Comparative Historical Analysis Research Articles

Early modern comparative contract law

Contract law was one of the main subjects discussed in the early modern legal genre of differentiae iuris civilis et canonici (‘differences between civil and canon law’). Similar topics were covered in both late medieval and early modern differentiae – hence this genre offers a good opportunity for comparative historical research dedicated to selected topics of contract law (such as those discussed here: the actionability of bare agreements, stipulation for the benefit of a third party, overreaching in contract formation and the lease of a house to a scholar). An examination of the sources proves that the authors of early modern differentiae applied the comparative method in their works. This involved the presentation of sources and rationales from the two bodies of law, the interpretation of sources and arguments in favour of the solutions offered, references to the then-current legal literature and practice and most importantly the preferred method of reconciliation for conflicting laws.

Sweden’s Peculiar Adoption of Proportional Representation: The Overlooked Effects of Time and History

Sweden’s adoption of proportional representation (PR) is interesting because it involved static structural and institutional factors, well captured by variance-based left-threat thesis, and four temporal factors—sequencing, timing, historical change, and duration—that historical case studies highlight. We integrate these two sets of factors. We fuse the more static, temporally homogeneous world created by the left-threat thesis, that is well suited to explain cross-sectional variations, with the more dynamic, temporally heterogenous world presumed by the case studies that is attuned to temporal processes. It illustrates how comparative historical analysis (CHA) can translate temporal anomalies into generalizable temporal mechanisms and how nested analysis, together with causal graphs, provide helpful tools for updating theories. We ultimately employ an abductive approach that evaluates evidence not just for its inferential leverage of confirming theories but also for its inductive potential to generate new, more test-worthy hypotheses.

The rise of the Spanish right during the Second Republic (1931–36). Social structures, Catholic associations, and conservative electoral mobilization

Abstract Comparative historical analyses have emphasized the role played by conservative parties in the consolidation of democratic regimes in Europe. They have also identified the main factors shaping the political and electoral strength of the right in democratization processes. On the basis of these analyses, the Spanish Second Republic (1931–36) has been characterized as a very inauspicious ground for the development of a strong conservative party. However, the right managed to build a successful electoral force in a short period of time. This paper explores the factors affecting the electoral strength of the Spanish right by conducting ecological statistical analyses in the three republican legislative elections. Empirical results show that the right managed to build strong links with national voters on the basis of sociopolitical cleavages and underlying social and institutional characteristics. In particular, they reveal the key importance of the religious cleavage in the party system of the 1930s and the crucial role played by Catholic lay organizations in the success of the right. Ultimately, this finding shows that, contrary to previous theoretical expectations, initial organizational precariousness was not an unsurmountable obstacle for the electoral success of the Spanish right.

Autonomy as a form of state sovereignty of the Ukrainian Cossack State (late XVII-XVIII centuries)

The study of Ukrainian statehood’s history is important for understanding the continuity of state formation in Ukraine and supporting the nation-state revival. It is crucial to examine Cossack statehood in the mid-17th century, specifically its foreign policy and international situation. The purpose of this article is to study the main directions of activity of the hetman administration of the Ukrainian Cossack state in the XVII-XVIII centuries, focusing on protecting the sovereignty of the Ukrainian government in domestic and foreign policy. The article’s methodological basis is rooted in general scientific principles and methods of cognition. These principles aim to provide an objective and comprehensive understanding of facts, events, and phenomena. The research follows the principles of historicism and objectivism, which prioritize factual material and avoid bias. General and specific historical methods of scientific research were employed in investigating the topic. These methods included: analysis and synthesis when examining sources and literature, periodization for organizing the research, problem-historical approach for presenting historical material, and comparative-historical analysis for comparing similar indicators and facts within the same historical context. Result: The elite’s perception of itself as a subject of socio-political life led to the creation of contractual orientations and the demand for mutual obligations to be recognized. This was evident in the requirements of the monarch’s oath to fulfill the contract. The Ukrainian political elite justified their intentions and actions towards protectorates based on the principle of contract, showing their willingness to fulfill contractual obligations on an equal footing. Conclusions: The legal subjectivity of the Ukrainian political elite has been reduced to post-sovereign autonomism due to increasing foreign policy imperial pressure. The typological characteristics of this are the following: 1) recognition of the supreme power of the protector-monarch; 2) refusal to regulate social relations by the laws of the protector’s country; 3) categorical denial of the right of the political elite of the monarch-protector’s country to perform any managerial functions within the political system of the Hetmanship.

