Comparative Historical Method Research Articles

Isbijab – a new centre for the development of Islamic law (XI-XII)

The relevance of this article covers historical, religious, local and diplomatic factors, which reflect the importance of research and the multifaceted nature of Isbijab. The purpose is to study the Isbijab School of fiqh law in the Middle Ages in the context of Islamic law and the history of Kazakhstan. In this work, standard historiographical methods are used: historical-systemic method, historical-comparative method, method of historical periodization and others. The main result is to clarify the role of the fiqh school of Isbijab in the context of studying the history of Islamic law on the territory of modern Kazakhstan and in the region as a whole. The authors also found that Isbijab was one of the centres of Islamic studies and law not only in Kazakhstan but also in the whole of Central Asia in the XI to XII centuries. It was the time when Isbijab developed its legal concept and school of fiqh, the Hanafi madhhab. This school of Islamic law introduced a new generation of legal scholars and their pupils, whose major works and academic degrees paved their way in the historiography. Their experience helped the researchers to study the manuscript works of medieval Isbijab jurists from a historical-legal and theological point of view. The paper shows the findings of an ongoing study of Isbijab legal practitioners in the framework of the "Mukhtasar al-Tahawi" book. Work has practical relevance not only in the context of Islamic studies and Islamic law but also in history, international relations, country knowledge and in other disciplines.

Старомонгольская письменность в Байкальском регионе на современном этапе: курс на ревитализацию?

This paper aims to provide an analysis of the development of the Mongolian script in the sociocultural context of the Baikal region in modern times. The main purpose of this article is to characterize the key trends in society from the point of view of sociolinguistic processes. Materials and methods. The research is based on a thorough examination of official data from the Government of the Republic of Buryatia, government departments of the Irkutsk region and Transbaikal region, as well as publications in the media and field materials gathered through an expert survey of heads of educational centers and language activists. The authors have adopted a systematic approach and applied a range of general scientific and special methods, including comparative historical and statistical methods, to conduct this study. Results and conclusions. It has been revealed that the Mongolian script has significant role in performing various socio-cultural functions. Mongolian script has gained widespread popularity in the form of calligraphy in the Baikal region. Furthermore, the language is deeply embedded with ethno cultural symbolism, making it a valuable source for the development of the Buryat language and culture as a whole. There is a growing interest in analyzing the language situation in Mongolia and the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of the People’s Republic of China, particularly in terms of the implementation of state language policy in perspective. The status and functional role of Mongolian script in these regions are of utmost importance in understanding its impact on the overall language landscape.

Коммерческая торговля в системе общественного питания Сталинградской области в 1944–1947 годах

Introduction. The article deals with the creation and development of a commercial trade system in public catering in the city of Stalingrad and the Stalingrad region at the end of the Great Patriotic War and in the first post-war years. Methods. In this study, historical-descriptive (idiographic), historical-genetic, and historical comparative methods, as well as quantitative methods, were used in the examination of newspaper sources. Analysis and results. In order to replenish the budget and meet the demand of the population, already in the spring of 1944, free trade in alcoholic beverages began in the canteens of Stalingrad. In the spring and summer of 1945, the first restaurants and commercial halls at canteens opened in the city. The opening of commercial tea houses in the system of state and cooperative trade became widespread in early 1946 after the decrees of the USSR government were issued. This process took place in the face of an acute shortage of inventory, kitchen equipment, and utensils. A feature of Stalingrad was the complete lack of premises for new catering establishments. As a rule, commercial tea houses were opened at or instead of existing canteens. Since a significant part of the products for commercial tea houses were purchased from collective farms and the population at market prices, the cost of even the simplest dishes was 8–10 times higher than in ration canteens. Procurement of products occurred with difficulty due to the priority of mandatory supplies of agricultural products to the state. After the drought in 1946, even commercial tea houses and restaurants limited the sale of bread. At the same time, there was a second wave of the establishment of commercial restaurants and cafes. In 1947, commercial canteens with a small selection of dishes appeared, occupying a middle position between restaurants and tea houses. Having completed the task of attracting funds from the population, commercial catering enterprises, at the same time, did not become centers for cultural leisure. Most of the teahouses were located in adapted premises that needed repair and were poorly maintained. The assortment of dishes was not maintained, and violations of technology and theft by workers flourished. Most of the profits came from the sale of purchased goods, primarily alcoholic beverages.

