Comparative Historical Method Research Articles

Evolution of the Verb State Category in Germanic Languages: A Neuroscientific Perspective

Relevance of research. The article examines the process of verb formation in Germanic languages, as well as the peculiarities of the grammatical semantics of verbs at different historical stages of the development of Germanic languages. Using the comparative-historical method, the functioning of verbs in texts of Germanic languages ​​was investigated as an aspect of neurolinguistic science. Research results. The article proves that most modal verbs of Germanic languages ​​have undergone significant semantic transformations. The study of texts of different historical stages of language development shows that verbs evolved through semantic transformation. Time frames of the formation of secondary semantics were revealed. The theoretical and practical significance lies in the fact that this resarch allows a detailed study of the features of the emergence of the primary, as well as the secondary, subjective semantics of verbs in Germanic languages ​​from a neuroscientific point of view. It should be noted that the list of subjective values ​​still raises many questions and discussions. The German language has an extremely clear system of means of expressing modal values. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the neurolinguistic approach to the study of the evolution of Germanic verbs. The article aims to study the evolution of verbs in the German language in the context of neurolinguistics. To achieve the goal, the method of comparative analysis was used. This made it possible to consider the evolution of the verb through a comparative study of texts at the main stages of speech development. To solve these problems, texts reflecting the state of the language at each historical stage were studied.

Peculiarities and ways of resolving the military-political conflict

The purpose of the article is to analyse the causes of the war that spread across the entire territory of Ukraine in February 2022. The main purpose of the study is to substantiate the essence of international economic and political conflicts, as well as scientific and theoretical approaches to resolving the political conflict that is the root cause of the russian-Ukrainian war. Various methods were used in the research, including the comparative-historical method, the method of source analysis, as well as induction, deduction, synthesis and analysis. This made it possible to gain a deeper understanding of the essence of political and political-economic conflict, as well as to divide political-economic conflicts into conflicts of values, interests, and identification, determining their essential causes. An armed conflict that turns into a war is the most dangerous form of political conflict, as it causes a transition to destructive actions on the territory of the country, involves the involvement of a large number of participants and significant losses among the military and the civilian population. The historical and modern reality in Ukraine since 2014 is characterized by the presence of political and armed conflicts that arose as a result of serious contradictions that were not resolved within the framework of the post-Soviet system. It is because of this that armed, political, economic and inter-ethnic conflicts became more frequent in the 21st century. For a long time, domestic science believed that state power and politics were aimed at finding a balance of the interests of seizing natural, energy and human resources, which was supposed to completely eliminate the conflict. However, the authorities of Ukraine did not cope with the invasion of certain territories, which has been going on for more than eight years. The article analyzes the prerequisites and nature of a full-scale invasion of the territory of Ukraine as a political conflict, and suggests key ways to resolve it. The conclusion states that Ukraine's accession to the EU and NATO is a significant prospect for ensuring future guarantees of peace and protection against further or new invasion of the Russian Federation on our territory.

Türkiye in the Kazakh socio-political thought of the early twentieth century

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to investigate Turkish issues in the Kazakh socio-political thought of the early twentieth century. To conduct this study, a set of scientific methods was used, such as general scientific methods of information analysis and synthesis, methods of system analysis and content analysis; specialised methods of historical science – source methods (classification of sources, analysis and comparison, synthesis of information received), historical-system method, comparative-historical method, problematic-chronological method. The main method of the study is the historical-system method, using which a structural and functional analysis of the problem was carried out. The results of this study disclose the specific features of the socio-political life of Kazakhs at the beginning of the twentieth century, provides data on their party movements and the publishing house of national mass media, substantiates the role of Türkiye in the context of Pan-Turkism aspirations of individual political movements and personalities. The materials of this study are of practical value for an in-depth study of the history of Kazakhstan in the twentieth century, history of Pan-Turkism movements, and further research of such scientific issues as the role of intellectuals, public associations, and national Kazakh printed publications in the acquisition of statehood of Kazakhstan.