State Capacity and Industrial Development: A Comparative Study of Iran and Egypt (1990–2010)

Despite pursuing industrial development to solve various socioeconomic and sociopolitical issues, such as the urgent need to reconstruct war damages in Iran, the foreign debt crisis in Egypt, and population growth in both countries, statistical data show only slight progress. The graphs of the gross domestic product (GDP) growth and exports of goods and services as a percentage of GDP, which are reliable indexes for measuring industrial output, along with the rate of foreign direct investment, demonstrate numerous fluctuations and instability in the economic growth rate for both cases under the period under review. Failing to diversify the economy, Iran and Egypt still relied heavily on unproductive rents, mostly from hydrocarbon exports, at the end of this era. Why is this the case despite the national leadership putting industrial development on the agenda? This article addresses this question by examining state capacity, focusing on the internal cohesion of state authority and its relation to society. In so doing, comparative historical analysis and causal narrative method are used.

Comparing Historic Military Capabilities

Using comparative historical analysis to compare and contrast historic military capabilities is possible using the Defence Lines of Development as a model. Richard Fisher demonstrates how it is not appropriate to merely compare technical aspects of equipment, but that it is necessary to also consider the training, personnel, information, doctrine and concepts, organisation, infrastructure and logistics as part of a comprehensive comparison. Equipment comparisons exist but are flawed as they may not identify the critical factors that enhance or diminish the overall capability. The method is evaluated using the infantry section’s machine guns of the Second World War: the Bren and MG42.◼

Тау-символ в адыгской (черкесской) архаичной религии и его глобализм в контексте древнейших религиозных культур

Introduction. The genesis of the traditional religion of the Adygs is inextricably linked with the phenomenon of the sacredness of symbolism and attributes. The main attribute of the traditional religion of the Adygs was the Tau symbol. He was a sacred symbol, an object for the worship of the one Great God (adyg., Thye/Theshue). The origin of the cult of the Tau symbol connects the traditional religious worldview of the Adygs with ancient religious cultures. Methods. The author used research methods of comparative historical analysis and analogy. The author compares the meaning and significance of the Tau symbol cult among the Adygs and ancient religious cultures in the Middle East and Europe. The comparison of archaeological and genetic data with narrative sources supports the thesis about the unity of the origin of the population and elements of culture in the ancient Near East and Europe. Analysis. A study and comparison of sources about the cult of the Tau symbol, an attempt to explain its genesis among the peoples of Asia, Africa and Europe, is being carried out. The emergence of the Tau symbol is associated with the emergence of the oldest proto-monotheistic religion in the area of the “Fertile Crescent” and its spread with the diffusion of the first agricultural tribes. Results. European authors of the 17th – 19th centuries attest to the massive spread of the cult of the Tau symbol among the Adygs, which was an archaic sacred attribute of the worship of the Great God. There is a significant spread of the Tau symbol in the ancient religious cultures of the Middle East, with the population of which the Adygs have a paleogenetic relationship. Based on the analysis of a wide range of historical data, the conclusion is made about a single source of global archaic religious culture, the center of which was in the Middle East.

The Problems Of Applying The Methods Of Comparative Legal And Historical Analysis In The Field Of Alternative Dispute Resolution

The Problems Of Applying The Methods Of Comparative Legal And Historical Analysis In The Field Of Alternative Dispute Resolution

Research on Changes in the Female Image in Chinese Crime Films from 2013 to 2023

Crime film is an indispensable branch and an important part of the film genre. In the past decade, the female image in Chinese crime films has changed and achieved obvious breakthroughs. The single portrayal of female characters in crime movies has changed, and strong, independent, and even vicious female characters are created while the stereotype of "weak" is discarded. In addition, as an essential existence, these female characters assume the role of driving the plot forward and reversing its direction. This paper analyze the portrayal of female images in Chinese crime films shot or released in 2013 to 2023, and on the basis of analysis, explores and discovers the mode of transformation of females roles, shortcomings and future direction. Adopting the case studies and theoretical analysis, this paper analyzes different female characters in the movie, and discusses the type of contemporary female roles and the social meanings and connotations they imply. Moreover, it uses the comparative argumentation and historical analysis to compare female roles at home and abroad and different years, so as to achieve a revelation of the future female characterization in film.

The Significance of Studying the Relationship Between Folk Literature and Written Literature

Folk literature and written literature share a close-knit relationship, mutually enriching each other. This research not only deepens our understanding of community beliefs, doctrines, and worldviews but also explores and evaluates the cultural diversity and essence within the spiritual heritage of generations. Employing comparative analysis, historical research, and cultural literary analysis, this paper focuses on analyzing common factors, mutual influences, and the relationship between folk literature and written literature. This interaction fosters diversity and richness within national culture and folk literature. Studying this relationship not only generates new creative resources but also opens doors to understanding the history, culture, and mindset of a community. Consequently, it promotes understanding and respect for culture and diversity, contributing to the development and preservation of our cultural heritage.

