Comparative Cultural Studies Research Articles

Making Subject(s): Literature and the Emergence of National Identity (review)

Reviews353 The pursuit ofthe "universal" and "authentic" Shakespeare as a frame for performances of the plays and for scholarly enterprises of any sort is called into question again and again. So is spectatorship and the tensions between sight and site, as well as Hodgdon's own performance in a quasi-theatric construction of selfas -viewer,perhaps oneofthe most interesting meoretical positionings in thebook. The book's first chapters situate Hodgdon in the authorial subject position, she exposes the arbitrariness ofthat position in the middle chapters, and, in the last ones, assumes, in a sense, her critical role as a character in her arguments. This is not to say that The Shakespeare Trade doesn't offer much to readers interested in more than post-post-modern authorial positioning. Hodgdon's analysis of performed Shakespeare in this century reveals traffics in the value of taste, and by implication, what marks social class, during this period. Her identification of a circulation of value created by Shakespeare's "high" iconic status in twentieth-century culture as author and the"low" ofthe plays' market economies, an interplay articulated by reviewers, scholars, and the Shakespeare Trust, points toward the inevitable emergence ofwhat John Seabrook has called a "no-brow" culture, a site most conspicuously seen at Stratford-on-Avon. Hodgdon has written a book which contributes in significant and serious ways to the study ofShakespeare's plays. Each chapter isjudicious in its choices of works, careful in its considerations, and "thick" in descriptions as well as copious in its illustrations. The book is a rich read: thoughtful, convincing, clear, and often fun. SARA EATON North Central College-Naperville, IL ALLEN CAREY-WEBB. Making Subject(s): Literature and the Emergence ofNational Identity. Comparative Literature and Cultural Studies Volume 4. New York, London: Garland Publishing , 1998. Pp. xiv + 242. $55.00. Carey-Webb's book is a piece of cultural research which studies how literary texts construct authority and subjectivity. The book is organized in two parts plus a theoretical introduction. In the first part Carey-Webb writes about seventeenth-century European theater, comparing Lope de Vega's El nuevo mundo descubierto por Cristobal Colon and Shakespeare's The Tempest. The second part addresses the twentieth-century third world novel, with one chapter about Les bouts de bois de Dieu by the Senegalese Ousmane Sembene, and the other about Midnight's Children by the Indian Salman Rushdie. Working 354Comparative Drama with a very heterogeneous group oftexts, he uses different theoretical approaches in order to understand the links between them. The final result is both enlightening and risk-taking, even, sometimes, breath-taking. We have only to notice that Carey-Webb not only compares different national literatures, but also different cultural perspectives (First World versus Third World), different epochs (seventeenth century versus twentieth century), different ways of telling (and presenting) stories (theater versus novel), and different discourses (colonial and post-colonial). Carey-Webb's reflections start from the controversyamong Fredric Jameson, Aijaz Ahmad, Prasad Madhava, and others about the rhetorical nature and agency of Third World Literature and the concept of the Third World novel as a necessary representation ofnational history (national allegory). MakingSubjects is about how modern literature establishes national identity, and the critique ofnation making is the common ground which allows the author to compare a wide range of cultural elements mentioned above: perspectives, epochs, ways of telling, and discourses. The book's introduction elaborates Benedict Anderson's thesis (in Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin andSpread ofNationalism) about how human subjects become capable ofimagining themselves part of a national community that they defend wholeheartedly, even though it is abstract and repressive. According to Anderson, the development ofa capitalist marketplace for printed books in European vernacular languages in the context of a massive, urban, anonymous,"clock time" form of culture makes possible the socio-semiotic process: to become national. Carey-Webb's analysis is especially attractive for readers interested in drama. He searches for the historical place and socio-semiotic function ofearly modern European drama in the cultural economy, arguing that the true antecedents of what we would today describe as a national conscious begin to appear in the sixteenth century. John A. Armstrong argues that in...

