Comparative Historical Analysis Research Articles

Region as a “Double Periphery“ (on the Example of the Russian Far East)

The study of “double peripheries” is a new area of center-periphery research, the development of which is currently hampered by several methodological difficulties, including the problems of conceptualization and empirical interpretation of the “double periphery“ as a scientific concept. Citing Russian Far East as an example, the article attempts to provide methodologically founded identification of a specific double periphery. Drawing on the results of contemporary center-periphery studies, the paper advances a working definition of a double periphery. This allows for identifying statistical indicators that are necessary to assess whether a socio-geographical object belongs to the peripheries of the named type. After that the author conducts a comparative historical analysis of quantitative data on the societal potential of the Russian Far East in 1990–2020 and the dynamics of its trade, investment and migration ties. The analysis concludes that the macroregion represents a double periphery which has developed in the post-Soviet period in relation to the NEA-3 countries (China, Japan, the Republic of Korea) and Russia. Today it is most clearly manifested in the export of goods and outbound tourism. Finally, the article outlines possible ways to stimulate development of the Far Eastern macroregion under the objective constraints imposed by its peripheral position. The implication to be made is that it is necessary to move from the selective policy of local preferences, which has been carried out since the beginning of the 2010s, to the areal planned development of the Russian Far East based on the introduction of a special administrative regime on the its territory.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE TANDEM METHOD OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE LEARNING BASED ON INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES

The relevance of the tandem method research in teaching Russian as a foreign language is due to several key factors. Firstly, there is an increasing interest of foreign students in learning the Russian language and culture. Secondly, we observe the rapid development of communication technologies, which opens up new horizons for organising interaction between students from different countries. The author analyses the basic principles of tandem learning and various formats of its implementation, each of which has its own characteristics and advantages. The article examines in detail the history of the method and analyses the impact of information technologies on the development of remote tandem. The author traces the evolution of the method from the first experiments of its implementation through e-mail to modern versions through various communication platforms, including social networks. The comparative historical analysis presented in the article confirms that the tandem method has significant potential both for educational institutions and for independent language learning.

Гагаузский ковер как инструмент коммуникации и трансляции культурной идентичности

The article addresses the specifics of the Gagauz carpet as an instrument of preservation and transmission of cultural identity. The relevance of the study is conditioned by the need to preserve and broadcast the intangible cultural heritage of the Gagauz culture, which includes carpet weaving. The aim of the article is to identify the role of the Gagauz carpet as an intergenerational tool of communication and transmission of the Gagauz cultural identity. The research is based on socio-cultural and historical approaches using the following methods: comparative-historical analysis, descriptive analysis, analysis of literature on the topic of the article, observation of carpet weaving techniques in Gagauzia. The study reveals the influence of Ottoman culture on Gagauz carpet weaving. The paper shows that the Gagauz carpet is an intergenerational tool of communication and contributes to the preservation and transmission of cultural identity. The authors conclude that it is necessary to create a centre for the revival of carpet weaving in Gagauzia and to hold classes under the guidance of experienced weavers. The practical significance of the article lies in the possibility of using the results obtained in the course of the cultural history of Gagauzia.

О внедрении психотехнических достижений в правореализационную практику

<p style="text-align: justify;">The article is dedicated to examining psychotechnical advancements that are currently utilized or considered promising in modern law enforcement practices. Based on a historical-comparative analysis of scientific approaches and a content analysis of publications from the past five years in domestic journals with a core focus on "Legal Psychology" a classification of traditional and innovative psychotechnical tools has been developed into four specific groups: (1) interactive psychotechnics, (2) organizational-psychological techniques, (3) informational-technical methods and psychotechnics, and (4) analytical psychotechnics. The material of the article highlights the need for further scientific reflection on improving the forms and methods of implementing the achievements of legal psychology in law enforcement activities. The article also outlines prospects for the development of legal psychology in the creation and application of psychotechnical tools.</p>

Historical architectural analysis of the youth complex of the Ural Aluminum Plant in Kamensk-Uralsky

The article provides a comparative historical architectural analysis of several versions of the design from the 1950s - early 1960s for an architectural and landscape ensemble consisting of the Palace of Pioneers, the Salut Sports Complex, and the surrounding area.

