Comparative Structural Analysis Research Articles

Soft power and translation in Spanish-speaking Latin America: comparative analysis of Argentina, Colombia, Chile, and Uruguay’s translation support programs*

ABSTRACT This study analyzes the function of translation support policies as instruments of soft power for Spanish-speaking Latin American countries, focusing on the translation programs of Argentina, Colombia, Chile, and Uruguay. It addresses the challenges these countries face within the global translation system, characterized by linguistic hierarchies and geopolitical constraints. Through a sociological lens, the study provides a comparative analysis of the institutional structures, objectives, operational dynamics, and the volumes and destinations of the subsidies distributed by these programs, highlighting their impact on the international visibility of national literature. Additionally, by examining the editorial profiles and translation subsidies awarded to three independent publishers, this research posits a number of hypotheses regarding the relationship between translation programs and the modalities of circulation for non-central languages and countries within various linguistic markets. Consequently, this study lays a foundation for further comparative research on the translation policies of peripheral countries and their role in enhancing cultural diplomacy across different languages and regions.

A disease resistance protein triggers oligomerization of its NLR helper into a hexameric resistosome to mediate innate immunity.

NRCs are essential helper NLR (nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat) proteins that execute immune responses triggered by sensor NLRs. The resting state of NbNRC2 was recently shown to be a homodimer, but the sensor-activated state remains unclear. Using cryo-EM, we determined the structure of sensor-activated NbNRC2, which forms a hexameric inflammasome-like resistosome. Mutagenesis of the oligomerization interface abolished immune signaling, confirming the functional significance of the NbNRC2 resistosome. Comparative structural analyses between the resting state homodimer and sensor-activated homohexamer revealed substantial rearrangements, providing insights into NLR activation mechanisms. Furthermore, structural comparisons between NbNRC2 hexamer and previously reported CC-NLR pentameric assemblies revealed features allowing an additional protomer integration. Using the NbNRC2 hexamer structure, we assessed the recently released AlphaFold 3 for predicting activated CC-NLR oligomers, revealing high-confidence modeling of NbNRC2 and other CC-NLR amino-terminal α1 helices, a region proven difficult to resolve structurally. Overall, our work sheds light on NLR activation mechanisms and expands understanding of NLR structural diversity.

Comparative analysis of biofilm structures in Salmonella Typhimurium DMC4 strain and its dam and seqA gene mutants using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Raman spectroscopy methods.

It is well-established that the dam and seqA genes act in the biofilm production in Salmonella. However, the molecular basis underlying this activity remains unexplored. This study aims to address this gap in the literature. In this study, comparative Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy and Raman spectral analyses were conducted to investigate the molecular basis of decreases in swimming, swarming motility, and biofilm characteristics observed in the dam and seqA gene mutants of S. Typhimurium DMC4 wild-type strain. The comparative analysis revealed a pronounced reduction in proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids within the biofilm structures of mutant strains. These findings confirm that these macromolecules are crucial for the integrity and functionality of biofilm structures. FT-IR analysis showed that while amide-I bands decreased in the biofilm structures of mutant strains, amide-II bands increased compared to the wild-type strain. Similarly, Raman analyses indicated an increase in amide-IV bonds and a decrease in amide-V bonds. The parallelism between FT-IR and Raman spectral analysis results, particularly regarding amide I, amide V, amide II, and amide IV bands, is noteworthy. Additionally, these findings may lead to the development of markers for rapidly diagnosing transitions from planktonic to biofilm form in Salmonella. The substantial decrease in β-glucans and lipids, including cellulose, within the biofilm matrix of mutant strains highlights the critical role these polymers play in swimming and swarming motility. Given the clinical and industrial importance of Salmonella biofilms, it is crucial to develop strategies to prevent biofilm formation and identify target molecules that can inhibit biofilm formation. The results of our study suggest that β-glucans and amides are essential targets in the effort to combat Salmonella biofilms.