Comparative Cultural Studies and Ethnic Minority Writing Today: The Hybridities of Marlene Nourbese Philip and Emine Sevgi Özdamar

In her article, Cultural Studies and Ethnic Minority Writing Today: The Hybridities of Marlene Nourbese Philip and Emine Sevgi Ozdamar, Sabine Milz examines and compares strategies with which the Caribbean-Canadian woman writer Marlene Nourbese Philip and the Turkish-German woman writer Emine Sevgi de-colonise ethnocentric Canadian and German discourse respectively and thus create their own spaces of hybridity. She argues that both Philip's and Ozdamar's writings -by going beyond cultural-national categories and boundaries -display vital stimuli for multi-cultural and inter-national dialogue in a manner that facilitates cultural co-existence in spaces of hybridity. Responding to this stimulus, Milz's study in the mode of comparative cultural studies makes a critical contribution to the opening and broadening not only of the German and Canadian literary canons. In addition to the theoretical premises and the analysis of the writers' work, the study includes attention to and the discussion of the position of the scholar and critic in the context of cross-culturality, inter-nationality, and inter-disciplinarity of academic hybridity. Sabine Milz, Cultural Studies and Ethnic Minority Writing Today: The Hybridities of Marlene Nourbese Philip and Emine Sevgi Ozdamar page 2 of 14 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 2.2 (2000):

Approaches East and West to the History of Religions: Four Japanese Thinkers

In Japan recently, new overviews for the comparative study of the history of religions have been presented. Taking into account the plurality of Japanese religions, religious studies scholar Yamaori Tetsuo has reevaluated the theories of the history of Japanese religions. Umesao Tadao, a leading ethnologist and scholar in the comparative study of civilizations, reviews the historical phases of religions East and West on the Eurasian continent with his theory of the hypothesis of phasic correspondence. Murakami Yasusuke, a theoretical economist with expertise in Japanese history, studies the encounters between a nomadic society and an agricultural society in the light of Robert N. Bellah's theory of religious evolution to give insight into the origin of historic religions. Another religious studies scholar, Shimazono Susumu, attempts to revise Bellah's theory both with a new framework on salvation religions and with an original understanding of New Spirituality Movements.

China in a Polycentric World: Essays in Chinese Comparative Literature. Edited by Yingjin Zhang. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998. xii, 307 pp. $55.00 (cloth); $19–95 (paper).

Introduction: engaging Chinese comparative literature and cultural studies Yingjin Zhang Part I. Discipline, Discourse, Canon: 1. The challenge of East-West comparative literature Zhang Longxi 2. The utopias of discourse: on the impossibility of Chinese comparative literature David Palumbo-Liu 3. Canon formation in traditional Chinese poetry: Chinese canons, sacred and profane Mark E. Francis Part II. Gender, Sexuality, Body: 4. A feminist re-vision of Xu Wei's Ci Mulan and N&#252 zhuangyuan Ann-Marie Hsiung 5. Gender, subjectivity, sexuality: defining a subversive discourse in Wang Anyi's four tales of sexual transgression Helen H. Chen 6. Consuming Asian women: the fluid body of Josie Packard in Twin Peaks Greta Ai-Yu Niu Part III. Science, Modernity, Aesthetics: 7. Travel and translation: an aspect of china's cultural modernity, 1862-1926 John Yu Zou 8. Baoyu in Wonderland: technological Utopia in the early modern Chinese science fiction novel Feng-Ying Ming 9. The texture of the metropolis: modernist inscriptions of Shanghai in the 1930s Yingjin Zhang 10. The cult of poetry in contemporary China Michelle Yeh 11. Tianya, the ends of the world or the edge of heaven: comparative literature at the fin de siecle Eugene Chen Eoyang.

Cross-Cultural Methodological Issues in Ethical Research

Despite the fundamental and administrative difficulties associated with cross-cultural research the rewards are significant and, given an increasing trend toward globalisation, the move away from singular location studies to more comparative research is to be encouraged. In order to facilitate this research process it is imperative, however, that considerable attention is given to the methodological issues that can beset cross-cultural research, specifically as these issues relate to the primary domain or discipline of investigation, which in this instance is research on business ethics. Utilising the experience of a four country comparative study of both Asian and Western cultures in the field of business ethics, the following presents a discussion of methodological concerns under the three broad areas of operationalising culture, operationalising business ethics, and data interpretation.