Charter of Freiburg of 1293: Burgomaster and Heads of Corporations

Introduction. The Charter of Freiburg, drawn up in 1293, marked the end of the reform of the city administration. The document also reflects the process of forming management structures for local workshops. Methods and materials. The main research method is comparative historical analysis. The provisions of the Charter of 1293 and early compilations of law are compared. Analysis. The position of the governing bodies of the trading corporations in the city and the powers of the Burgomaster and the SchultheiЯ are examined. Special attention is paid to the election of shop masters, heads of the workshops, and the burgomaster, who was the head of all the craftsmen’s associations in the city. The formation of management structures in the artisan environment led to the emergence of a new body of municipal government – the Public Council. It was made up of the local lord and members of the Junior and Senior Councils (the regular bodies of Freiburg’s self-government). Among other things, the Public Council held elections for shop masters, supervised their activities, and dismissed them if necessary. Unlike the heads of the craftsmen’s associations, the burgomaster was appointed directly by the lord. At the same time, the powers of the burgomaster went beyond the mere management of the town shops. Among other things, the burgomaster was the spokesman for the interests of the Junior Council and participated in its management activities. With the advent of the office of burgomaster, the former head of the town and supreme judge – the SchultheiЯ – lost a number of their administrative functions and part of their income. Results. The Charter of 1293 recorded the establishment of a municipal government in the city, which included the Senior (supreme legislative power) and Junior Councils (supreme supervisory, legislative power), the SchultheiЯ (supreme judicial power), and the burgomaster (management of the city’s crafts). The Freiburg workshops became self-governing craft corporations.

Ukrainian scientists at the Tselinograd State Medical Institute: Contribution to education and science (1960s)

The article examines the work, scientific achievements, and contribution of Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor Viktor Rafailovich Faitelberg-Blank and Candidate of Medical Sciences, Associate Professor Maria Vasilievna Kropelnitskaya to the development of the Tselinograd State Medical Institute in the 1960s. Authors used the methods of microhistory and comparative historical analysis to achieve the goal of the study, which made it possible to comprehensively reveal the activities of scientists and organizers of medical education V. R. Faitelberg-Blank and M. V. Kropelnitskaya in the Virgin Land. The authors used archival funds and documents, and brief historiographical reviews during the research. For the first time, a set of sources have been introduced into scientific circulation that allow a new look and an objective assessment of the activities of Ukrainian scientists at the Tselinograd Medical Institute. Based on documentary materials from the State Archives of Astana, information from the surviving personal files of V. R. Faitelberg-Blank and M. V. Kropelnitskaya, the main stages of their formation as scientists and teachers in the territory of Ukraine, as well as the reasons for their appearance in Kazakhstan to work at the medical institute have been specified. The activities of V. R. Faitelberg-Blank as the founder of the Department of Pathological Physiology contributed to forming a scientific school that received recognition in Kazakhstan. Also he was engaged in the general development of the problems of “physiology and pathology of digestion”. Despite the short time of V. R. Faitelberg-Blank's work at the institute (1965–1967), he was one of the first scientists at the university who contributed to instilling in his colleagues’ scientific skills of experimental work with animals. The article focuses on the fact that the scientist's many years of experience led to the development of long-term scientific interests of the department in the study of functional and somatic muscles and the gastrointestinal tract under static load and exposure to high-frequency physical agents. V. R. Faitelberg-Blank laid the traditions of teaching students, which has become the foundation for the training of qualified medical personnel in Kazakhstan. The authors have proved the enormous role of M. V. Kropelnitskaya in the formation of the Department of Internal Diseases Propaedeutics, which received recognition as a scientific school engaged in the study of specific methods of treating patients with pathologies of internal organs. M. V. Kropelnitskaya paid students great attention to the study of many physiological processes in norm and pathology. For the first time at the university, she accompanied theoretical material with a demonstration of patients during classes and gave relevant clinical examples. In conclusion, a resume has been made about the enormous contribution of the scientific and pedagogical heritage of V. R. Faitelberg-Blank and M. V. Kropelnitskaya to the development of medical education in virgin Kazakhstan.

