Comparative Study Of Standards Research Articles

Rethinking the Neighbourhood Parks of Dhaka city through the Spectacle of Universal Design to Ensure Accessibility for the Differently Abled People

The demand of neighbourhood parks with provision of universal accessibility is an inevitable prerequisite for enhancing quality of life of all people, regardless of their age, size, disability or ability. Lack of universal accessibility neighbourhood parks creates impact on frequency of uses of differently able people. This paper therefore first study the definition and of universal design and accessibility as well as standard guidelines of different countries, and secondly find out the plug-ins that are necessary for creating an environment which can be recognized as universally accessible. A comparative study of standards and guidelines of different countries for universal access to the external environment with BNBC is carried out and an observational field survey has been done, evaluating the six neighbourhood parks of Dhaka city as case studies. Based on the findings, this paper represents a rational layout emphasizing on the universal accessibility to increase the interaction and comfort of differently abled people in the neighbourhood parks of Dhaka. JBIP, Vol. 13, 2020 (Printed in June 2021), pp. 69-88

Comprehensive identification of steroid hormones in human urine based on liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry

Steroid hormones, structural derivatives of cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene, play important roles in modulation of many physiological processes. Comprehensive characterization of steroid hormones is valuable for understanding the process of human life activities and even disease diagnosis. Hitherto systematical characterization of steroid hormones has been rarely investigated. Here, we presented an integrated method for human urine analysis based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry in data-dependent acquisition mode with the following parallel reaction monitoring mode. To process the data acquired by two scan modes, a comparative study of standards’ fragmentation behaviors and diagnostic product ions (DPIs) were firstly conducted to facilitate the characterization of steroid hormones. The fragmentation behaviors, DPIs, elemental composition and double-bond equivalent were then simultaneously utilized for systematical characterization of steroid hormones in human urine. Consequently, fragmentation pathways and DPIs for all types of steroid hormones were comprehensively interpreted. It is interesting to find that dehydration is not restricted in the form of hydroxyl groups loss, elimination of the carbonyl oxygen could also generate dehydrated ions. Ultimately, a total of 80 and 107 steroidal hormones were characterized or tentatively identified in human urine of male and female, respectively. The proposed method is expected to provide valuable insights for chemical characterization in complex matrixes.

Contract-Workers in Swedish Agriculture, c. 1890s–1930s: a comparative study of standard of living and social status1

In the political and medial discourse of the 1930s the contract-work system (stat/ar/systemet) was depicted as a relic of pre-modern society and contract-workers (statare) as the highly exploited lower class with no legal rights, low incomes, miserable housing conditions and a chaotic family life. This picture has dominated Swedish social history ever since, and the main argument of this article is that it has to be modified. With regard to the material standard of living, for example, employment terms, working conditions, wage levels and housing conditions, contract-workers were no worse off than other worker groups in the countryside. On the contrary, the contract-work system had its own rationality and advantages. It made it possible for young couples without land or a croft to marry and establish their own household since housing was included in the payment, and the yearly employment and large proportion of in-kind payments provided income security. However, the political discourse of the 20th century was based on the growing importance of the town and industry. The more regulated employment conditions, higher wages and better housing for industrial and urban workers became the yardstick by which the contract-workers' situation was judged. Agriculture was an economic sector in decline and the contract-work system appeared to be outdated. The abolition of the contract-work system in 1945 was definitive confirmation of the victory of modernity.

COMMAND AND CONTINUITY: A NOTE

Erratically before World War II and consistently thereafter data exist which support comparative study of standards of provision in most British public libraries. If we accept the assumption that those libraries provide best for their readers that spend most on their service the same data identify unmistakably librarians who would be regarded as successful by their contemporaries. At Rugby F. G. B. Hutchings was a pioneer. What was his achievement at Leeds?