Merv khans (using the materials of the 19th c.)

The article attempts to construct a chronology of the successive rule of the Merv khans. The authors briefly touch upon the nature of the khans’ electivity, since the very institution of this phenomenon is very extensive and its study is the subject of a separate study. A wide range of sources provided a clear look at the peculiarity of local government. The example of the Teke of Merv shows that the power as such remained in the hands of the heads of the tribal tribes. Difficult times united the local population and demanded nominating a single ruler capable of leading them, providing protection and stability. 19th c. is a difficult period in the history of Merv, when one ruler succeeded another. Sometimes, the power remained in the hands of the khans of the four Teke tribes, and the general decision was made during joint meetings — maslahat. Considering the sequence of the khan’s administration, a clear chronological line provides a correct look at the past of the Turkmens; in addition, it helps avoid an erroneous assessment of the phenomena and events of that time. The Merv khans personified the bright personalities of the 19th c. who, by their example and behavior, made an important and valuable contribution to the history of the Turkmen people. Using the historical-comparative method, as well as Turkmen, Persian, Khiva, Russian, and European materials, the author recreates the general political situation in the region. The given data allow us to conclude that despite the frequent disagreements of local rulers, the socio-political situation itself, full of difficult and dramatic moments, forced the khans to forget their personal ambitions, put forward a common leader and rally around him.

Г.И. Челпанов и понятие предмета психологической науки

<p>The article describes the results of a study of G.I. Chelpanov's ideas about the subject of psychological science. We applied comparative historical and bibliographic methods, categorical analysis; the source base of the study was monographs, textbooks and articles by G.I. Chelpanov, published in the first quarter of the 20th century, as well as the works of his scientific opponents. In the first part of the article devoted to his methodological views in the pre-revolutionary period, it is argued that the scientist included psychic (mental) phenomena of consciousness to the concept of "subject of psychology", which caused rejection by most representatives of philosophical and natural fields in Russian psychological science. The second part of the article examines the methodological views of G.I. Chelpanov in the 1920s, he kept his views on the subject of psychology as they were before the Russian Revolution. The article captures his confrontation with the proponents of the "behavioral turn" in psychology, who tried to carry out a Marxist restructuring of psychology based on behaviorism. There are two possible interpretations of G.I. Chelpanov's commitment to psychic (mental) phenomena as a subject of psychology: according to the first, the scientist appears to be a fighter for truth, not ready to sacrifice principles for political conjuncture, in the second, his position is assessed as conservative, supporting outdated scientific ideas.</p>

Philosophical understanding of Russian-language poetry of Central Asia and the East

Introduction: The cultures of Central Asia have been intertwined with Russian culture for many centuries. Many Russian-speaking poets of this region have left a serious contribution to the development of several cultures at the same time. Objectives: The aim of this study is to identify the main philosophical meanings and contexts that unite the creative heritage of Russian-speaking poets of Central Asia and the Far East.Methods: To achieve this goal, the historical method, comparative method, and hermeneutic analysis are used. The authors of the article also refer to the concept of archetypes, introduced into literary studies from the psychoanalytical approach.Results: In the course of the study, it is determined that many Russian-speaking poets of these regions adopted the Asian cultural code, in connection with which the themes of “the call of the Motherland”, “metaphysics of the Great Steppe”, “Eastern City”, nomadic way of life, as well as a special, close to Asian, perception of time and eternity appear in their texts. These archetypes were added to Russian culture mainly under the influence of Eastern trends and the activities of emigrant and bilingual poets.Conclusions: The study contributes to the study of Russian-language poetry, as well as the poetic field of Central Asia and the Far East. It also touches upon the theme of the peculiarities of the formation of the writer’s identity in a bilingual environment and the theme of the dialogue of cultures, interethnic exchange of cultural code

Causes and consequences of language manipulation with the concept of «patriotism» and criteria its distinction with nationalism