Building Inclusive Communities: Youth Aesthetic Values in Political Engagement

Objective: This work introduces the term "sacred aesthetics" and tries to create a theoretical image of the "aesthetic state" as an ideal model for attracting young people into political life. Methods: The methodology uses comparative historical and typological analysis, along with discourse analysis, viewing the digital paradigm as discourse. It concludes that modern internet communities reflect "sacred aesthetics," and the "aesthetic state" helps analyze their role in political life. Results: The "aesthetic state" is a space for the idols of "sacred aesthetics," holding artificial knowledge of the virtual world. Combined with social nature and advanced technologies, it fosters individuation and socialization. This state governs a pantheon of deities without prioritizing one, consolidating diverse groups. Aesthetic theorization can pave the way for new perspectives on anthropocentrism, self-practices, politics, and culture. Conclusions: Aesthetics plays a critical role in interpreting anthropocentrism, self-practices, politics, and culture, providing a lens through which the deeper meanings of contemporary life can be understood.

From Roots to Borrowings: The Evolution of the English Lexicon

The English lexicon is a dynamic and evolving entity shaped by centuries of internal development and external linguistic influences. This study explores the historical roots and borrowings that have contributed to its rich and diverse vocabulary. Through a historical linguistic approach, comparative analysis, and corpus-based studies, the research examines the interplay between native Germanic elements and borrowed terms from Latin, French, Scandinavian, and other languages. Findings reveal that borrowing has played a pivotal role in filling lexical gaps, enriching the lexicon, and reflecting sociocultural transformations such as Christianization, the Norman Conquest, and globalization. Borrowed terms, from Latin religious vocabulary to contemporary technology-related words, demonstrate the adaptability and inclusivity of English. The study also addresses challenges in categorizing borrowings, particularly the distinction between fully integrated terms and recent loanwords. The results highlight the lexicon as a testament to cultural and linguistic exchange, with implications for understanding English as a global lingua franca. Future research should focus on underexplored influences, such as Indigenous contributions and the role of digital communication in accelerating modern borrowing trends.

Spatial Transformation of the Higher Education System: Threats and Challenges to Single-Industry Towns

The article proposes an approach to analyzing the spatial organization of the Russian higher education system. Methodologically, the study relies on the theory of structural functionalism. In order to solve the stated research problems, the authors used comparative historical and economic-statistical analyses, as well as the quick survey method. The study characterizes the specifics of the Russian system of single-industry towns and justifies the role of a single-industry town as an integral and essential element of the settlement system. The study also reveals structural and functional changes inthe Russian system of higher education that significantly limit the possibility of preserving universities and/or their branches in single-industry towns. It was proved that the functions of higher education institutions in a single-industry town are multifaceted, complex in nature, and not limited only to the sphere of education. In spite of this, the higher education system in single-industry towns downsizes at a significantly faster rate than in the country as a whole. The performed analysis shows that the persisting trend toward increasing territorial concentration in the country’s system of higher education can create a set of negative effects that have a disruptive impact on the national settlement system, the continuity of complex value chains, and the social stability of local communities in single-industry towns. A conclusion is made about the need for comprehensive solutions regarding the development of higher education in single-industry towns that combine both national mechanisms for achieving national goals and the toolkits of regional, industrial, educational, and corporate policies.