Historical examples and modern application of the "Chinese style" in the art of British interior design

"Chinese style" is a new form of combining Chinese and Western styles, formed on the basis of Western decorative art after a large number of Chinese exported works of art were imported to Europe in the XVII—XVIII centuries. The article takes the famous British country estate of the XVIII century as a starting point, and combines the relevant elements of interior decoration to analyze the influence of Chinese design on British decorative patterns and decorative techniques. "Chinese Style" is an innovative combination of Chinese and Western art based on Western decorative techniques.The article also analyzes the influence of the Chinoiserie style as a new art form combining traditional Chinese elements with Western forms on British decorative methods, with an emphasis on a specific study of this phenomenon.The purpose of the author of this study is to study and familiarize readers and the scientific community with the development and application of the "Chinese style" in British decorative methods of interior design. To achieve this goal, the author uses comparative historical, historical and cultural methods, iconographic method of description, as well as stylistic analysis, analyzes historical sources: historical documents, images, artifacts and literature. The research methodology includes a comprehensive approach to the study of the historical context and its impact on the formation of the British interiors. An empirical generalization of the material allows us to conclude about the significance of the above research and the influence of the "Chinese style" on modern decorative methods of interior design and design in Britain. The novelty of the research lies in the application of a combination of methods, analysis of historical forms to study this topic, which has been little studied in the segment of Russian historical science, which allowed us to obtain results that can arouse increased interest in the formation of the British interior among specialists. The author emphasizes the importance of the ability of design masters and architects to combine elements of Italian and British design to create a unique interior. The author's special contribution lies in the analysis of historical materials, practical examples of the successful application of the "Chinese style" in British interiors, which makes this article a valuable study for designers and lovers of interior art.

Императорское Русское военно-историческое общество и формирование исторической памяти о военных событиях в начале ХХ века

This study analyses the ability and potential of the Imperial Russian Military Historical Society to influence the formation of historical memory of military events in Russian history in the early 20th century. The methodological basis is a synthesis of ideas from the interdisciplinary paradigm of memory studies, as well as comparative historical and typological historical methods. The author proceeds from the assumption that in the early 20th century, the Russian Military Historical Society was among the key actors in the formation of historical memory of significant events in military history. The extensive structure, large membership, broad local representation and various forms of commemoration allowed the society to participate in the process of selecting acts of remembrance of military events and figures as well as assigning certain meanings to them. The study identified difficulties in implementing a number of commemorative projects, such as insufficient financial support and conflicts between the central and local offices as well as between the society’s members. The author comes to the conclusion that, despite the organizational and financial problems, the Russian Military Historical Society during its short period of existence has made a significant contribution to preserving the memory of military campaigns, which is reflected in various forms of commemoration. In addition, the society has managed to earn a reputation and gain the trust of military historians. Turning to these topics not only expands our understanding of the mnemonic actors existing in the modern world, but also allows us to recreate the main directions of the policy of memory in the Russian Empire in the early 20th century. Further research into the commemorative projects of the Imperial Russian Military Historical Society, as well as its interactions with other actors, seems promising.

HISTORICAL FOUNDATIONS OF NARROW VOWELS IN THE TURKIC (KIPCHAK) LANGUAGES

On the basis of comparative historical methods, the degree of proximity and common features of related Turkic languages are determined. The phonetic and phonological structures of the Kazakh and related Turkic languages belonging to the Kipchak group are studied in a diachronic aspect. The universal phonological phenomena of narrow vowel phonemes based on the laws of synharmonism and the agglutinative structure of the Turkic languages are described on the material of the Kazakh, Karakalpak, Tatar, Bashkir, Nogai, Karachay-Balkar languages of the Kipchak group.The aim of the study is to identify common and distinctive features of the phonetic and phonological structures of the Kazakh and related (Kipchak) Turkic languages through comparative historical methods. The system of vocalism of related Turkic languages is compared with each other, their similarities and differences are revealed, and as a result, the stages of the historical development of phonetic systems are established, the ways of the emergence and formation of phonemes are described. As a result of comparing the vocalism of the narrow (y, i, u, ü) vowels of the Turkic languages of the Kipchak group, common and distinctive features in the phonological systems of related languages are determined. The results obtained in the course of the study are of great theoretical and practical importance. The study of the languages of the Kipchak group, which make up a large branch of modern Turkic languages and languages of written monuments of the ancient Turkic era from the point of view of diachronic phonology, opens up great prospects in the study of general patterns in other areas of linguistics.

