the most efficient building forms for each climate zone. The influence of solar radiation intensity on the architecture of school buildings and their spaces is also analyzed to optimize the use of natural energy and enhance energy efficiency. Using the example of schools in the cold climate of Iran, particularly in the city of Tabriz, the article calculates the amount of solar energy reaching both the courtyards and the indoor learning spaces. The study emphasizes the importance of energy efficiency based on climatic conditions and proposes architectural design solutions that promote energy conservation in school buildings. Additionally, it explores how integrating these design principles can lead to more sustainable and climate-adapted educational spaces. Energy efficiency in architectural design, based on climatic resources, is one of the key scientific challenges of modern times. The climatic diversity of Iran has contributed to the development of climate classifications that have long been used to harmonize with architectural design principles, minimizing energy losses. As society has developed, the size of school buildings has increased, and consequently, the demand for heating and energy resources has grown. The use of new materials and modern construction technologies has introduced additional challenges. Effective architectural design of school buildings for energy optimization requires a deep understanding of traditional design methods, regional climatic conditions, and expertise in energy conservation. Without analyzing these factors, it is impossible to develop effective solutions.

Directionality in tree ring accumulation of tin (Sn) in three tree species

The objective of this study was to determine suitable tree species to monitor and reduce Sn concentrations in the environment of Düzce province in Türkiye. A further goal was to test the hypothesis that, possibly due to air transport, the uptake of Sn in tree rings would show a significant and consistent dependency on compass direction. The timber samples were from the trunks of Tilia tomentosa (linden), Robinia pseudoacacia (black locust), Cedrus atlantica (cedar), Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas fir), and Fraxinus excelsior (European ash), which are commonly used in landscaping in Düzce province. Levels of Sn concentrations in annual rings were determined. Cedrus atlantica and F. excelsior were found to be suitable biomonitors that can be used to monitor changes in annual amounts of Sn contamination. Among the studied tree species, R. pseudoacacia had the highest average values and C. atlantica had the second-highest levels of Sn uptake. However, no consistent dependency on compass direction was found. It follows that rather than depending on the direction of prevailing winds, the uptake of metals to the xylem of trees must be due to direction-independent processes, such as transport via roots and xylem or absorption into leaves and subsequent transport via the phloem.

Motion onset VEPs can see through the blur

Motion-onset visual evoked potentials (MO VEPs) are robust to dioptric blur when low contrast and low spatial frequency patterns are used for stimulation. To reveal mechanisms of MO VEPs robustness, we studied whether the resistance to defocus persists even when using a high-contrast checkerboard using digital defocus in the emmetropic eyes of 13 subjects (males 20–60 years). We compared the dominant components of MO VEPs to pattern-reversal VEPs (PR VEP), which are sensitive to the blur. For stimulation, we used checkerboard patterns with 15´ and 60´ checks. To defocus the checkerboard, we rendered it with a second-order Zernike polynomial (Z20\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${Z}_{2}^{0}$$\\end{document}) with an equivalent defocus of 0, 2, or 4 D. For PR VEP, the checkerboards were reversed in terms of their contrast. To evoke MO VEP, the checkerboard of 60´ checks moved for 200 ms with a speed of 5 or 10 deg/s in the cardinal directions. The MO VEP did not change in peak time (P ≥ 0.0747) or interpeak amplitude (P > 0.0772) with digital blur. In contrast, for PR VEP, the results showed a decrease in interpeak amplitude (P ≤ 6.65ˑ10-4) and an increase in peak time (P ≤ 0.0385). Thus, we demonstrated that MO VEPs evoked by checkerboard, structure containing high spatial content, can be robust to defocus.

Comparative assessment of phytoremediation potential of four Ficus spp. under Semi-arid environmental conditions.

Heavy metals have been recognized as a prominent hazard in today's world, causing pollution in the air environment. Woody tree species can play a significant role in the extraction and remediation of metal pollutants from the air, therefore promoting the air quality index. This study investigated the potential of four species of the Ficus genus (F. benjamina, F. microcarpa, F. religiosa, and F. virens) to remediate varying levels of heavy metal contamination in industrial, residential, and highway areas of Faisalabad City, Pakistan. For this purpose, six heavy metals (cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, zinc, and manganese) were assessed in young leaves (YL) as well as old leaves (OL) of subjected tree species at selected study sites. Eight fully expanded leaves were selected from each tree species: two from each cardinal direction from the shoot of the current year (young leaves, YL), as well as from the shoot of the previous year (old leaves, OL). The results showed that the same genus has different capabilities to accumulate different heavy metals, and the overall trend was in the following order: F. virens > F. religiosa > F. benjamina > F. microcarpa at all study sites. The heavy metal contents in both YL and OL of selected tree species decreased in the order of Manganese (Mn)> Zinc (Zn)> Copper (Cu) > Chromium (Cr) > Lead (Pb) > Cadmium (Cd) at all study sites. The metal accumulation index (MAI) values ranged between 2.14-5.42 for F. benjamina, 2.09-3.89 for F. microcarpa, 3.61-7.01 for F. religiosa and 4.77-6.48 for F. virens across all study sites. Among the studied tree species, it has been determined that F. virens and F. religiosa are well-suited for urban areas with significant heavy metal contamination and can be strategically planted in barrier areas to effectively combat atmospheric pollution.