INTRODUCTION. The concepts of “nationalism” and “patriotism”, “nazification” and “denazification” are used in the modern context without taking into account the history of their formation, which increases the possible escalation of social conflicts. The purpose of study – is to identify the causes and consequences of linguistic manipulation of the concept of “patriotism” and the criteria for its distinction with the concept of “nationalism”.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The studied facts of history examine the stages of development of nationalism and patriotism in the countries of Europe, the Russian Empire, the USSR and in the post-Soviet space. To study their interaction, a comparative historical method of understanding reality is used.RESEARCH RESULTS. The types of states that are built on different principles depending on the attitude of the power elites to patriotism and nationalism are analyzed: (1) protonationalism of Ancient Greece, formed on the basis of slavery; (2) nationalism in Europe with an amendment to the inviolability of property and individual freedom in bourgeois states, justifying the colonization of “unenlightened” peoples; 3) patriotism in the Russian Empire, established on the basis of Orthodoxy and citizenship, taking into account national and territorial covertness; (4) Soviet patriotism, built on the ideology of internationalism, equality and unity of national republics; (5) neopatriotism, which excludes nationalism as an ideology of superiority “titular” of a nation or state.CONCLUSION. The signs of nationalism are determined, revealing its destructive essence and making it possible to consolidate the social essence of patriotism in the structure of personal, state and interethnic relations. the significance of the model of openness of cultures, economies, religions and languages that create conditions for the formation of multipolar civilizations is substantiated.

The Declaration of Independence (1945) of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam and its Role in the Struggle for Independence of the People Worldwide

In the journey of fighting for the independence of people around the world, the Vietnamese people courageously stood up and fought against the invasion of the colonial French, which lasted more than 80 years, to regain independence for the nation through the general uprising in August 1945. On September 2, 1945, at Ba Dinh Square in Hanoi, in front of tens of thousands of compatriots nationwide, on behalf of the Provisional Revolutionary Government, President Ho Chi Minh read the Declaration of Independence, giving birth to the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. With core values about national rights and human rights, the Declaration of Independence is the crystallization of the highest of these values for humanity and contains contemporary significance and a profound strategic vision. Using historical methods, comparative methods, and analytical methods, the article focuses on solving four issues: (1) clarify the historical context of the Declaration; (2) clarify the basic content of the Declaration of Independence; (3) evaluate and affirm the meaning and value of the Declaration in the process of fighting for the independence of people around the world; and (4) draw some conclusions about the research problems. Received: 30 March 2024 / Accepted: 30 June 2024 / Published: 02 July 2024

DIGITAL REALITY AS A NEW MANIFESTATION PHENOMENA OF BORDER CULTURE

This article is dedicated to the analysis of the phenomenon of cultural liminality and its manifestation through digital space, opening new possibilities for cross-cultural interaction and creating hybrid cultural forms. Studying the liminality of culture at the intersection of digital and real spaces will enhance our understanding of contemporary cultural transformations and current realities. The evolution of digital reality necessitates constant revision of theoretical approaches. Purpose. The aim of the research is to study the phenomenon of cultural liminality in the context of the development of digital reality. Methodology. Using a systematic approach and the historical-comparative method, materials from domestic and foreign sources were summarized and systematized. Results. The study provides a redefined concept of digital reality and formulates specific criteria and characteristics of the liminal state of culture. Analysis of various approaches shows that continuous hybridization of cultural forms is occurring due to the internet, necessitating the study of digital space to understand contemporary cultural processes. In the context of globalization and digitalization, issues of self-identity become particularly relevant, and the liminal cultural spaces of the internet help people rethink their identities. Practical implications. Studying the liminality of culture at the intersection of digital and real spaces will deepen our understanding of contemporary cultural transformations necessary for effective communication in society.