Philosophical hermeneutics and scientific and pedagogical activities

Importance. Maintaining a continuous, equal dialogue between teachers and philosophers is one of the conditions for achieving the main humanitarian and educational goal – the upbringing of a spiritual and moral, comprehensively developed, socially responsible personality. Scientific and pedagogical activity is based on a certain system of philosophical and ideological ideas, principles and ideals that enrich and stimulate the development of educational thought and practice. Currently, the experience of philosophical hermeneutics, one of the directions of Western thought, is in great demand in educational practice. Hermeneutical theories influence the formation and formation of a special science – pedagogical hermeneutics. The principles of hermeneutics are increasingly being used as a theoretical and methodological basis for discussing and critically comprehending traditional pedagogical problems, such as methods of teaching and upbringing in the field of social sciences and humanities, assessment of the quality of education, the content and meaning of pedagogical activity. The ideas and positions of hermeneutics resonate in discussions about qualitative research. Hermeneutics helps to comprehend the genuine difficulties of interpretation that each individual faces in everyday life and professional activities. The purpose of the research is to reveal the possibilities of applying the experience of philosophical hermeneutics in the structure of scientific and pedagogical activity. To achieve this goal, the characteristic features and principles of hermeneutics as a philosophical tradition are considered, the cognitive potential of the hermeneutical approach in scientific and pedagogical practice is clarified.Materials and Methods. The following methods and approaches are used: 1) using the comparative historical method, the process of formation and development of philosophical hermeneutics is revealed, its conceptual evolution is analyzed; 2) the fundamental method of interpretation is used to work with texts of prominent representatives of philosophical hermeneutics; 3) the application of an interdisciplinary approach is due to the combination in the study of various fields of knowledge: philosophy, pedagogy, linguistics, psychology; 4) on the basis of a systematic approach, an analytical description of the applied aspect of philosophical hermeneutics for pedagogy is provided. The historical and philosophical reconstruction of the ideas and principles of hermeneutics was carried out on the basis of the works of F. Schleiermacher, W. Dilthey, M. Heidegger, G.-G. Gadamer. The specificity of the hermeneutical methodology is comprehended against the background of the positivist methodology opposite to it.Results and Discussion. The cognitive potential of the hermeneutical approach in scientific and pedagogical practice is considered. It is noted that this approach provides the teacher with an understanding of the meaning of key educational terms, which helps to avoid situations of conceptual confusion in pedagogical communication. Understanding and interpretation can cause certain difficulties for students themselves when they relate to the content of various texts. In such cases, the teacher should find out the causes of the difficulties that arise, and help the students overcome them. It is emphasized that hermeneutics forms a specific style of thinking with a clearly pronounced anti-positivist orientation. The widespread opinion about the teacher as a subject of educational activity and the bearer of genuine knowledge, which he must “put into the heads” of students, in hermeneutics gives way to the idea of learning as a process of mutual creativity, cooperation between the teacher and the student. The role of the teacher is reduced to creating conditions that ensure the “merging of horizons” of participants in pedagogical activity. Hermeneutics stimulates the formulation of questions aimed at understanding the meaning of educational activity, it clarifies the degree of involvement of the teacher in the realization of this meaning. Starting from the idea of ontological inclusion of a person in a cultural and historical tradition, hermeneutics makes it possible to understand to what extent prejudices determine our behavior and thinking, and how this circumstance affects interpersonal relationships. The hermeneutical approach makes it possible to interpret educational activities based on the idea of the uniqueness of pedagogical experience. The use of the hermeneutical method assumes that the teacher-researcher associates himself not with an impartial observer, but with a full participant in the dialogical search. Thanks to the joint efforts of the researcher and other participants in the hermeneutical conversation, meaning and understanding merge.Conclusion. It is shown that the problem of interpretation, considered in the framework of educational activities, is of a practical nature. Modern philosophical hermeneutics, having made an ontological turn, overcomes the Cartesian view of the abstract opposition of subject and object, tradition and reason, which prevails in “modernist” pedagogy. Teachers can benefit from the analysis and development of the most important ideas and provisions of hermeneutics for their application in scientific and pedagogical activities, as it helps to realize their own prejudices, questions initial interpretations, strengthens the position of self-reflection regarding the educational process.