Bioethics from the Viewpoint of Comparative Cultural Studies

Bioethics from the Viewpoint of Comparative Cultural Studies

Physiological and Oxidative Response to NaCl of the Salt Tolerant Grevillea ilicifolia and the Salt Sensitive Grevillea arenaria

Summary A comparative study of shoot cultures of two Grevillea species exposed to various levels of NaCl (for 6 weeks) indicated that Grevillea ilicifolia was significantly more tolerant to salt than Grevillea arenaria . Growth (explant height and numbers of shoots and leaves) in G. ilicifolia significantly declined at salt concentrations greater than 100 mmol · L -1 , whilst growth of G. arenaria was significantly impaired at 40 mmol. L -1 NaCl. Protochlorophyll, chlorophylls and carotenoids were significantly reduced as the salt concentration was increased, with both of the Grevillea species being equally sensitive to NaCl. The rate of decline of protochlorophyll and chlorophyll b with NaCl exposure was greater than that of chlorophyll a and carotenoids for both species. Anthocyanin pigments on the other hand significantly increased with salt stress in both of the Grevillea species. Levels of Na and Cl were significantly elevated during salt exposure, while K, Ca and Mg levels were markedly reduced. The levels of malondialdehyde significantly declined in both species as a result of salt exposure, and this was accompanied by significant increases in both acid protease and neutral protease activities. Four other key enzymes involved in oxidative stress and tissue degradation (catalase, polyphenol oxidase, superoxide dismutase and lypoxygenase) were also significantly increased in both Grevillea species as a result of NaCl treatment. The main difference between the two Grevillea species appeared to be that the more salt tolerant G. ilicifolia had significantly lower levels of the oxidative/degrading enzymes, compared with the more salt sensitive G. arenaria .

A comparative study of blood and bone marrow cultures in cadaveric bone donation

The results of blood cultures taken from cadaveric bone donors were compared with bone marrow and also swab cultures of the procured grafts. In eight of the 95 donors evaluated, pathogenic micro-organisms were detected in the blood sample. In two, identical micro-organisms were cultured from the blood and bone marrow sample whilst the swab cultures were negative. Considering the low sensitivity of the swab culture, the organisms detected in the blood culture were likely to have spread haematogenously and considered to be present in the explanted grafts. Bacteriological screening of bone donors is extremely important since the transmission of microorganisms via an allograft can lead to serious complications in the recipient. Positive blood cultures provide important information on the presence of pathogenic micro-organisms in grafts obtained from cadaveric bone donors and are therefore essential in deciding whether a graft is bacteriologically acceptable for transplantation.

"And Now for the Main (Dis)course..."

"And Now for the Main (Dis)course..."

From Comparative Literature Today Toward Comparative Cultural Studies

From Comparative Literature Today Toward Comparative Cultural Studies

Chinese Popular Prints (review)