Comparative analysis of habitat structure and macroinvertebrate assemblages in headwater streams of Odzi sub-catchment, Chimanimani District, Zimbabwe, post Cyclone Idai-induced flooding

Flooding results in short and long-term modifications of aquatic ecosystem structure and biodiversity. Cyclone Idai, which ravaged through Zimbabwe in 2019, had devastating consequences on aquatic ecosystems. However, the extent of habitat modification and consequent biodiversity shifts are unknown. This study focuses on the comparative analysis of (i) habitat structure and (ii) macroinvertebrate assemblages in headwater streams of the Odzi sub-catchment, Chimanimani District, Zimbabwe, specifically examining the conditions post-Cyclone Idai-induced flooding. Field sampling was conducted in the dry season (September−November) 2019 and wet season (January−March) 2020. Headwater streams of the Murare (first order), Umvumvumvu (first and second order) and Nyanyadzi (first and second order) rivers were sampled. Habitat assessment was done following the Benthic Macroinvertebrate Monitoring Protocol Implementation Plan. Selected water variables were measured using appropriate probes. Macroinvertebrate assemblage data were collected using the South African Scoring System (SASS 5) protocol. Spatiotemporal variations in water quality, habitat structure and macroinvertebrate metrics were assessed using two-way ANOVA, ANOSIM and SIMPER. Significant spatiotemporal heterogeneity (p < 0.05) was detected in temperature, turbidity, conductivity and total dissolved solids, velocity and depth regimes, channel flow status, sediment deposition, channel alteration and frequency of riffles for the three rivers. Habitat quality ascending hierarchical order was: Umvumvumvu > Murare > Nyanyadzi after Cyclone Idai induced flooding. The highest macroinvertebrate composition diversity was detected in Murare River, the least flood-affected stream. The largest dissimilarity (ANOSIM, 75.3%) was between the Umvumvumvu and Nyanyadzi rivers. Macroinvertebrate community structure differed significantly because of species uniqueness and heterogenous tolerance to changes in environmental conditions after flooding. Flooding intensity and duration induces dissimilar environmental tolerances and persistent macroinvertebrates communities in lotic systems across local catchment scales. Long-term assessment of water quality impairment, resilient functional feeder groups and rifflescale physical habitat structure are imperative for optimised micro-scale conservation of macroinvertebrates in headwater streams prone to flash flooding.

O discurso iconográfico como signo das Luzes: o frontispicio da Encyclopédie e a obra de Mestre Ataíde

French Enlightenment thought developed its own iconography. Mestre Ataíde, a prominent Brazilian artist from the colonial period, had engraving manuals in his library, including plates from the Encyclopédie. A comparative analysis of the compositional structure and lines of force of the Frontispiece of the Encyclopédie (Cochin, 1675) and the works Ascension of Christ (1806) and Assumption of the Virgin (1804), both by Mestre Ataíde, suggests the potential presence of Enlightenment symbols in their iconography. Based on this premise, it is expected to contribute to studies that connect French Enlightenment ideals to Brazil in the 19th century.

Structural basis for molecular assembly of fucoxanthin chlorophyll a/c-binding proteins in a diatom photosystem I supercomplex

Photosynthetic organisms exhibit remarkable diversity in their light-harvesting complexes (LHCs). LHCs are associated with photosystem I (PSI), forming a PSI-LHCI supercomplex. The number of LHCI subunits, along with their protein sequences and pigment compositions, has been found to differ greatly among the PSI-LHCI structures. However, the mechanisms by which LHCIs recognize their specific binding sites within the PSI core remain unclear. In this study, we determined the cryo-electron microscopy structure of a PSI supercomplex incorporating fucoxanthin chlorophyll a/c-binding proteins (FCPs), designated as PSI-FCPI, isolated from the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana CCMP1335. Structural analysis of PSI-FCPI revealed five FCPI subunits associated with a PSI monomer; these subunits were identified as RedCAP, Lhcr3, Lhcq10, Lhcf10, and Lhcq8. Through structural and sequence analyses, we identified specific protein–protein interactions at the interfaces between FCPI and PSI subunits, as well as among FCPI subunits themselves. Comparative structural analyses of PSI-FCPI supercomplexes, combined with phylogenetic analysis of FCPs from T. pseudonana and the diatom Chaetoceros gracilis, underscore the evolutionary conservation of protein motifs crucial for the selective binding of individual FCPI subunits. These findings provide significant insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the assembly and selective binding of FCPIs in diatoms.

Structural basis for molecular assembly of fucoxanthin chlorophyll a/c-binding proteins in a diatom photosystem I supercomplex.