Walker’s Appeal... is the main manifesto of radical African-American abolitionism

This work is about one of the key episodes of African-American history and the history of American abolitionism associated with the publication in September 1829 in Boston of Walker’s Appeal, in Four Articles; Together with a Preamble, to the Coloured Citizens of the World. The appearance of this “revolutionary appeal” undoubtedly marked a new milestone in the development of the anti-slavery movement and the actual emergence of such a trend as radical African-American abolitionism. The reaction to the release of this document by the authorities of the Southern States can be called unprecedented in its scale and consequences. It found expression in the adoption of a number of repressive laws, which, in turn, marked the beginning of a period of prolonged reaction in the American South, which would end only after the end of the Civil War of 1861–1865. The significance of this event is difficult to overestimate. After almost two centuries, the figure of David Walker and his Appeal still arouse increased interest from Western researchers and not only. However, no serious works on this topic have been published in Russian historiography up to the present moment. This study aims to identify and examine the causes and circumstances of the writing of the Walker’s Appeal…, to analyze the main provisions of this document and the consequences caused by its dissemination. In addition, the author pays special attention to the review of the historiography of this issue. The source base is newspaper publications, letters and bills of the period under review, as well as the text of the Appeal. The methodological basis of the research consists of causal, historical-descriptive, historical-genetic, historical-typological, retrospective, and comparative-historical methods. The materialistic dialectic plays the main role, showing the development of the abolitionist movement in dynamics and the influence of related factors. The author concludes that Walker’s Appeal… became an expression of the most important trend in the development of American abolitionism at the end of the first third of the nineteenth century. The appearance of this document clearly demonstrated the radicalization of the African-American community itself and its willingness to join the struggle for the abolition of slavery and its rights.

Pioneer organization in Samara: from incident to sign

The article, based on previously unpublished archival sources, examines the process of organizing the first pioneer detachments in Samara, as well as their activities in 1922–1923 using the comparative historical method and microhistorical approach, methods of social constructivism, political-legal and systemic approaches. The study is based on the study of individual incidents. Firstly, the authors prove that in the early 1920-ies there were many «disorganized» children on the streets of Samara, who made up the bulk of the first pioneer detachments of the city. The pioneer movement was formed by order of the Central Committee of the RKSM, had an ideological content and was introduced «from above». In Samara, children from the streets were attracted by playing on sports grounds, singing songs, and then by the external attributes of the children’s pioneer – a flag, a red banner, badges, and drumming. Secondly, behind the apparent simplicity of the children’s attitude towards the pioneers, a significant result was hidden: along with the red tie, over time, the names of leaders and politicians, revolutionary attributes, conversations about communism, a clear organization of collective detachment activities, wall newspapers, and socialist competitions became a habit, becoming part of life. The pioneer provided children with a space of expression and independent existence – within certain boundaries, strictly prescribed in the Charter and the oath that the children took when tying a red tie. The value system of the «new man», designed by the government, has acquired a dualistic character. It combined the values of sociocentric and anthropocentric nature. Also, thirdly, due to the lack of methodological support from the party, the guidance for the instructors-counselors was provided by random books and pamphlets about Boy scouts released in pre-revolutionary times. Many of these books were taken to the pioneer organization, both on methodological and practical issues. The conclusion is drawn about the importance of these three aspects in the formation of a pioneer organization in Samara.

Closure of the Tsaritsyn Gun Factory in the summer of 1918

In this article, using comparative historical and historical-genetic methods, a study of the history of the Tsaritsyn gun factory was undertaken at the turning point of its existence - the summer of 1918. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were put forward: to consider the circumstances of the decision to close the plant, to monitor its implementation, and also find out whether the plant was used in the future and whether it contributed to the defense of Tsaritsyn in the summer-autumn of 1918. The relevance of the topic lies in the fact that since key government figures of the first decades of Soviet power took part in the closure of the plant, and the plant as a whole was an important strategic object , to the extent that studying this issue is important for understanding the political processes of the Civil War. The main material was the plant documentation stored in the Volgograd regional archive; a number of materials from collections of documents were used, as well as personal sources, for example, the memoirs of A.G. Shlyapnikov. During the study, including on the basis of new archival materials, clarifying circumstances of the closure of the Tsaritsyn plant were established: the decision-making process was traced both in Moscow and in Tsaritsyn, the exact date of A.G. Shlyapnikov’s departure was established, due to which he was unable to take part in the process of closing the plant, a conflict was revealed during the closing of the plant between I.V. Stalin and P.V. Filippov, in which S.K. Minin became an intermediary. Finally, accurate data has been found that allows us to talk about the contribution of enterprises established on the basis of the Tsaritsyn plant to the defense of the city in 1918.