TRANSFORMATION OF LITERATURE GENRES ON THE INTERNET(on the example of Kazakh authors)

This article discusses the genre typology of online literature based on works of art by Kazakh authors published and promoted on Internet platforms and social networks. The purpose of the article is to identify modifications of traditional genres in the online environment. Therefore, the main direction is to describe the subgenres that have arisen between traditional book-format literature and digital literature. Studying the transformation of literary genres on the Internet is relevant for understanding the evolution of literature under the influence of technologies and expands theoretical knowledge about Internet literature. In the course of the study, such scientific methods were used as an analysis based on comparative historical, typological, hermeneutic, cultural and historical methods of works of Kazakh literature published in electronic resources and an analysis of the factors that subject to the transformation of the genre and types of canonical genres was also carried out. As a result of the study, an assessment was made of the state of formation and development of developing electronic literature in Kazakhstan, and specific aspects of online literature were identified. Internet platforms where domestic authors are published were analyzed. It was concluded that the state of development of the modern literary process led to the assumption that, over time, several new types and genres of literary works are being formed on the Internet. It has been established that although samples of traditional literature in the Kazakh language are actively published on the Internet in the form of electronic versions, new technologies and the Internet have remained relatively the exact structure of works.The topic of Internet literature is very well developed and researched in Western and European countries. The value of this study is determined by the fact that a broad analysis of literary genres on the Internet was carried out using the example of domestic authors. The study's practical significance lies in using its results for the development of educational programs and the popularization of Kazakh literature on the Internet. The results of this study make it possible to use the obtained theoretical results and the collected material in the courses of modern literature and the media sphere.

On the history of the connection of the criminal court and the civil court chambers’ in the Russian Empire provinces in the second half of the 1860s (on the example of the Voronezh province)

Importance. One of the main transitional period issues of reforming the judicial system of Russia in the second half of the 1860s is connecting the chambers issue of the criminal court and the civil court at the provincial level. The purpose of the study is, firstly, to identify the mechanism of connecting the chambers of the criminal court and the civil court in the provinces of Russia in the second half of the 1860s, and secondly, to analyze the main problems faced by judicial officials when connecting the analyzed institutions.Materials and Methods. The main sources of the research are the following materials: archival files from the funds of the State Archive of the Voronezh Region (GAVO); normative legal acts, collections of rules and laws; materials of the periodical press; – statistical and reference publications. The methodological basis of the research was both general and particular methods of scientific cognition: the method of structural analysis; the historical-comparative method; the historicalsystemic method; the formal-logical method; other methods of scientific cognition were also used in the article.Results and Discussion. Archival materials from the funds of the State archive of Voronezh region are analyzed, according to which it is possible to restore the connecting the chambers mechanism of the criminal court and the civil court in the provinces of the Russian Empire. On the basis of the current imperial legislation, the general regulatory rules that judicial officials followed when connecting the judicial institutions in question in the second half of the 1860s are revealed. The main problems faced by judicial officials when connecting the chambers of the criminal court and the civil court in the Voronezh province are identified and considered.Conclusion. The mechanism for connecting the chambers of the criminal court and the civil court in the provinces of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 1860s was not specifically prescribed. From November 26, 1867 to July 1, 1869, the judicial system in Voronezh province was at a transitional stage. During this period, pre-reform judicial institutions still continued to operate, at the same time new courts began to work: Voronezh and Ostrogozhsky District courts. The main problem in the functioning of the Judicial Chambers (including the united Chamber since May 1, 1868) at the transitional stage was the lack of a full-time number of judges.

The Problems of National Identity in Contemporary Germany in an International Context

The article analyzes the influence of the current international situation on the concept of German identity. The main elements that form the basis of contemporary German self-consciousness are identified. The author explores the relationship between the regional, national, and supranational components of German self-identification, examining the persistent mental “divide” between the new (former GDR) and the old lands (West Germany). Special attention is paid to the challenges posed for the Federal Republic of Germany in terms of historical discourse and memorial practices by the influx of migrants from the Middle East and North Africa. The role of the 2023 Palestine-Israel escalation in the transformation of the national narrative is separately examined. The article also evaluated the conflict around Ukraine as a factor in strengthening the European dimension of German identity.Among the key methods used by the author are content analysis of speeches by German officials, analysis of legislation and media. In addition, logical, chronological, and comparative-historical methods were applied. All this in aggregate led to the following conclusions. The Federal Republic of Germany is undergoing a systemic and multidimensional identity crisis. The main challenge is finding a balance between historical responsibility, transatlantic commitments, and national interests. The goal of the German establishment is to formulate a new national idea, which includes defining the role and place of Germany in the world, forming a value consensus regarding migrants, and overcoming the alienation between the east and west of the country. However, in the post-1990 world order, such a large-scale task remains rather impossible for the current elites.