Ivan the Terrible as a problem of Russian Philosophy of History

The purpose of the article is to consider the historiosophical ideas about the personality of Ivan IV the Terrible and his role in the history of the Russian state. To achieve this goal, the following tasks have been solved: 1) the assessments of the largest historians and philosophers, whose works formed historiosophical ideas about the figure of Ivan the Terrible and, thereby, influenced the historical consciousness and memory of Russian society, are studied; 2) the images of Ivan the Terrible in fiction are considered; 3) the contribution of artists and sculptors to the historiosophical assessment of Ivan the Terrible is considered. Historians, philosophers and public opinion mutually influenced each other, dialectically shaping the image of Tsar Ivan the Terrible in an effort to create the most objective representation of him. The role of literature and fine arts is significant, but writers and artists draw images of the past and give them a historiosophical assessment based on the works of historians and philosophers. The methodological basis of this research is historical-philosophical and comparative-historical analysis, as well as a cultural approach. The figure of Ivan the Terrible is considered through the prism of public consciousness and some works of Russian literature and art. Due to the vastness of the topic, the author used the most characteristic and significant examples illustrating the evolution of historiosophical ideas on the figure of Ivan the Terrible. Even during the life of Ivan the Terrible, there were three main assessments of his personality and deeds that continue to live to this day: 1) impartial and accusatory, 2) uncritical and glorifying, and 3) neutral and objective. Through the personality of Ivan the Terrible, historians and philosophers considered such important historiosophical problems as the relationship between the people and state power, politics and morality, the role of personality in the historical process. The assessment of Ivan the Terrible largely depends on the historiosophical approach to the problem of the role of personality in history, which is followed by historians, philosophers, writers or artists.

Weber as an engaged intellectual and a social scientist in the war

In Max Weber research in recent decades, the World War has played only a marginal role and is usually reduced to the topic of ‘Weber’s nationalism’. This article shows how Weber as a social scientist differs from the vast majority of German intellectuals and scientists in his attitude to the war, his practical behaviour and his political-programmatic plans. Weber not only spent 15 months in military service as a hospital officer, he also sought further employment as an expert on social policy in the German occupation administration in Belgium and Poland. The question of the social scientist Max Weber during the war years concerns firstly the interruption or continuation of his pre-war projects, that is, on the one hand his major work on the contemporary capitalist economy and contemporary economic science, and on the other hand his universal historical comparative research on the connection between religious systems and economic orders, and also the question of whether and to what extent the war influenced the content of this research. Secondly, it is about assessing the social-scientific dimension of his so-called ‘political writings’ and Weber’s plans for the organisation of a democratic post-war Germany based on them.

“Islam” and “Muslimisme” in the official discourse and categorical apparatus of the French authorities in the 1920s

Throughout history, France and the Muslim world have been connected in various ways. Their interactions have ranged from constructive collaboration to colonial (or semi-colonial) domination and mutual animosity. In this article, the author seeks to examine the nuances of the discursive mobilisation and contextualisation of terms such as “Islam” and “Muslimisme” within the public and secret documents of French diplomacy and colonial administration during the 1920s. He attempts to address the following questions: What was the terminological and semantic conflict surrounding the aforementioned concepts? What were the objectives of the French officials in articulating one or another aspect of “Islam” and “Muslimisme”? Contemporary neocolonialism and a necessity to study its historical genesis and forms determine relevance of the article. The author makes use of insufficiently researched archival and published material. This, in conjunction with the nature of the research question, provides the rationale behind the originality of the analysis presented in the essay. He employs the methodology of the “history of concepts” and comparative-historical analysis to examine the intricate interrelationship between the discursive mobilisation of “Islam” and “Muslimisme”, on the one hand, and the practical policies of Paris, on the other. The author draws on a range of sources to inform his analysis, including French diplomatic documents, the notes and reports of Marshal Hubert Lyautey, books and pamphlets by various French experts and public figures, and material from the French and Algerian press. He concludes that the semantic colouring of “Islam” and “Muslimisme” in the French official discourse of the 1920s was not homogeneous. This perception included a sense of superiority close to Orientalism, a perception of the backwardness of “Islamic civilization” and its incompatibility with the Western socio-political order, and a perception of “Islam” as a potential danger, especially if it was combined with other religious (pan-Islamism) and/or socio-political challenges (pan-Turkism, Bolshevism). Concurrently, the Third Republic’s authorities frequently regarded Islam as a means of securing Muslim allegiance and enhancing France’s “soft power”.