The Continuing Socio-political Appeal of Thermopylae Symbolism and the War in Ukraine

The main aim of this article is to examine the causes behind the recurring heroic motives of Thermopylae up to the present day. This phenomenon, referred to as the comparative heroisation process, is analyzed in the context of initiation, glorification, and identification of contemporary European soldiers with the Spartan warriors. The author(s) primarily employ a comparative historical method, incorporating some elements of a constructivist approach. The Battle of Mariupol, one of the largest clashes during the invasion of Ukraine, is specifically examined. However, instead of focusing on measuring the actual degree of similarity to Thermopylae, the author(s) concentrate on the metaphorical aspect. The central question raised is: why has the symbolism of Thermopylae persisted? Additionally, the authors explore the continuities and discontinuities that the Mariupol case demonstrates in comparison to earlier historical examples. The author(s) aim to demonstrate that the heroisation process does not necessarily require defenders to possess all sublime virtues. On the contrary, it may be sufficient for the community to aspire to acknowledge, identify with, or achieve certain arch-heroic traits or qualities, which can then be attributed to their respective national courageous champions, irrespective of how closely they resemble the heroic role models.

Problems of alcohol consumption in the oral and written literary tradition of the Yakuts (late 19th – early 20th centuries)

The research subject of this article is the texts of folklore and literary works of the late 19th to the early 20th centuries, dedicated to the issue of alcohol consumption. The research was conducted using historical-cultural and comparative-historical methods. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the authors’ attempt to comprehensively study the problem of alcohol in folklore and written literary works of the pre-revolutionary period. The study examines the initial instances of critical understanding of alcohol consumption in Yakut society, as expressed in oral and written literary traditions of the people. In their analysis of the texts, the authors explored previously undiscovered archival documents. They conclude that, starting from the late 19th century, “songs about vodka” emerged in Yakut folklore, addressing the issues of alcohol consumption and explaining the harmful effects of alcoholic beverages to the population. The article acknowledges the contribution of folk singers who, alongside intelligentsia, initiated efforts the combat excessive drinking in Yakutia. In the 1910s, A.E. Kulakovsky, the founder of Yakut literature, authored two works addressing the problem of alcoholism. These were the first works in Yakut literature presented in the form of literary genres: a short poem and a narrative poem with a clearly expressed and developing plot, and a well-balanced composition. While folk singers raised awareness of the issue of drinking in their songs and portrayed its harmful effects on individuals, Kulakovsky, recognizing alcoholism as a potential national threat, vividely illustrated the potential consequences of alcohol addiction and its destructive impact on people's lives. A.E. Kulakovsky, as an educator, public figure, and spiritual leader of the nation, endeavored through his creative work to caution his people against excessive alcohol consumption.

Reception of Anton Chekhov's play "Uncle Vanya" in China

This paper examines several important translations of the play from the play's first appearance in China in 1930 to the present day, as well as research and analyses of the play by Chinese scholars. The author uses comparative-typological, comparative-historical, and interpretive methods as the leading research methods. Through the comparative-historical method the dependence between the socio-cultural conditions of the state and the peculiarities of the work's reception is established. The difference in the viewpoints of literary scholars and critics on the poetics and imagery of the play is explicated by the author of the work through the use of comparative-typological method. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that some articles and books by Chinese critics and literary critics considering the peculiarities of the figurative structure and ideological content of A. P. Chekhov's play "Uncle Vanya" are the first to be included in the research turnover, allowing to establish the dependence of the perception of the work by Chinese readers on the socio-cultural conditions of the country. As a result, the author has shown that the perception of "Uncle Vanya" in China is closely connected with the social and political factors of the country, changing over time. The study showed that in the 21st century, more and more attention is paid to the artistic and literary aspects of the work.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF CRIME: HISTORY AND CURRENT STATE