INTERGENERATIONAL DIALOGUE IN THE NOVEL “BONJOUR TRISTESSE” BY FRANҪOISE SAGAN

The article aims to study the poetic means of reproducing models of intergenerational dialogue in the parameters of “conflict/solidarity”. The material of the study is the novel “Bonjour tristesse” (“Hello Sadness”) by Françoise Sagan, which demonstrates models of intergenerational relations within and around one family. The objective of the research is to study the existential model of “friend or foe” in intergenerational relations, the peculiarities of generational identification and self-identification, to clarify the mythopoetic interpretation of the archetype of Mother, Eros and Thanatos, and the gender focus of intergenerational relations. The study uses the methodology of literary gerontology, existential interpretation of a literary text, mythocriticism, psychoanalysis, sociological and psychoanalytic works related to age anthropology. Historical, cultural, comparative historical and typological methods are used to study the embodiment of age-related aspects, as well as to establish thematic, figurative, and compositional features of the functioning of intergenerational dialogue in a literary text. The result of the study shows that the intergenerational dialogue in the novel takes place within the framework of the models of “solidarity” and “conflict”. The figurative and motivational complex “solidarity” is characteristic of Cécile and Raymond’s relationship with elements of the idealisation of the father. The model of “solidarity” with elements of manipulation prevails in the relationships of Cécile-Elsa and Cécile-Cyril. During the story, these relationships do not have a deep emotional connection. The “conflict” model is expressed in the Cécile-Anne interaction. Anne makes the mistake of taking her role as a mother to Cécile to heart. Thus, she breaks the established ties in the family, trying to impose “foe” roles on the father and daughter, and on the other hand, she attempts to try on the sacred image of a mother, which leads to Anne’s death. The novel presents an artistic interpretation of the Mother archetype in several projections. First of all, in the variation “patronage as a maternal function”, the Mother archetype is characteristic of Anne. However, if Anne’s patronage as a “foe” is acceptable to Cécile, she does not plan to see her as her father’s wife, or her mother (stepmother). The Cécile-Anne conflict can also be seen in the mythological tradition of the stepmother-stepdaughter. Another variation of the Mother archetype, the “sacrificing mother”, is characteristic of Cyril’s mother, but Cécile negatively perceives the type of “woman in the family kinkeeper role”. The mythopoetics of the conflictual parallel of Eros and Thanatos in the novel is closely related to the motif of the intergenerational relationship between Raymond and Elsa. Here, the connection between an older man and a young lover is a necessary confirmation of a man’s physical and emotional state. The line of mutual love between 40-year-old Anne and Raymond provides an example of harmonious ageing. However, the destructive conflict between Cécile and Anne becomes a modulated energy aimed at eliminating the threat (Anne). In this way, the author’s intention reveals the ontological problem of playing with death, the unconscious realisation of the primordial instinct of destructiveness. The motif of Thanatos is immanently present in the novel because of the death of Cécile’s mother. The relationship between Raymond and Anne causes Cécile’s rejection and ends in Anne’s suicide. Anne’s attempt to take her mother’s sacred place ends in death.