Photosynthetic organisms exhibit remarkable diversity in their light-harvesting complexes (LHCs). LHCs are associated with photosystem I (PSI), forming a PSI-LHCI supercomplex. The number of LHCI subunits, along with their protein sequences and pigment compositions, has been found to differ greatly among the PSI-LHCI structures. However, the mechanisms by which LHCIs recognize their specific binding sites within the PSI core remain unclear. In this study, we determined the cryo-electron microscopy structure of a PSI supercomplex incorporating fucoxanthin chlorophyll a/c-binding proteins (FCPs), designated as PSI-FCPI, isolated from the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana CCMP1335. Structural analysis of PSI-FCPI revealed five FCPI subunits associated with a PSI monomer; these subunits were identified as RedCAP, Lhcr3, Lhcq10, Lhcf10, and Lhcq8. Through structural and sequence analyses, we identified specific protein-protein interactions at the interfaces between FCPI and PSI subunits, as well as among FCPI subunits themselves. Comparative structural analyses of PSI-FCPI supercomplexes, combined with phylogenetic analysis of FCPs from T. pseudonana and the diatom Chaetoceros gracilis, underscore the evolutionary conservation of protein motifs crucial for the selective binding of individual FCPI subunits. These findings provide significant insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the assembly and selective binding of FCPIs in diatoms.

Comparative analysis of tertiary lymphoid structures for predicting survival of colorectal cancer: A whole-slide images-based study

Abstract Background Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) are major component in immune microenvironment, correlating with a favorable prognosis in colorectal cancer. However, the methods used to define and characterize TLS were not united, hindering its's clinical application. This study aims to seek a more stable method to characterize TLS and clarify its prognostic value in larger multicenter cohorts. Methods A total of 1609 patients from four hospitals and the TCGA database were analyzed. We quantified the number and maximum length of TLS along the invasive margin of tumor using hematoxylin and eosin (HE)-stained whole-slide images (WSIs). Additionally, the length of the invasive margin was determined to calculate the TLS density. The prognostic value of the TLS for overall survival was evaluated. In addition, we examined the association between TLS density and immune cell infiltration using immunohistochemistry-stained WSIs. The performance for predicting overall survival was measured using hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results Among the three TLS quantification methods, TLS density has the strongest discriminative performance. Survival analysis indicated that higher TLS density correlated with better overall survival (HR for high vs. low 0.57 [95% CI 0.42–0.78] in primary cohort; 0.49 [0.35–0.69] in validation cohort; 0.35 [0.18–0.67] in TCGA cohort). A high TLS density was associated with a high level of CD3+ T cells infiltration. Conclusions Based on this comparative multicenter analysis, TLS density was identified as a simple, robust, and effective immune prognostic index for colorectal cancer.

Adaptation of skin structures to environmental variations in anurans from southern and southwestern China.

Variations in skin structures can possibly reflect local adaptation to distinct environmental factors. As the primary interface with the surrounding environment, amphibian skin undergoes phenotypic innovations that play a key role in protection, water absorption, and respiration. However, the effects of environmental factors on skin structures have been examined in only a limited number of species. Here, we conducted a comparative analysis of the skin structures of 102 Chinese anuran species across varying geographical distributions and habitat types. Our results revealed that the total volume of granular glands and capillary density in the dorsal skin significantly increased with increasing latitude. We also found that the thickness of calcified layers in both dorsal and ventral skin was positively correlated with annual temperature and negatively correlated with humidity. Additionally, terrestrial species exhibited the largest dorsal granular gland, whereas arboreal species had the smallest one. Likewise, the largest dorsal mucous gland was observed in aquatic species, while the smallest was found in terrestrial species. These results highlighted the importance of understanding the relationship between skin phenotypes and environmental variables and thus providing conservation strategies based on the evolutionary adaptations in anurans. Our study can contribute to the broader knowledge of evolutionary biology in anurans by demonstrating how specific skin traits are linked to survival and fitness across various ecological contexts.

Human selenocysteine synthase, SEPSECS, has evolved to optimize binding of a tRNA-based substrate.