The purpose of the study is to identify the relationship between anthropological approaches to the study of crime and the possibility of their application in modern criminology to prevent crime. Materials and methods. The methodological tools correspond to the goals and objectives of the study and include the use of a dialectical-materialistic method of cognition, due to which it was possible to consider the subject of research in development, taking into account its interrelationships with historically changing legal phenomena. The comparative historical method as the main method allowed the authors to analyze the development of the institute of criminal anthropology and its patterns. The methods of formal logic, such as description, comparison, analysis and synthesis, made it possible to fully disclose the criminological and legal aspects of the phenomenon under study. The applied private scientific methods, such as comparative legal, formal legal and structural-functional ones were used to determine the interrelationships and interdependencies of the studied phenomena, as well as to make the necessary generalizations and conclusions. The results of the study. The relevance of this topic is due to the fact that today there are controversial issues regarding the anthropological approach to the study of crime. However, thanks to anthropological research, the study of the causes of crimes was initiated, which shed light on the appearance of deviant behavior of a person, which gave a great impetus to the development of criminology as a science. The anthropological aspect of crime has given answers to many questions about the causes of crime, and also marked the beginning of the race to find the truth: are criminals born or made? The anthropological theory in criminology is evaluated and assessments are given on the application of certain anthropological knowledge to crime prevention in the modern world. The importance of criminal anthropology in the system of crime prevention measures is substantiated. Conclusions. It is concluded that the anthropology of crime has generated ideas and views on the causality of crime as a result of the interaction of biological factors and surrounding realities and conditions that affect progressive or regressive development. It is noted that criminals have brain disorders, instability, genetic mutations, pathologies of their behavior and mental disorders that push them to commit crimes or act as the only solution in a stressful situation, since such people simply do not have a chance to arouse thought in a different way.

THE USE OF MEDIA SPACE OPPORTUNITIES IN THE WORK THE MUSEUMS OF ARCHEOLOGY AND EDUCATION

The article examines examples of using media technologies in museums of archeology and education. The authors emphasize that the use of media technologies in museums of archeology and education can significantly increase the accessibility of knowledge on ancient history and archeology and attract a new audience. However, it is necessary to take into account that such an approach may be ineffective without proper preparation and organization. An analysis of the advantages and disadvantages was carried out. Factors influencing the increase in interest in ancient history and archeology in Central Kazakhstan, including the quality of training and education, have been identified. The results described in the article are based on a survey of more than 600 university students on their level of awareness of the historical and cultural heritage of Kazakhstan. The summary assessment, by analyzing the opinions of respondents published on the Internet in museum podcasts and storytelling, allows us to conclude about the high sociocultural, motivational, and educational potential of this content in the cultural and educational work of the archeology museum and in educational activities. Thanks to multimedia technologies, the «museum-student» dialogue has intensified on a long-term basis, which has become an additional incentive for excursions to the Museum of Archaeology.
 Materials and methods of research: The authors of the article used data from a sociological survey they conducted of 194 university students who studied in Kazakh and 439 students who studied in Russian. The anonymous interview included ten questions revealing the respondents’ attitude toward the historical and cultural heritage of our country, the degree of their awareness of the discoveries of archaeologists in Central Kazakhstan, and their participation in museum activities. Statistical methods made it possible to analyze the data from these interviews and use them when introducing media technologies in the museum. To select material when compiling scripts for museum podcasts, an integrated and systematic approach, the analysis-synthesis method, and the principles of logic were used. A detailed historiographical analysis of more than one hundred and fifty scientific sources contributed to the formation of quality content. The comparative historical method made it possible to specify information on the selected topic about the cultural heritage sites of Central Kazakhstan. Thanks to the use of QR codes as a digitalization tool, museum podcasts have been integrated into educational and methodological manuals, maps, postcards, and other souvenirs, which indicates the importance of a combination of technical and humanitarian knowledge in museum work. The collaboration of museum staff with teachers from the Faculty of Foreign Languages has expanded the use of interdisciplinary methods in cultural and educational activities.