Designing exhibitions of Chinese art in Soviet Art Museums: from collectible to problematic method

The object of research is Chinese fine art presented in Soviet museums, museum practice and scientific discourse that has developed around the study of Chinese art in the USSR. The subject of the research is the specifics of designing exhibitions of Chinese art in Soviet art museums and the issues of its historical transformation. The analysis of a number of exhibition events held in Soviet museums and dedicated to Chinese fine art is proposed. During the consideration of the topic, such issues as the factors that influenced the methods of Soviet scientists in planning Chinese expositions, the degree of their effectiveness in relation to communication between the Soviet viewer and works of Chinese fine art are traced. This material is used to reconstruct the process of transformation of Soviet art critics' approaches to presentation and communication in the field of Chinese art. The comparative historical method is used to allow a comparative analysis of the Early Soviet and late Soviet periods in order to comprehend the issues of the evolution of scientific knowledge about Chinese art, approaches to its research, museum presentation and communication in this area. A descriptive method of analyzing exhibitions and collections of Chinese fine art in Soviet museums is used. For the first time, the nature of Soviet museum studies of Chinese fine art is generalized, the approaches of Soviet researchers to presentation and communication in the field of fine art in China are revealed, and their historical transformation is traced. The main conclusions of the study are as follows. The nature of the evolution of Soviet researchers' approaches to presentation and communication in the field of Chinese fine art in USSR museums is determined by the movement towards the development of deep scientific ideas, which in the late Soviet period provide a reliable basis for the effective implementation of certain approaches to exposition planning, the complication of exhibition events, the movement of Soviet museological theory from an ideologized view of exposition material as a means education of a citizen of a new formation, to the perception of an independent artistic idea of exposition works. Since the second half of the 1980s, new principles of artistic communication between the viewer and works of fine art have been formed in the USSR: an independent artistic idea of exposition works is brought to the fore, which provides favorable conditions for the Soviet viewer to perceive traditional Chinese aesthetics as a separate phenomenon of ancient and original Chinese culture.

Особенности употребления иноязычных терминов в тюркских языках (на материале казахского, турецкого, азербайджанского, узбекского и башкирского языков)

This article examines the process of borrowing, adaptation and peculiarities of the use of foreign language terms in the Turkic languages.The study was conducted on the material of modern Kazakh, Turkish, Azerbaijani, Uzbek and Bashkir languages.As a result, the main features of the use of foreign-language terms in the Turkic languages under consideration are highlighted:use with preservation of the form of the source language or interlingua; translation of foreign language terms using native words of Turkic languages;the use of terms in accordance with the phonomorphological features of the Turkic languages;the original formation of the Turkic languages.It has been determinedthat one of the main factors in the use of foreign language terms in the Turkic languages is the extralinguistic factor.Namely, the use of foreign language terms in the Kazakh, Uzbek and Azerbaijani languages while preserving the form of the source language or interlingua can be explained by the fact that these states were part of the former Soviet Union, and the Bashkir people are still part of Russia and influence on them The Russian language was (and remains) strong.Türkiye, with a completely different political system, avoided a similar fate.As is known, in Türkiye, measures to preserve the national language began a long time ago.Under the strict supervision of Ataturk, many of the measures taken during the “language revolution” that began in 1928 and swept the whole country were aimed at cleansing the Turkish language of elements borrowed from Arabic and Persian. The purpose of the work is to identify the peculiarities of the use of foreign terms in the vocabulary of the Turkic languages under consideration. The method of collection, systematization, analysis, comparison of data, comparative historical method, classification and interpretation were chosen as the research method. The relevance of this article is to consider the features of the development and adaptation of foreign language terms in the Turkic languages under consideration.

Isbijab – a new centre for the development of Islamic law (XI-XII)

The relevance of this article covers historical, religious, local and diplomatic factors, which reflect the importance of research and the multifaceted nature of Isbijab. The purpose is to study the Isbijab School of fiqh law in the Middle Ages in the context of Islamic law and the history of Kazakhstan. In this work, standard historiographical methods are used: historical-systemic method, historical-comparative method, method of historical periodization and others. The main result is to clarify the role of the fiqh school of Isbijab in the context of studying the history of Islamic law on the territory of modern Kazakhstan and in the region as a whole. The authors also found that Isbijab was one of the centres of Islamic studies and law not only in Kazakhstan but also in the whole of Central Asia in the XI to XII centuries. It was the time when Isbijab developed its legal concept and school of fiqh, the Hanafi madhhab. This school of Islamic law introduced a new generation of legal scholars and their pupils, whose major works and academic degrees paved their way in the historiography. Their experience helped the researchers to study the manuscript works of medieval Isbijab jurists from a historical-legal and theological point of view. The paper shows the findings of an ongoing study of Isbijab legal practitioners in the framework of the "Mukhtasar al-Tahawi" book. Work has practical relevance not only in the context of Islamic studies and Islamic law but also in history, international relations, country knowledge and in other disciplines.