Delegation, deregulation, and business power: a comparative analysis of health insurance in Belgium and France

Abstract Business power is thought to increase over time when private actors are involved in the provision of public goods and services. This paper argues that this is partially true—and that in certain circumstances, state actors can even swiftly regain control of sectors previously ceded to private interests. When the latter fulfill some public functions on behalf or as delegates of the state, policymakers face ever greater pressures to sustain a relationship flawed by principal-agent problems—allowing business actors to derive appreciable political benefits. However, these conditions do not hold true after deregulation—when state actors retreat from a sector and attempt to direct the newly created market through licensing, norms, and standard setting. We demonstrate that deregulation sets the stage for a more competitive environment, making it harder for private interests to cooperate. This, in turn, can allow policymakers to enhance regulatory capacities and seize opportunities to highlight the shortcomings of private provision. After establishing this argument theoretically, we illustrate its implications through the comparative historical analysis of the health insurance sector in two European countries—Belgium and France. Despite their initial similarities, they experience contrasting developments regarding the welfare state’s dependency on private insurers for the provision of crucial collective goods.

The methodological legacies of Theda Skocpol’s State and Social Revolutions: Locating the three pillars of comparative historical analysis

The methodological legacies of Theda Skocpol’s State and Social Revolutions: Locating the three pillars of comparative historical analysis

Prospects for the development of the library network in Dagestan in 1950s: a gender approach

In the modern society government authorities pay quite a lot of attention to the development of the socio-cultural sphere in the country. Despite the fact that at the end of the 20th - beginning of the 21st century, libraries began to take on the functions of abolished cultural centers due to a significant reduction in the network of socio-cultural institutions. The functions of information centers have been added to the traditional functions of an educational nature, preservation and enhancement of cultural heritage, providing access to national and global information networks and databases. Today, modern library science presents new analytical capabilities for the study and analysis of library communications. One of these is a gender perspective, which looks at the norms and cultural symbols that men and women bring to the library profession. The purpose of the research is to study this aspect in the socio-cultural sphere at the regional level, which allows us to trace the uniqueness of general processes within individual national republics. To achieve this goal, the task has been formulated to reflect the history of the development of the library network in 1950s in the region using a gender approach. In the research methods of comparative historical analysis were used, as well as the principles of objectivism and historicism, which provided the opportunity to analyze various episodes and phenomena from a historical point of view. When studying the questions posed, the author has come to the conclusion that Russian historiography today has almost no research devoted to the study of the development of librarianship through the prism of gender stereotypes. This study is an attempt to highlight the development of librarianship, with an emphasis on women's experiences in this profession.

Changing the functioning of the article in the history of the German language

The subject of the study is the historical changes in the syntactic structure of the German language; the object of the study is articles. The authors consider in detail the use of definite, indefinite and null articles based on the material of a fragment of the Gospel of Luke, which were published in various periods of the German language: the text of Tatiana, translated by Martin Luther, made in 1545; an adapted version of Luther's translation, published in 2017 and a lightweight electronic version created as a result of deviation from the canonical translation. Particular attention is paid to the frequency of use of articles, the reasons for the increase or decrease in their use, as well as other means of determination. It is established that modern electronic text shows a tendency to decrease nominal groups, which, accordingly, leads to a decrease in articles. The tendency to decrease the zero article is manifested by the early Upper German period; in modern German, there is a displacement of the definite article. The methodological basis is based on a systematic approach to the interpretation of the phenomena of linguistic ontology in diachrony. The research methods are comparative historical analysis, the method of distributive analysis, quantitative analysis, methods of N. Chomsky's theory of control and binding. The main conclusions of the proposed study are the revealed historical processes in the system of articles of the German language. It was found that at an early stage of language development, the zero article dominated in texts, which significantly narrowed the manifestation of determination. The main burden during this period fell on possessive nominal groups, which primarily included proper names. The definite article was used much less frequently. In nominal groups that are part of the prepositional group, the zero article was mainly used, which eventually led to the creation of stable prepositional constructions with a zero article. The largest number of all types of articles falls on Luther's translation adapted to the modern grammatical structure of the German language, which is associated with the maximum use of nominal groups. What is new is the establishment in modern German of a tendency to reduce the zero and definite articles.

Sociodemographic Characteristics of the Iranian Revolutionary Community in Syria and Lebanon in the 1970s.