Threats to the Food Security of the Russian State in the Modern Settings

Introduction. National security of any state is ensured through development of the various spheres of its life — spiritual, political, military, economic and others. However, the fundamental factor ensuring existence of any society is availability of accessible quality and quantity of food to the citizens. Therefore, the goal of the state socio-economic policy of Russiais to ensure people’s food security. The article analyses the state policy and practices of Russia in countering the threats to the food security of the country in the modern difficult geopolitical settings. The relevance of studying the food security system of the Russian state is induced by one of the priorities of the state socio-economic policy implying the development of the food security threat preventing and countering measures as the fundamental condition of existence of the society. The aim of the study is to analyse the criteria of the state governance efficiency on ensuring the food security of the country, to study the state of the art in this field as well as to identify the existing threats and propose the countering measures. Materials and Methods. The research was conducted using the methods of structural-functional and statistical analysis, content analysis of the normative legal acts in the field of food security, at both national and international levels, the comparative-historical method, comparativism and other methods. Results. The state of the art of the food security system of Russia, which is an integral part of the national security of the state, has been analysed. The regulatory documents and statistical data on the state of the art of the food security of Russia have been investigated. The measures for ensuring the Russian Federation food security have been proposed through expansion of the domestic production of the environmentally friendly and safe for the human health products and other kind of products that is a necessary condition for preserving the population and the nature of our country and the decent standard of living of the Russian citizens. Discussion and Conclusion. The degree of ensuring the state food security has significantly improved, but has not reached the normative threshold values for the whole range of goods. Provision of the high-quality affordable food to the Russian citizens remains a riskogenics factor. The economic sanctions imposed by the Western countries against Russia are a newform of the hybrid warfare. The conclusions drawn upon the research aim to supplement and expand the scientific knowledge on the conditions of ensuring the food security of the Russian state that is the most important concern of the government, because food is the basic condition for existence of all the living beings on the planet. The independence of the state and its national sovereignty depend on ensuring the food security.

REFLECTING THE LIFE AND ACTIVITIES OF THE STUDENT YOUTH ON THE PAGES OF THE REPUBLICAN NEWSPAPER «SOVETSKAYA CHUVASHIA» (2000–2023)

Studying the activities of youth organizations is an important problem in the historiography of Russian social policy. Such associations, created on the basis of young people’s interests, affect a wide variety of fields of their activities. As a result, addressing youth policy and students, which is a priority task of the state in modern conditions, becomes the most relevant area of research. An attentive attitude of the authorities to this aspect of the political and socio-economic life of the Russian Federation is characteristic of both the Center and the country’s regions, since its manifestation is associated with the functioning of various youth platforms and associations throughout the territory of the Russian state. The purpose of the article is to study the main activities of student youth based on publications in the republican newspaper «Sovetskaya Chuvashia» in 2000–2023. Materials and methods. The periodical «Sovetskaya Chuvashia» is taken as a historical source to study student youth’s activities. This choice was not made not by coincidence, since this newspaper is one of the important periodicals of the Chuvash Republic, the regional mass media, in which news information is regularly provided. When preparing the article, the author adhered to the basic approaches and methods of scientific analysis of historical material. Problem-chronological, comparative-historical methods and a systematic approach were important in clarifying the topic. Results. The newspaper «Sovetskaya Chuvashia» dates back to 1917. For many years, it has been acting as an indispensable source of information, the pages of which covered political, scientific, socio-economic, and sports life of the Chuvash Republic. The newspaper’s coverage of student youth activities is conditionally divided into four groups: student organizations and public policy; sports and leisure; youth science; creative, socially significant events and the educational system. The coverage of publications under study includes a relatively recent period of time – from 2000 to 2023. Conclusions. The information provided gives the opportunity to assess the historical sources, the value of which lies in the fact that they reflect the spirit of the times, make it possible to record individual facts and events, and convey the emotional background of the historical period. The main carrier of such pristine source information is the media. In this regard, in our opinion, «Sovetskaya Chuvashia» can certainly be considered as an informative source for revealing regional history. For more than 100 years of its existence, it includes a unique collection of articles, memoirs, interviews, excerpts from the regulatory framework, and photographic documents, which are valuable for research work. The activities of the student youth in Chuvashia and Russia as a whole should also be considered in this way.

The Priority Right to Upbringing: History and Modernity

The relevance of the study of the preferential right to upbringing using a comparative historical and legal method (by referring to the Soviet legal experience) can be explained by the fact that it was during the Soviet period that the emphasis was placed on the priority right to upbringing (between the State (society) and parents; between parents), which still takes place in post-Soviet family legislation. The paper analyzes the reasons for the change in the priority subjects of child upbringing in historical retrospect. The problem is that in the post-Soviet period, some law enforcement agencies, undern Article 6 of the Declaration on the Rights of the Child of 1959, when considering cases determining the place of residence of a child, began to recognize the priority right to upbringing for the mother, while other law enforcement agencies are guided by the principle of equality of rights of both parents, fixed in the Family Code of the Russian Federation. The author highlights different aspects of this problem and suggests ways to solve them.