Reviews 197© 1998 by University ofHawai'i Press its arguments should be seriously considered by all scholars ofliterary and cultural studies. Gregory Lee University ofHong Kong Gregory Lee is an associateprofessor in comparative literature and cultural studies. John Lust. Chinese Popular Prints. Handbuch der Orientalistik, vierte abteilung, China, band 11 (Handbook oforiental studies, part 4, China, vol. 11). Leiden, New York, Köln: E. J. Brill, 1996. xiv, 352 pp. Hardcover, U.S. $149.50, isbn 90-04-10472-0. This is an expensive book on a fascinating topic, published by the venerable house ofBrill in its prestigious Handbook ofOriental Studies series. Unfortunately it is a grievous disappointment on every level, from editing to analysis. The book does not appear to have undergone even rudimentary editing. There are incomplete sentences, singular verbs with plural subjects, orphan parentheses (page 82, line 2), mismatches between note reference numbers and footnote texts (notes 34 to 37 of chapter 3), specific references to books that are not identified (page 81, third paragraph, and note 14), abbreviated references in notes to works that are not in the Bibliography (page 249 note 11 cites "Hou Ching-Ian [sic], 1975," which cannot be found in the Bibliography; the reference is probably to Hou Jinglan, Monnaies d'offrande et la notion de trésorerie dans la religion chinoise, which is not in the Bibliography either), and so on and on. Beyond these technical matters, the writing is often extremely unclear. One example among many is this, on page 82: "Mianzhu or Chengdu do not on the surface have taken on the specific art and intellectual drive ofHebei and the provinces ofthe Yangtze Delta region, but it participated in the general traditions of popular art." Careless writing combined with poor organization, even within paragraphs, make the book very difficult to read. The book's six chapters—"Introduction ," "History," "Printmakers and Printshops," "Society, Symbolism and Visual Pun," "Categories of Popular Prints and Their Display," and "Technical Terms"—do not present a coherent, ordered survey of the subject, either historical or topical. There is no discernible argument or conceptual structure. Instead, there is a mass ofill-digested information and unsubstantiated opinion that only the most determined researcher will be able to sort through successfully. 198 China Review International: Vol. 5, No. 1, Spring 1998 Three other very serious technical problems must be mentioned. First, the footnoting is scandalously weak, especially for a work presented to an unsuspecting public as a "handbook." There are mistakes (for example, "no. 76" in note 16 on page 30 should be "p. 7"), incomplete references (for example, note 124 on page 89 does not give page numbers), and above all, lack of any documentation whatsoever in passage after passage. Second, the visual documentation—twentysix reproductions in one section at the beginning of the book—is entirely inadequate . To assess the author's statements about specific prints, or even understand them, die reader must have at his elbow seven or eight illustrated volumes ofwoodblock prints that only the largest sinological libraries are likely to have. This is a crippling shortcoming, and inexcusable in a book this expensive. Third, there are no Chinese characters anywhere in the book, an unbelievable lapse for a sinological handbook and one that is especially damaging in this case, since Lust devotes a great deal of space to terminology. Problems of conceptualization and interpretation are also severe. To begin with, there is no careful definition of what is meant by "popular print." We are eventually told in passing on page 242 that "in this book popular prints covers all prints of an illustrative sort," which suggests that a Chinese woodblock print is "popular" by definition. But were elegant and expensive productions of Yangliuqing and Suzhou, to which the author so frequently turns, "popular"? If so, what definition of "popular" is being used? Lust recognizes that there were different audiences for different kinds of prints—an important point—but makes no serious effort to show what effect this had on their style and content. All he has to offer on this matter is the brief section on "The Publics" (pages 129-133), which reviews late imperial social stratification but leaves the connection between social...

American Prospectors and the Simmel Lode

fungible quality of its own. Merton's notion of the "middle range" in sociology (and social policy) provided the great symbol of these efforts. Long before Mills' critique of "grand theory" and "abstract empiricism," Merton had formulated this distinction, but resolved the problems it raised in a fashion quite at odds with Mills' solution. Mills counseled the historical and comparative study of social structures, cultures, and biographical ex periences through a method which emphasized individual intellectual craftsmanship (Mills, 1959). Merton increasingly displaced the larger his torical and even philosophical themes which characterized his early writings (see Nielsen, 1996: 405) and turned toward the identification of a general method of analysis which could be put to use in all settings. His combined emphasis on functional analyses of the middle range, the mutual blindness and sterility of theory and research, and the ambiguous relationship of a science to its founders formed a perfect foil for any and every sort of "ex tremism," whether in sociology or in social policy. First, it created the grand illusion of a social science based on the "cumulation and continuity" of knowledge, a phrase which also appears at the opening of Coser's book on social conflict (Coser, 1956: 7). This image of its calling continues to haunt sociology. Second, its coquetry with Whitehead's dictum about a sci ence 's relationship to its founders allowed wholesale stripping of classical sociology's treasures, with a good intellectual conscience and without any fuller confrontation with the past. Third, functionalism of the middle range allowed the absorption of all other ideas as theoretical fragments into the melting pot of "theory building," while at the same time divorcing them from their wider philosophical, historical, critical and other bearings. Mer ton's demonstration that even Marx was a functionalist was just one of the many coups in this professional cooptation of the past. Fourth, it gave so ciologists an intriguing new pastime: to find functions and dysfunctions, latent and manifest, everywhere they could and, in the process, seek out This content downloaded from 207.46.13.51 on Mon, 20 Jun 2016 07:32:20 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms

The Satanic Verses and the Rushdie affair: an exploration of the world and the book from the perspective of comparative literature and cultural studies

The Satanic Verses and the Rushdie affair: an exploration of the world and the book from the perspective of comparative literature and cultural studies