The evolution of the genetic code to incorporate selenocysteine (Sec) enabled the development of a selenoproteome in all domains of life. O-phosphoseryl-tRNASec selenium transferase (SepSecS) catalyzes the terminal reaction of Sec synthesis on tRNASec in archaea and eukaryotes. Despite harboring four equivalent active sites, human SEPSECS binds no more than two tRNASec molecules. Though, the basis for this asymmetry remains poorly understood. In humans, an acidic, C-terminal, α-helical extension precludes additional tRNA-binding events in two of the enzyme monomers, stabilizing the SEPSECS•tRNASec complex. However, the existence of a helix exclusively in vertebrates raised questions about the evolution of the tRNA-binding mechanism in SEPSECS and the origin of its C-terminal extension. Herein, using a comparative structural and phylogenetic analysis, we show that the tRNA-binding motifs in SEPSECS are poorly conserved across species. Consequently, in contrast to mammalian SEPSECS, the archaeal ortholog cannot bind unacylated tRNASec and requires an aminoacyl group. Moreover, the C-terminal α-helix 16 is a mammalian innovation, and its absence causes aggregation of the SEPSECS•tRNASec complex at low tRNA concentrations. Altogether, we propose SEPSECS evolved a tRNASec binding mechanism as a crucial functional and structural feature, allowing for additional levels of regulation of Sec and selenoprotein synthesis.

Model of Comparative Analysis of the Structure and Semantics of Causal Constructions in Multi-Structural Languages

This article explores the application of constructive grammar, a linguistic approach that integrates cognitive, syntactic, and semantic frameworks to analyse causative constructions in English and Russian languages. Constructive grammar interprets not only the form and content of linguistic components but also the structure itself, which influences and imposes constraints on these components. The study considers the methodological evolution from traditional syntactic theories to cognitive models, particularly the influence of Ch. Fillmore’s work. By focusing on causative constructions, specifically analytical causatives like "The police made him confess," the research draws upon the theories of V.P. Nedyalkov, G.G. Silnitsky, and A.A. Kholodovich, among others, to provide a comparative analysis of causative structures in different languages. Cognitive and generative grammar perspectives, including R. King's spatial metaphor and L. Talmy’s force dynamics, are integrated to establish a comprehensive framework for understanding the universal and language-specific properties of causative expressions. The findings highlight the importance of the cognitive interpretation of syntactic structures, the role of energy transfer between agents and patients, and the diverse semantic types of causative situations. The study concludes by suggesting future research directions in the syntactic classification and formal expression of causative components.

Comparative analysis of intestinal structure, enzyme activity, intestinal microbiota and gene expression in different segments of pufferfish (Takifugu Obscurus)

The structure of fish intestines does not have a clear regional division, while the function of the intestines may be related to their structure. Therefore, in this study, the delimitation of intestinal segments in pufferfish (Takifugu obscurus) was achieved by morphological analysis. Subsequently, enzyme activity, intestinal microbiota, and gene expression were examined to compare the differences among the pufferfish various segments. According to four morphological parameters: height of mucosa folds (HF), width of mucosa folds (WF), thickness of muscularis (TM), and cross-sectional area (CSA), the pufferfish's intestine was divided into anterior intestine (AI), middle intestine (MI), and posterior intestine (PI). The activity levels of amylase, lipase, and trypsin in the AI and MI were significantly higher than these in the PI. According to the analysis of 16S rDNA, the dominant microbiota at the phylum level in the different segments were Epsilonbacteraeota, Spirochaetes, and Proteobacteria. At the genus level, there were variations observed in the relative abundance of Brevinema, Mycobacterium, Bradyrhizobium, and Microvirga. α diversity analysis revealed that the richness indexes (Ace and Chao1) were the lowest in the MI, while β diversity analysis revealed significant difference in intestinal microbial community composition among the three intestinal segments. Furthermore, RNA-Seq was used to identify differential expression genes (DEGs) and biological pathways among the different intestinal segments. The DEGs between the AI and MI were enriched in pancreatic secretion and protein digestion and absorption, those between AI and PI were involved in ascorbate and aldarate metabolism and glutathione metabolism, and those between MI and PI were involved in steroid biosynthesis, fat digestion and absorption, vitamin digestion and absorption, and glycine, serine and threonine metabolism. In conclusion, the presented results compare and analyze the differences in various intestinal segments of pufferfish, which will be conductive to future exploration of the functions of these different segments.