Comparative Historical Analysis in Political Theory

AbstractTwo important methodological debates in political theory concern (i) the place of historical research and interpretation in normative inquiry; and (ii) the importance of comparing different cultural traditions of political thought. The first question animates a long-standing controversy over the relative importance of ‘history of political thought’ versus ‘philosophy’ in political theory, while the second has been central to the recent growth of ‘comparative political theory’. Despite both debates being concerned, in fundamental ways, with history and comparison, they have remained surprisingly disconnected from broader debates in the humanities and social sciences about the use of comparative history and, in particular, of the prominent methodological approach in political science known as ‘comparative historical analysis’. This may reflect the fact that the debates over history of political thought and comparative political theory have fundamentally revolved around thought—history as the history of thought and comparison as the comparison of thought—whereas comparative historical analysis is more centrally focused on the study of political behaviour. In this paper I suggest that this neglect of comparative historical analysis in political theory represents a missed opportunity. Like other forms of social scientific inquiry, comparative historical analysis can yield important empirical knowledge for political theorists. But I wish to more ambitiously suggest that comparative historical analysis can also be adapted for conducting normative political theory itself. I summarise the key features of comparative historical analysis for political theorists, and explain how its use of historical cases can supplement both the use of imaginary thought experiments and the study of contemporary politics. I then delineate three specific ways in which comparative historical analysis might be used to support normative inquiry: deductive testing, inductive construction, and casuistic elaboration. All three, I argue, can help meet recent calls to bring the study of real political behaviour more centrally into political theory research.

TRACING AMERICAN SPIRIT IN INDONESIA’S INDEPENDENCE: A HISTORICAL-COMPARATIVE STUDY

The US and Indonesia, two countries that fought for freedom, are fascinating subjects to delve more into, despite their great distance from one another and their distant times of conflict. This research used a Transnational American Studies perspective and comparative-historical analysis. By using comparative historical analysis, this research aimed to explore the similarities and differences that exist in the journey of American independence and Indonesian independence. The results of this research showed that even though the independence movements in the US and Indonesia occurred several centuries apart, they had the same goal, namely opposing colonialism. Both showed the same enthusiasm to fight colonial power and the desire to determine the fate of their nation without interference from other parties. Thomas Paine and Bung Tomo through their writings and speeches led the spirit of independence in the US and Indonesia. Even though they use different communication styles, both have an impact in forming the spirit of resistance and unity of their nation. Additionally, by looking at the history of the struggle of the Indonesian people, it can be seen the spirit of freedom that the US promoted.

Рождение социологии спорта и Лестерская историко-социологическая школа

The paper describes the origins of sports sociology in Great Britain within the “Leicester School” of Historical Sociology of Norbert Elias, explaining the causes for the strong influence of the ideas of Elysianism on the present-day international sociology of sports. The overall development of the historical and sociological “Leicester School” of the 1960s and 1970s, its influence on the sociology of Great Britain, as well as the role of Elias and Ilya Neustadt in its formation are shown. The contemporary historical and sociological tradition of social analysis, inspired by the ideas of Elias and called the ‘sociology of process’ or ‘figurative research’, is described. Its key features are indicated: focus on relations–in–progress, relativism, studies of phenomena in their dynamics, the collection of historical materials, comparative analysis, and interdisciplinarity. The seminal works of Eric Dunning and Elias on sports sociology are considered, in addition to the early development of this field of studies. It is noted that both authors viewed sport and leisure activities as a means to understand society and proposed a sociological interpretation of sport as a tool for the civilizational process. Their work was based not only on a theoretical framework, but also on extensive historical research. This contributed to the early acceptance of the ideas of Leicester School during the establishment of international sports sociology in the 1960s. The paper is based on an informal interview in 2010 with Eric Dunning, the founding father of the British Sociology of Sport, co-author and student of Norbert Elias.

Regulating capital investment in urban property: towards comparative-historical research in planning history

ABSTRACT This paper makes three main contributions: First, we argue that spatial planning institutions have become fundamental ‘rules of the game’ regulating development and defining urban property rights, and that the differences of approach between places can best be explained as a product of historical processes of institutional development. Second, we introduce a historical institutionalist theory of contested institutional development based on concepts of critical junctures of major institutional change followed by reactive sequences of institutional contestation in strategic action fields. We outline a methodologically institutionalist research method designed to produce replicable comparative research of long-run processes of institutional change, based on historical narratives employing process-tracing of institutional change and examination of permissive and productive factors structuring such change. This approach generates clear research questions and supports causal analysis of processes and mechanisms of change in urban property systems to explain why current institutions take the form they do. Third we illustrate the theory and research method with the case of Toronto, a fast-growing city where property rights and obligations and development control regulations have been vigorously contested. The conclusions explore the implications for planning theory and for comparative-historical research of this analysis of institutional change processes and mechanisms.