The Participation of Women’s Monasteries in Missionary Activities of the Russian Orthodox Church in the Second Half of the XIX – Early XX Centuries

The study of the role of the Russian Orthodox Church in the life of Russian society is an urgent task for Russian historical science. The solution of this problem requires a comprehensive objective study of the missionary activities of Orthodox monasteries in the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries. The contradiction between the insufficient knowledge of the missionary activity of women’s monasteries and the need to study it in order to obtain a holistic view and an objective assessment of this activity has become a research problem. The purpose of the article is to analyze the participation of women’s monasteries in the missionary activities of the church among groups of the Russian population of different confessions in the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries. The novelty of the article lies in the fact that the evolution of the establishment of nunneries is investigated; the main directions and forms of their work are characterized; factors that influenced the work of monasteries in the church mission are identified; the results of their missionary activities are analyzed. For the first time, summary statistics on women’s missionary monasteries are presented. The study was conducted on the basis of a systematic approach using the principles of objectivity and historicism, historical-genetic and historical-comparative methods. The author concludes to the conclusion that the activities of women’s monasteries contributed to the expansion of the church mission through the use of various forms of work with the population. Social and charitable activities were of great importance. The advantage of nunneries is the use of forms of work that are attractive to the population. This not only contributed to the solution of missionary tasks but also ensured the cultural and civilizational development of the population, influenced its religious and moral state. The results of the research can be used in the content of the academic disciplines “History of Russia”, “History of traditional religions of Russia”, in studies on the church mission, the history of Russian Orthodox female monasticism. The prospects of the research are to study the missionary activities of “non-native” nunneries, co-religionist nunneries, and women’s missionary communities

Literary reception of A. N. Ostrovsky's work in the comedy "Over the Oka River" by A. D. Simukov

The subject of the research in the article is the analysis of A. D. Simukov's comedy "Over the Oka River" in 1959 for the connection with the work of A. N. Ostrovsky, in particular, with his plays "The Storm" and "Talents and Admirers". The materials of the study were the draft and final version of the play by the Soviet playwright as well as the reviews of the production. In the course of the study, such features of the genre of plays-paintings used by A. D. Simukov are highlighted, such as a vivid description of everyday details and the playwright's attention to all the characters of the play. A brief historical and literary digression of the role of the "theatrical" theme in the drama of the XIX century is given. The main themes and ideas of these works are highlighted in order to compare them with the plays of the XX century. The attitude to the work of A. N. Ostrovsky in the XX century is revealed. Cultural-historical and comparative-historical methods, as well as the method of literary hermeneutics, were used in the research. The scientific novelty of the study consists in the lack of the research of the work of A. D. Simukov, whose plays were popular in the middle of the XX century, and the addition of knowledge about the perception and interpretation of the work of A. N. Ostrovsky in the XX century. The article concludes that the plot of the Soviet play is antithetical to the context of the original source of the selected quotations. A parallel is drawn with the plot of "Talents and Admires" through the image of Katya, a young actress dreaming of fame. The example of her fate shows the difference between the social conditions of the XIX and XX centuries. The reception of a play is evaluated as a game in a game. It is concluded that A. D. Simukov in "The Storm" highlighted the idea of thirst for life and beauty, the need to awaken the human soul and expressed it in his play through the characters' contact with the world of art. Author compares the draft and the final versions of the play, as well as the work on the images of the main and secondary characters. It is concluded that the literary reception of A. N. Ostrovsky's work is expressed in many ways in the plot, as well as in figurative, ideological, textual and thematic aspects of the work.