Comparative analysis of polysaccharide and cell wall structure in Aspergillus nidulans and Aspergillus fumigatus by solid-state NMR

Invasive aspergillosis poses a significant threat to immunocompromised patients, leading to high mortality rates associated with these infections. Targeting the biosynthesis of cell wall carbohydrates is a promising strategy for antifungal drug development and will be advanced by a molecular-level understanding of the native structures of polysaccharides within their cellular context. Solid-state NMR spectroscopy has recently provided detailed insights into the cell wall organization of Aspergillus fumigatus, but genetic and biochemical evidence highlights species-specific differences among Aspergillus species. In this study, we employed a combination of 13C, 15N, and 1H-detection solid-state NMR, supplemented by Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (DNP), to compare the structural organization of cell wall polymers and their assembly in the cell walls of A. fumigatus and A. nidulans, both of which are key model organisms and human pathogens. The two species exhibited a similar rigid core architecture, consisting of chitin, α-glucan, and β-glucan, which contributed to comparable cell wall properties, including polymer dynamics, water retention, and supramolecular organization. However, differences were observed in the chitin, galactosaminogalactan, protein, and lipid content, as well as in the dynamics of galactomannan and the structure of the glucan matrix.

Dynamics of the event structure of the life course in Russia

The article presents the results of a comparative analysis of the life-event structure of generations of Russians based on empirical data from the Russian Social Survey (RSS) wave 9, comparable with ESS. The analysis showed that the life calendar of currently living generations of Russians is quite strongly structured - events occur in certain and rather narrow time intervals and in a certain sequence. A feature of the life calendar in Russia is a high concentration of all the basic events of the first phase of adult life in a narrow time interval, a short period of entry into adulthood. Events of the late stage of life show greater chronological diversity and scenario variability. Significant differences in the life-event matrix of generations in Russia were found, including an increase in the average age of onset of almost all basic life events, an expansion of the boundaries of age-related life stages, an extension of the path of growing up and the transition from maturity to old age, as well as diversification of life scenarios in the professional and family-marital spheres. When comparing the indices of standardisation of the main events between generations, a trend towards destandardisation of life paths was revealed: in older generations, the level of similarity is significantly higher than among younger generations. The main changes occurred in the generation of 1970-1979 and accelerated in the next generation of 1980-1989. Macro-demographic factors, as well as changes in socio-economic and historical conditions, the transition to a post-industrial society might be named among possible reasons. The trend towards destandardisation of life paths in older generations primarily affected people with a higher level of education, while in younger generations it acquired a broader social and class character; gender differences began to appear in the generation of the 1980s. The authors suggest that the increase in destandardisation of life paths may have multidirectional social and individual consequences. On the one hand, new opportunities for development, building a life path taking into account individual characteristics, talents and desires, greater flexibility of life trajectories, a decrease in normativity and social pressure. On the other hand, this may lead to increased uncertainty, social tension, increased inequalities, and a deepening conflict between “fathers and children,” which will increase social risks in the foreseeable future.

Comparative Histological Analysis of Tongue Structure in adult Local and Shirazi Cats

The histological analysis of both the local and Sherazi cat was conducted to comprehend their distinct differences. These felines, classified under the scientific name (Felis catus), are members of the Felidae family . Thirty tongue samples were gathered from cats that frequented veterinary clinics, with each type of cat comprising fifteen samples. The results of our histological study of the parts of tongue in the local and adult Sherazi cat showed that it consists of three main layers: the mucosal layer, submucosa layer, and muscular layer in all its regions. The mucosal layer in the dorsal surface of the tongue is composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, the tunica submucosa consisted of loose Connective tissue containing lingual glands in root region only, which are of two types: mucous and serous glands. The tunica muscularis appears as a bundles of muscle fibers in three directions, longitudinal, transverse and perpendicular. The study also found the presence of four types of lingual papillae on the dorsal surface of the tongue (filiform, fungiform, foliate, and circumvallate papillae).