AN ANALYSIS OF THE MENTALITY FOR MONGOLIANS’ SYMBOLISM BASED ON THE MYTH OF “KHUKHU NAMJIL”

Analyzing the symbolic mindset from an overview of the content of any myth is an expression of essence from phenomena, and it will be an important tool for determining the characteristics of the nation's mentality. Therefore, many legends of the origin of the Morin huur (Horsehead fiddle) were collected and compiled in the course of my research; then 15 selected myths which are called similar versions of Khuhu Namjil tied to the main motif with the main idea of "A young man who lost his magical flying horse to a villain was depressed and made fiddles for him” were confirmed that it’s the same version of the same myth in terms of their main content, narrative, and characters. Accordingly, this research mainly used historical material, genre division, text analysis, motif, and comparative study methods. In order to analyze the symbolic mentality of the Mongolians from the myths by using some theories of ritual, cultural studies, and aesthetics, it was analyzed and determined that "the characters of the horse with the wings of desire and the mother “Etugen” were created in their world of intellection". These characters are represented by the legendary “Jonon” black horse, flying winged horse, mermaid, and “Altai”s maiden and it was proved from the content that the abstract concept of spirit is believed to be as a winged horse, and the talisman of the owner of mountains and springs has been worshiped as a mermaid and a fairy for ages. In addition, it has been proved that the symbols of colors (such as green color representing “Lus” or the owner of Springs, black color as civilian, bravery, and splendor, and red color is as warmth and joy) and numbers (one, two, three) were created from Mongolian people's devotion and belief are reflected in the legend by using the events and the narratives in it. Basically, by deepening and expanding the scope of the study of the legend of the fiddle, which previous researchers studied, and by clarifying the meaning of the event and the ideology or mindset of the characters, it is not only innovative but also brings one step closer to the further research of the legend related to the origin of the fiddle thus, the results of this research are significant and a pioneer in the study of fiddle mythology.

State measures to combat child homelessness and neglect in the Zhytomyr region in the mid-1950's – the first half of the 1960's

The purpose of the research is to analyze the measures of the Soviet authorities to overcome child homelessness and neglect, the functioning of orphanages on the example of the Zhytomyr region in the period from the mid-1950s to the first half of the 1960s. The methodological basis of the research is built on the analysis and synthesis, historical-statistical, and historical-comparative methods as well as the use of the principles of scientificity, objectivity and historicism in the analysis of the Soviet authorities’ policy of overcoming those negative phenomena among minors. The scientific novelty of the work is presented by a comprehensive study of the state policy on overcoming child homelessness and neglect in the Zhytomyr region of the Ukrainian SSR during the mentioned period with using new archival sources. Conclusions. Homelessness and neglect of the minors were urgent problems in the period from the mid-1950s to the first half of the 1960s both in the Zhytomyr region and Ukraine as a whole. They were gradually resolved, the authorities took appropriate measures. From the side of the relevant executive authorities, there was often a formal approach to solving the problems of child homelessness and neglect. It should be noted that this problem was organically connected with the command-administrative and bureaucratic system of the Soviet government, for which reporting and certain indicators were important but the practical solution of the children's problems was delayed. The relevant authorities’ inspections of the ways the orphanages worked revealed the financial shortcomings, problems in material support and educating which had a negative impact on the pupils in those institutions. A serious problem is proved to be the absence or lack of the parents’ attention to the upbringing of their children at that time. Moreover, the enterprises and institutions, that were supposed to contribute to the cultural and educational development of their workers’ and employees’ children, did not do that. The issues of organizing leisure time for the minors by the children and school institutions was relevant, as the problem of neglect and committing the crime by the uncontrolled minors depended directly on those solutions. The methodical assistance in working with children provided by regional libraries to village ones was insufficient and very often it was not actually carried out. Cultural centers and village clubs did not conduct educating work to children. Prospects for further research relate to the problems of neglect and juvenile delinquency in the Zhytomyr region in the 1980s.