The Cultural Factor in Lay Perception of Jealousy as a Motive for Wife Battery1

Cultural psychology is concerned with the comparative study of the way culture and psyche shape each other: This process is particularly well illustrated in the social construction of some feelings. Although sexual jealousy seems to be universal, people differ in the intensity of their reactions and in the type of stimuli perceived as threatening. Replicating previous research in Britain by Delgado and Bond (1993), a questionnaire research survey was conducted in Spain to determine if lay perception considers jealousy a justification for wife battery. The comparison of results shows striking differences: The harmdoer was seen as more guilty in Britain and the victim was seen as more guilty in Spain. Results demonstrate cultural differences in the perception of jealousy; when jealousy is a motive for assault, there are also cultural differences in judgments of responsibility. Emotions function differently in different cultures regarding perceived causes and justification for conduct.

Rediscovering the ‘Oriental’ in the Orient and Europe: new books on the East-West cultural interface: a review article

The literature on the cultural interrelations of East and West published up to the present time is enormous. Even so, every new scholarly study in this field cannot but provoke interest, so important is the topic, particularly today in the era of so-called globalization. The books under review here, edited and introduced by Andrew Gerstle (SOAS) and Anthony Milner (ANU),1are based on papers presented at conferences held by the Humanities Research Centre of the Australian National University. The theme of the conferences—‘Europe and the Orient‘—attracted a great number of specialists in art history, musicology, anthropology and history, Asianists and Europeanists, from Europe, the United States and Australia. It is worth noting that the most of the papers are based on published works in which their authors have discussed the same or closely related topics. In presenting the principal ideas of those publications, these collections of papers form a ‘miniature library’ of works on East-West comparative cultural studies. The interdisciplinarity of the articles—their extraordinary ‘polyphony’, the diversity of their often mutually contradictory and polemical approaches, judgements and evaluations—reveals the complexity, multifacetedness and theoretical difficulties which are only too characteristic of the study of comparative culture. The reader is here provided with quite a complete picture of the contemporary state of the field, as well as of the strong and weak sides of its investigations. This breadth of coverage is one of the main strengths of the volumes.

Glutathione regulation in rat hepatic stellate cells: Comparative studies in primary culture and in liver injury in vivo

Lipid peroxidation accompanies many types of liver injury and is believed to promote liver fibrosis. Cellular antioxidants are likely to play an important role in modulating this process; however, little is known about antioxidants in hepatic stellate cells, the major collagen-producing cells of liver. In this study, we measured glutathione homeostasis in stellate cells isolated from rat liver. Glutathione, measured by HPLC in stellate cell homogenates, increased significantly when the cells were plated in primary culture. The rise in glutathione coincided with pretranslational up-regulation of the synthetic enzyme γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (GCS). Additional experiments were performed to determine whether stellate cell glutathione and GCS are similarly altered during liver injury in vivo. Two types of hepatic insults, namely, bile duct ligation (8 days) and carbon tetrachloride treatment (4 weeks), failed to provoke an increase in either stellate cell glutathione or GCS. This disparate behavior of stellate cells in culture and in vivo is unusual; the data suggest that stellate cells might respond variably to oxidants depending on their glutathione status.

Necessary comparisons: A post‐colonial approach to religious syncretism in the Roman provinces

Questioning existing paradigms regarding religious syncretism in the western provinces of the Roman Empire, this paper addresses the difficulty of reconciling comparative study with historical contingency. It is argued that discourse analysis, as developed in post‐colonial discourse theory, both facilitates comparative study of material culture in colonial contexts, and enables radical new readings of Romano‐Celtic syncretism. It is further suggested that the discursive relationship between Roman imperialism and Western European imperialism ‐ the cycle of interaction between ancient and modern colonialisms ‐ has influenced the study of Romano‐Celtic religion in such a way that we not only can compare colonialisms, but must compare them if we wish both to articulate the nature of religious syncretism in the Roman provinces, and to achieve a reflexive understanding of our own discipline.