Penerapan prosedur operasional standar budi daya tanaman jeruk ramah lingkungan untuk menekan infestasi kutu perisai merah Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae)

Jeruk merupakan tanaman hortikultura yang sudah dikembangkan diberbagai daerah di Indonesia. Setiap tahun permintaan buah jeruk selalu meningkat, namun tidak terpenuhi karena produksi rendah. Permasalahan ini disebabkan oleh adanya serangan organisme penggangu tanaman, yaitu hama kutu perisai merah Aonidiella aurantii (Maskel). Upaya yang dilakukan untuk menekan infestasi A. aurantii, yaitu dengan penerapan prosedur operasional standar (SOP) pada budi daya tanaman jeruk ramah lingkungan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui efektifitas penerapan SOP dalam menekan populasi dan intensitas serangan hama kutu perisai merah A. aurantii pada tanaman jeruk. Penelitian dilaksanakan bulan Januari sampai Agutus 2020 di kebun jeruk milik petani di Kota Batu. Penelitian eksperimen ini menggunakan metode teori research design. Perlakuan terdiri atas petak penerapan SOP berupa pemangkasan pemeliharaan, sanitasi kebun, dan aplikasi pupuk organik; dan petak konvensional kebiasaan petani yang tidak melakukan pemangkasan, membersihkan gulma di seluruh kebun, penggunaan pupuk anorganik NKP Mutiara 16-16-16. Luas setiap petak perlakuan adalah 1.500 m2. Pada setiap pelakuan diambil 10 tanaman sampel secara sistematik. Pengamatan setaiap tanaman dilakukan pada ranting atau cabang yang tersebar pada 4 arah mata angin. Pengamatan meliputi jumlah buah terserang, kelimpahan musuh alami, populasi, dan intensitas serangan A. aurantii. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan penerapan SOP budi daya jeruk mampu menurunkan kepadatan populasi dan intensitas serangan hama A. aurantii secara nyata serta mampu meningkatkan kelimpahan musuh alami dan kualitas buah jeruk apabila dibandingkan dengan cara budi daya jeruk pada perlakuan konvensional.

A circuit motif for color in the human foveal retina

The neural pathways that start human color vision begin in the complex synaptic network of the foveal retina where signals originating in long (L), middle (M), and short (S) wavelength-sensitive cone photoreceptor types are compared through antagonistic interactions, referred to as opponency. In nonhuman primates, two cone opponent pathways are well established: an L vs. M cone circuit linked to the midget ganglion cell type, often called the red-green pathway, and an S vs. L + M cone circuit linked to the small bistratified ganglion cell type, often called the blue-yellow pathway. These pathways have been taken to correspond in human vision to cardinal directions in a trichromatic color space, providing the parallel inputs to higher-level color processing. Yet linking cone opponency in the nonhuman primate retina to color mechanisms in human vision has proven particularly difficult. Here, we apply connectomic reconstruction to the human foveal retina to trace parallel excitatory synaptic outputs from the S-ON (or "blue-cone") bipolar cell to the small bistratified cell and two additional ganglion cell types: a large bistratified ganglion cell and a subpopulation of ON-midget ganglion cells, whose synaptic connections suggest a significant and unique role in color vision. These two ganglion cell types are postsynaptic to both S-ON and L vs. M opponent midget bipolar cells and thus define excitatory pathways in the foveal retina that merge the cardinal red-green and blue-yellow circuits, with the potential for trichromatic cone opponency at the first stage of human vision.