The Northeast of England in the era of the Wars of the Roses (using the example of the Paston family)

The subject of the study is the participation of the English small-scale provincial nobility in the events of the Wars of the Roses (1455-1485) and their behavior patterns in the context of a dynastic conflict, using the example of the fate of John Paston from Norfolk County (northeast of England). Special attention is paid to how the relationship between the average nobleman and his neighbors was built, the circle of his acquaintances, the degree of involvement in national politics, personal conflicts and motives. Both the general patterns characteristic of the fate of most representatives of the privileged class of the XV century are considered, as well as the specifics that distinguish the region specifically studied and the personalities of interest to us in comparison with data from other counties (primarily the south-west of England). The main source is the fundamental family archive "Letters of the Pastors", which contains invaluable information on the English history of the period we are interested in. The research is based on the principles of historicism and scientific objectivity and is based on the problem-chronological principle. Analytical, comparative historical and dialectical methods are used in the analysis of historical sources. Due to the fact that the study is built around the biography of a particular person, the events of the epoch we are interested in are considered from the perspective of microhistory. Within the framework of the study, the working hypothesis developed by the author in other articles ("John Trevelyan and the Wars of the Roses", "English provincial Nobility and the Wars of the Roses", "The political struggle of the era of the Wars of the Roses in the light of English parliamentary legislation") on the evolution of the policy of the royal power in relation to the provincial nobility is being tested. At the initial stage of the Wars of the Roses, the Lancastrian party is the first to move to form the ranks of its supporters in the counties, which, using the example of Norfolk, leads to a conflict between John Paston and Lord Molanes, a prominent supporter of the Lancaster dynasty. The fact that Paston did not become an active Yorkist turned into difficulties for him at the next stage, when King Edward IV switched to a policy of reconciliation of warring factions, which is why the nobles, who remained neutral during the conflict, found themselves at enmity with both supporters of the Yorks and former Lancastrians reconciled with the new dynasty.

Ambivalence of kawaii as a phenomenon of modern aesthetics in Japan

The author analyzes various aspects of the modern popular culture of kawaii. The connection between sweetness and the terrible in kawaii aesthetics is clarified. It is emphasized that the roots of kawaii go back to the Japanese culture of the past and today's total spread of the cute in Japanese everyday life is reflected in politics, government, business, the military complex, art, influencing all spheres of society and manifesting itself as a key component of the national identity of the Japanese. Attention is focused on the aesthetic category of yami-kawaii. Creepy kawaii understands the works of Japanese artists and the youth subculture. The connection of kawaii and yami-kawaii is shown. The subject of the study is the images of Japanese artists of the XX – XXI centuries. A characteristic feature of the art of which is the excessive depiction of the cute, indicating a connection with modernity. Comparative historical and iconographic research methods based on cultural, philosophical, and art historical scientific materials were used. The relevance of the topic is due to the need to explore new trends in art, with the need to rethink classical, aesthetic categories, in connection with the catastrophes of the XX – XXI centuries, which changed European culture and left an indelible mark on Japanese culture. The novelty of the research lies in an attempt to analyze the phenomenon of kawaii in a dual aspect: kawaii of the sweet and kawaii of the terrible in the art of Japanese artists, based on the phenomenon of fear as the driving force of yami-kawaii, as well as using the aesthetic category of "kawaii" as an all-pervading characteristic of mass culture. The yami-kawaii style is an independent aesthetic category, widespread by the youth subculture. The popularity of the "sick" kawaii as a crude grim reality is applied in the marketing of the industrial industry. Infantilism manifests itself as a defense, a psychological barrier in search of support and sympathy. The aesthetics of kawaii mildness acts as one side of the coin, the other is the internal conflict of society – fear, helplessness, depression. The yami-kawaii subculture is an expression of the aesthetic phenomenon of suffering and fear.