Wellsprings of Achievement: Cultural and Economic Dynamics in Early Modern England and Japan ed. by Penelope Gouk

248 Book Reviews TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE edge of “mathematics,” e.g., in surveying and fortification, is dis­ cussed in terms of technical adaption to specific needs and of rationalized methods, easily applicable on a large scale. The book abounds in concrete examples, brought forth by metic­ ulous research in a mass of archival sources. In the absence ofa clear main thesis, the general reader may sometimes ask: “examples” of what? Dahl’s results should appeal mainly to other specialists in his field. Henrik Bjorck Dr. Bjorck is a researcher in the history of ideas and science at Goteborg Univer­ sity. He has published books and articles in Swedish on the history ofthe engineering profession and its ideology and on the cultural symbolics of technology. Wellsprings ofAchievement: CulturalandEconomicDynamics inEarly Mod­ em England andJapan. Edited by Penelope Gouk: Variorum, 1995. Pp. viii+271; figures, tables, notes, index. $77.90 (hardcover). The essays that constitute this volume aim, in the words of its edi­ tor, “first to show what insights can be gained from asking a group of academics from a variety of disciplinary backgrounds to reflect on the nature and meaning of ‘achievement’ and second, to con­ sider how this exercise might inform the work of historians inter­ ested in the comparative study of cultures” (p. 5). The funding for the 1994 conference (part of a five-year program of meetings) from which these papers derived came from the Renaissance Trust, an educational charity set up by a British industrialist and engineer. Two unrelated sets of essays make up this book. In the first six (including the introduction), scholars from fields as diverse as chil­ dren’s health and economic history grapple with the general mean­ ing of achievement. Steven Shapin, a sociologist at the University of California, San Diego, provides a helpful review of the literature on achievement, but few of the other pieces are useful in terms of their topics or the conclusions they reach. Readers are left with such tru­ isms as, “intelligence, creativity, and cognitive style are associated with achievement” (p. 45). Nor do the six essays making up the sec­ ond part of the book, which look at specific historical occurrences, bring readers much closer to an understanding of the nature of hu­ man achievement. Several compare in a superficial and uninformed manner relationships between religion and economic growth in Eu­ rope andJapan. Other essays, such as one that looks at the relation­ ships between the development of printing and public opinion and another that examines the apprentice system in England, are narrow in scope and make little effort to address the main theme of this book. Apparently not peer-reviewed, these papers will be oflimited inter­ est to historians. As the editor observes, “the essays brought together TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE Book Reviews 249 here cannot be represented as a well-integrated whole” (p. 6). In­ deed, they are not; they are a hodge-podge of thoughts that fail to advance knowledge of humankind’s achievements very far. Fre­ quently based on misinformed views of history, the essays are, in fact, often misleading. Mansel G. Blackford Dr. Blackford teaches business history at Ohio State University. He is the author of The Rise ofModem Business in Great Britain, the United States andJapan (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1988) and eight other books. European Women and Preindustrial Craft. Edited by Daryl M. Hafter. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1995. Pp. xv+204; illustra­ tions, figures, tables, notes, index. $29.95 (cloth); $14.95 (paper). Revisiting the problem ofwomen’s work and industrialization, this collection of ten monographic essays emphasizes continuities and their meanings, but does not neglect change. Daryl Hafter provides a useful introduction to place the studies in their historiographic context, and notes five common themes on the relation of technol­ ogy and society that motivate their authors. These are: the relation­ ship of women and gender to technical skill; the extent of markets for women’s products; the moment and conditions in which the no­ tion emerged that women are less able than men in technical mat­ ters; the economic and social meaning of domestic craftwork for entrepreneurs, women workers; the ways and means by which female work was...