A multi-sectional analysis of building height, layout, and urban density on seasonal energy consumption: A case study

This study aims to investigate the influence of building height and layout on energy consumption. It also analyzes methods for reducing energy consumption in these buildings. The EnergyPlus software performs simulations under local climatic conditions for all seasons. The city is divided into several sections based on cardinal directions, and energy consumption is calculated for each section, considering the city's distinct seasonal variations. Buildings in suburban areas with more sunlight exhibited higher overall energy consumption due to the reliance on heating and cooling systems, compared to the city center where denser urban areas moderated temperature extremes. Additionally, building design and insulation played significant roles. The analysis also revealed a west-to-east trend; higher consumption at the edges compared to the center. This is attributed to factors such as building density and shade from taller structures. The study further examined the impact of varying building heights. While most buildings were 20 meters tall, specific rows ranged from 21 to 25 meters. Changing these heights resulted in decreased cooling and increased heating demands in the north-south analysis, and reduced demands for both heating and cooling in the west-east analysis. This highlights the complex interplay between building layout, height, and energy consumption.

Optimalisasi Penentuan Posisi Access Point Untuk Meminimalisir Area Blankspot Pada Pantai Panrangluhu

This research aims to determine the optimal position of Access Point to reduce blankspot area in Panrangluhu Beach. The research methodology involves several main steps: (1) Research planning is done by collecting important data such as beach plan, Access Point height, location coordinates, distance between points, and RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indicator) value; (2) Access Point and receiver position coordinates are determined in an outdoor environment; (3) RSSI value data received by the receiver is collected using WiFi Signal Meter software. To ensure even network coverage, network quality testing was conducted in the eight cardinal directions at each hotspot point. The results showed that four hotspot points were needed to achieve optimal network coverage throughout the beach area. With this strategic placement, it is expected that there are no areas that are not covered by the network, so that visitors to Panrangluhu Beach can enjoy stable and evenly distributed internet access throughout the beach.

Effects of Robotic Postural Stand Training with Epidural Stimulation on Sitting Postural Control in Individuals with Spinal Cord Injury: A Pilot Study.

(1) Background. High-level spinal cord injury (SCI) disrupts trunk control, leading to an impaired performance of upright postural tasks in sitting and standing. We previously showed that a novel robotic postural stand training with spinal cord epidural stimulation targeted at facilitating standing (Stand-scES) largely improved standing trunk control in individuals with high-level motor complete SCI. Here, we aimed at assessing the effects of robotic postural stand training with Stand-scES on sitting postural control in the same population. (2) Methods. Individuals with cervical (n = 5) or high-thoracic (n = 1) motor complete SCI underwent approximately 80 sessions (1 h/day; 5 days/week) of robotic postural stand training with Stand-scES, which was performed with free hands (i.e., without using handlebars) and included periods of standing with steady trunk control, self-initiated trunk and arm movements, and trunk perturbations. Sitting postural control was assessed on a standard therapy mat, with and without scES targeted at facilitating sitting (Sit-scES), before and after robotic postural stand training. Independent sit time and trunk center of mass (CM) displacement were assessed during a 5 min time window to evaluate steady sitting control. Self-initiated antero-posterior and medial-lateral trunk movements were also attempted from a sitting position, with the goal of covering the largest distance in the respective cardinal directions. Finally, the four Neuromuscular Recovery Scale items focused on sitting trunk control (Sit, Sit-up, Trunk extension in sitting, Reverse sit-up) were assessed. (3) Results. In summary, neither statistically significant differences nor large Effect Size were promoted by robotic postural stand training for the sitting outcomes considered for analysis. (4) Conclusions. The findings of the present study, together with previous observations, may suggest that robotic postural stand training with Stand-scES promoted trunk motor learning that was posture- and/or task-specific and, by itself, was not sufficient to significantly impact sitting postural control.

Green urban transition: interdisciplinary insights on green façades design in hot climates as one of crucial strategies for low-carbon development

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to present interdisciplinary insights on vertical green systems (VGS) design in hot climate zones. The approach to the VGS design proposed in this article combines architectural design, structural systems, green building and township development with sustainable urban farming, circularity, waste and water management. On the basis of in-depth study on green façade performance in hot climates, the authors identified methods derived from various fields of science which, when correctly combined, enable effective protection of plants against excessive solar radiation. The main finding of the research is the identification of the most effective combination of methods supporting healthy growth of the VGS. This set of solutions includes orientation of the façade to cardinal directions correlated with appropriate plants selection, shading strategies, such as passive and kinetic shields and organic fertilizers supporting plants’ resilience. The authors presented key challenges and opportunities of VGS application and discussed their role in the decarbonization process of the building sector. The multidisciplinary analysis of the state of knowledge highlighted areas that require further investigation, such as the practical implementation of proposed strategies and their effectiveness in real-world scenarios. Graphical abstract