Павел Бажов – антикризисный управляющий военного времени

This article investigates the managerial experience of P.P. Bazhov, one of the most renowned and influential writers from the Ural region. It analyzes his role as a leader and chairman of the board of the Union of Soviet Writers (1940–1950) and the impact he had on the functioning of the writers’ organization in Sverdlovsk during the Great Patriotic War. The article is based on cultural-historical, biographical, structural and comparative-historical research methods, which allows for a deeper understanding of the context and conditions in which Bazhov worked. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the attitude towards Bazhov on the part of ordinary members of the Union of Soviet Writers, famous metropolitan writers, local authorities and colleagues from other regions. The author of the article also examines the managerial aspects of Bazhov’s activities, his ability to navigate the challenging demands of wartime adversity, and his contributions to the development of Ural literature. Through this analysis, the article aims to shed light on Bazhov’s leadership style, his strategies for unifying and motivating writers under the pressures of war, and his lasting influence on the literary culture of the Ural region during a tumultuous historical period. The exploration of these dimensions not only highlights Bazhov’s achievements but also enriches our understanding of the broader socio-cultural dynamics at play during the war years, thus providing valuable insights into the interplay between literature, culture, and crisis management.

Eurointegration in Czech Left-Wing Parliamentary Parties’ Programs in the 1990s – 2010s

The article presents the results of a comparative historical analysis of the foreign policy sections of the programs of the Czech Social Democratic Party and the Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia using documents from their current archives. Particular attention in the approaches of the two parties is paid to the issues of the integration of the Czech Republic into the structures of NATO and the European Union. Based on the study of the available scientific literature, a conclusion is made about the need to consider this problem through the prism of two main lines in the context of European integration: security policy and economic rapprochement with the EU. Fundamental differences in the interpretations of Czech Social Democrats and Communists about the prospects for their country's entry into European and Euro-Atlantic associations have been revealed. If the Social Democrats defended the need to “enter Europe” and even into its “core”, seeing this as a significant benefit for the country’s economy due to the free movement of labor, protection from currency crises and a reduction in transaction costs, the Communists called for maintaining the focus on a multi-vector foreign policy of the state – cooperation with all countries of interest to the Czech Republic. At the same time, both parties, although with varying degrees of intensity, resorted to criticism of European institutions. The results of the study help to identify the reason why the major Czech left-wing parties lost the elections to the lower house of the Czech Parliament in 2021.

Consideration of Labor Cases by Special Labor Courts as a Way to Optimize the Civil Process in the New Economic Policy Period

The article is devoted to the scientific development of the problem of consideration and resolution of labor cases by courts. The purpose of the work is to study the historical experience of considering and resolving labor cases in civil proceedings by special labor sessions of people’s courts during the New economic policy period on the basis of comparative historical and formal legal research methods, scientific principles of objectivity and historicism. The creation of special labor sessions of people’s courts was motivated by the need for those who resolved disputes to have special knowledge and skills to consider labor cases, and also correlated with the focus on accessibility of justice for workers and the course towards optimizing legal proceedings. The article traces changes in the normative regulation of the activities of labor sessions, identifies the role of the Supreme Court of the RSFSR in filling gaps in the law, and analyzes the problems of jurisdiction and jurisdiction of labor cases. Based on the analysis of judicial practice materials (primarily the rulings of the Civil Cassation Board of the Supreme Court of the RSFSR), the peculiarities of the civil process when considering labor disputes during the New economic policy period are revealed: in the subject composition (thus, representatives of trade unions could be representatives of their members), in matters of evidence and proof, due to the initiative of the court and the specifics of the cases.