Galfenol-based Magnetostrictive Sensors: comparative analysis of various structures for efficient energy harvesting

Galfenol-based Magnetostrictive Sensors: comparative analysis of various structures for efficient energy harvesting

Comparative analysis of allosteric rearrangements in FtsZ protein structure induced by benzamide and 4-hydroxycoumarine compounds

Aim. To reveal allosteric rearrangements of FtsZ molecules arising under the influence of benzamide compounds and 4-hydroxycoumarin derivatives. To discover the key molecular mechanisms predetermining the effect of the specified compounds on the cell division in bacteria. Methods. Comparative analysis of FtsZ protein structures and their complexes with ligands. Application of structural bioinformatics software for molecular visualization, measurement of interatomic distances and approximation of intramolecular shifts based on RMSD indicators. Results. Revealed conformational changes in FtsZ protein molecules, induced by allosteric effectors: 4-hydroxycoumarin – 4HC and benzamide – 9PC (PC-190723). Allosteric deformations and their consequences for intact FtsZ protein molecules, there GTPase domains, H7 helixes and C-terminal domains were studied. Conclusions. It was clarified that the binding of benzamides causes more significant shifts in the structure of the FtsZ protein monomer, its C-terminal domain, and H7 helix. At the same time, 4-hydroxycoumarins deform the structure of the GTPase domain almost twofold effectively. Both classes of compounds prosses allosteric action through unique mechanisms that are largely realized through deformations and displacements of the H7 helix. Despite the fact that these compounds demonstrate different allosteric mechanisms of action, their final effect can be summarized to destructions in GTP pocket, protofilament interfaces and the general geometry of molecule.

Exploring MBH–P scaling relations in spiral galaxies: a comparative analysis of inner and outer arm structures

ABSTRACT We study the galactic spiral arm pitch angle dependence with wavelength as predicted by the density wave theory. A sample of 10 barred and unbarred spiral galaxies with two distinct, well-defined arms is used for the measurements. The data sample consists of galaxies with inner arms and galaxies with both inner and outer arms. We use six wavebands, namely 3.6 $\mu$m, 8.0 $\mu$m, B band, H $\alpha$, H i, and CO for the image analysis. The pitch angles are visually measured with the python-ol script and more precise measurements are obtained using spirality. We find a 1:1 correlation between pitch angle measurements in the 3.6 and 8.0 $\mu$m bands. We predict supermassive black hole (SMBH) masses for 3.6 $\mu$m waveband pitch angles using a standard scaling relation. We find that the black hole mass of a galaxy with both inner and outer arms is determined by the average pitch angle of the inner arms. Using only galaxies with inner arms, we find an SMBH mass–pitch angle relation of $\log (M_{\rm BH}/\mathrm{M}_\odot)=(7.11 \pm 0.33)+(0.003 \pm 0.017){\textit P}$. Using only galaxies with both inner and outer arms, we find an SMBH mass–pitch angle relation of $\log (M_{\rm BH}/\mathrm{M}_\odot)=(7.56 \pm 0.28)-(0.038 \pm 0.013){\textit P}$.

Comparative Analyses of Resource Allocation and Anatomical Structures in the Distal and Proximal Regions of the Scape in Dendrobium Orchids with Long Flower Longevity across Different Growth Stages

Comparative Analyses of Resource Allocation and Anatomical Structures in the Distal and Proximal Regions of the Scape in Dendrobium Orchids with Long Flower Longevity across Different Growth Stages

Labor market dynamics in developing countries: analysis of employment transformation at the macro-level

Understanding labor market dynamics remains a pivotal aspect within contemporary economic discourse, as necessitates the pursuit of effective employment models to ensure steady progress in the conditions of changes in the economic structure. The aim of the research is to examine the dynamics of the labor market in developing countries, with particular emphasis on China and Kazakhstan, taking into account economic, social, and technological trends. The methodology includes the analytic and comparison of trends in the labor market in developing countries, such as China and Kazakhstan over the past 20 years, and also monitoring the socio-economic nature of the labor process. The study identified changes in the labor market and provided empirical evidence for new forms of employment, utilizing comparative analysis and data visualization of the sectoral structure of the economy and global labor market trends up to 2027. The obtained results provide three main conclusions: a decrease in demand for low-skilled workers and an increase in demand for highly qualified individuals; the emergence of jobs with low levels of social protection; new forms of employment-oriented towards workers outside the social security system, domestic workers, and self-employed individuals. These types of employment can fill jobs in platform and piecework economies, cooperativism, and the sharing economy, which allows employers in developing markets to optimize employment. The findings of the study can contribute to understanding the functioning of the labor market in developing countries including the development of small and medium-sized businesses, startups, and innovative projects, and may be applicable in the development of economic and social policies for sustainable economic growth and social stability.