Book Reviews

Abstract Global Ecology: Environmental Change and Social Flexibility. Vaclav Smil. Reviewed by Brent Yarnal, Department of Geography, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania. Himalayan Environment: Pressure, Problems, Processes–12 Years of Research. Bruno Messerli, Thomas Hofer, Susanne Wymann, eds. Reviewed by Nigel J. R. Allan. Department of Environmental Design, University of California-Davis, Davis, California. Culture, Conflict, and Communication in the Wildland-Urban Interface. Alan W. Ewert, Deborah J. Chavez, Arthur W. Magill, eds. Reviewed by Laura Pulido and Jennifer Wolch, Department of Geography, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California. Farms, Mines and Main Streets. Uneven Development in a Dakota County. Caroline S. Tauxe. Reviewed by D. Aidan McQuillan, Department of Geography, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Imagining Niagara: The Meaning and Making of Niagara Falls. Patrick V. McGreevy. Reviewed by Kurt Fuellhart, Department of Geography, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania. The American Landscape: Literary Sources and Documents, 3 Volumes. Graham Clarke, ed. Reviewed by William Wyckoff, Department of Earth Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana. Invisible Gardens: The Search for Modernism in the American Landscape. Peter Walker and Melanie Simo. Reviewed by George Henderson, Department of Geography and Regional Development, and Program in Comparative Cultural and Literary Studies, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona. New World Regionalism: Literature in the Americas. Literature in the Americas. David M. Jordan. Reviewed by Jonathan M. Smith, Department of Geography, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas. Essays on the Changing Images of the Southwest. Richard Francaviglia and David Narrett, eds. Reviewed by Eric P. Perramond, Department of Geography, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas. Naming Canada: Stories about Place Names from Canadian Geographic. Alan Rayburn. Reviewed by Victor Konrad, Canada-U.S. Fulbright Program and Department of Geography, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario. The Geography of Change in South Africa. Anthony Lemon, ed. Reviewed by Darrell P. Kruger, Department of Geosciences, Northeast Louisiana University, Monroe, Louisiana. The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World. Stephen Castles and Mark J. Miller. Reviewed by Adrian J. Bailey, Department of Geography, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire. Tourism: The State of the Art. A. V. Seaton, ed. Reviewed by Keith G. Debbage, Department of Geography, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greens-boro, North Carolina. City of Bits: Space, Place, and the Infobahn. William J. Mitchell Reviewed by Paul C. Adams, 322 SW. Fillmore, Topeka, Kansas. Servicing the Middle Classes: Class, Gender, and Waged Domestic Work in Contemporary Britain. Nicky Gregson and Michelle Lowe. Reviewed by Doreen J. Mattingly, Departments of Geography and Women's Studies, San Diego State University, San Diego, California. Ground Truth. The Social Implications of Geographic Information Systems. John Pickles, ed. Reviewed by Neil Smith, Department of Geography, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey. Feminism and Geography: The Limits of Geographical Knowledge. Gillian Rose. Reviewed by Karen Falconer Al-Hindi, Department of Geography and Geology, University of Nebraska, Omaha, Nebraska. Historical Geography: Through the Gates of Space and Time. Robin A. Butlin. Reviewed by William Norton, Department of Geography, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Bastal Land and the Zapatista Rebellion in Chiapas. George A. Collier with Elizabeth Lowery Quaratiello. Translated by Frank Bardacke, Leslie Lopez, and the Watsonville Shadows of Tender Fury: The Letters and Communiqués of Subcomandante Marcos and the Zapatista Army of National Liberation. Subcomandante Marcos; Introduction by John Ross, Afterword by Frank Bardacke. The Quest for the Other: Ethnic Tourism in San Cristóbal, Mexico. Pierre L. van den Berghe. Reviewed by Jill Brody, Department of Geography and Anthropology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Key Words: environmental policyglobal environmental changehuman dimensions of global environmental changedeforestationenvironmental degradationgeoecologyHimalayamountain geographyNepalcommunicationculturemanagementoutdoorsrecreationwildlandscommunity transformationenergy boomMidwestpolitical cultureimaginationlandscape interpretationNiagara FallsaestheticsAmerican landscapecultureenvironmental perceptiongeography and literaturenaturelandscapelandscape architectureplanningliteratureplaceregionalismAmerican SouthwesticonographyimageryregionalismCanadacommemorativeoriginsplace namespopular geographytoponymyapartheidnationalismpolitical geographySouth Africacommunityethnic diversityinternational migrationmulticulturalismracismtourismtourism geographycomputer networkscultural geographypopular culturetelematicsvirtual placedomesticsgenderGreat Britainnanniessex rolecritical social theoryGISmappingfeminismgeographic thoughthistory of geographydatahistorical geographypast geographiesChiapasMayansMéxicorebelliontourismZapatistas

An Investigative Report on the Migrant Population of Caitang Village, Xiamen Special Economic Zone

Urban anthropology engages in comparative study of the different cultures in a complex society. Its major focus has always been the comparison of urban and rural cultures and the study of the migrant rural population in urban surroundings, especially the question of how rural culture is adapting to the urban way of life.