The article is devoted to the comprehensive sociodemographic analysis of the local community of Iranian Islamists acting in Syria and Lebanon in the decade preceding the Islamic revolution of 1978-79. Thus far, history of everyday life and the multitudinous activities of the Iranian Islamic opposition in Syria and Lebanon in the 1970s has never become the principal subject of a historic research and has barely received attention from Western specialists in the history of the Islamic Revolution and modern Middle Eastern history, as well as from Iranian historians, scholars and researchers working in the field of the modern history of Iran. However, for a more comprehensive understanding of the Islamic Revolution, revolutionary processes and their logical premises and outcomes, it is highly necessary to carefully consider the sociodemographic characteristics of the active representatives of the Iranian opposition movement in the pre-revolutionary period namely in the 1970s. Throughout the comparative historical analysis of the reliable memories of longtime supporters of the Iranian Islamic movement acting in Syria and Lebanon, the fundamental sociodemographic characteristics of the active members of Iranian revolutionary movement abroad (e.g. gender, age, birthplace and place of living, educational and religious background, social marital status, etc.) are thoroughly highlighted, properly described and analyzed and their sociodemographic portrait is carefully created. The received sociohistorical data may properly serve as a valuable source on the social history of the Iranian society in the pre-revolutionary period, as well as on the complex history of Iranian revolutionary movement and the modern history of the Middle East region.

Мультидисциплинарный подход к диагностике, терапии и профилактике нарушений развития у детей в первые годы жизни

<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Objectives.</strong> The early detection of deviations in the child development is an important task — both in medical and psychological and pedagogical practice. As a result of the variety of specialized approaches to the development of children in the first years of life, a general idea of the health and development of a young child is often obscured by numerous private assessments. The task of developing a unified synthetic approach towards understanding and as- sessing development by specialists of different profiles seems very difficult.</p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Methods. </strong>A brief comparative-historical analysis was performed of trends in the change of modern approaches to- wards the diagnosis, therapy, and prevention of developmental disorders in children in the first years of life.</p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Results. </strong>Arguments are made for the predominant influence of multidisciplinarity in theoretical thinking and clinical practice. At the same time, there has been a tendency towards increased demand on the part of specialists for interdisciplinarity when constructing an overall picture of development, the state of mental health and diseases in a child. The shift in priorities when assessing the development of children by modern researchers is shown — from the levels of formation of cognitive, motor, speech or everyday skills towards the emotional and social levels. There has been a growing understanding among specialists of various profiles of the fundamental importance of relationships with close adults for the development and mental health of an infant and young child. A brief review of the articles included in the thematic issue is made, convincingly illustrating interdisciplinarity and multidisciplinarity in modern diagnosis, therapy, correction and the prevention of childhood developmental disorders.</p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Conclusions.</strong> The situation of the insufficient provision of Russian specialists working with children in the first years of life with psychodiagnostic tools and scientifically grounded correctional practices remains, the attention of science organizers in the field of medicine, psychology and pedagogy to this has been drawn.</p>

The Influence of the Soviet Law Model on Criminal Procedure Law in China

The first Criminal Procedure Law (CPL) of China, issued in 1979, was greatly influenced by the Soviet Criminal Procedure Law in multiple dimensions, including the framework, concepts, principles, and specific institutions. Although the Chinese CPL has changed a lot after three amendments in 1996, 2012 and 2018, respectively, the influence of the Soviet Law can still be noticed in many aspects of the current law. This paper will explore how Soviet Law has shaped Chinese CPL into the way it is. Part I will explore the historical development of Chinese CPL, indicating the close relationship between Chinese law and Soviet Law. Part II will compare Chinese CPLs with the Soviet (and its successor, Russia) CPLs, trying to identify their similarities and differences. Part III will draw some tentative conclusions from the comparison and predict the continuing influence of the Russian law model on Chinese CPL in the future. This paper will primarily rely on comparative study and historical analysis. The legal framework, legal terms, theories, principles, and specific institutions will be examined to illustrate the significant influence of the Soviet Law on Chinese Criminal Procedure Law. This study helps to better understand the evolution of Chinese criminal procedure law and predict its further development more accurately.

Termination of Citizenship of the Russian Federation because of Crimes or Actions that Pose a Threat to National Security: A Comparative Legal Aspect

The formation of a new direction of state policy on the termination of citizenship of the Russian Federation is conditioned by the need to ensure the national security of the country in the modern world. The international legal doctrine in the field of revocation of citizenship states that this measure will never be able to comply with modern international human rights law, while many Western states turn to this institution not only when perpetrators commit terrorist crimes, but also in all types of treason. The objectives of the study are a comparative legal and historical analysis of the regulations on the termination of citizenship for crimes and actions that infringe on national security in Russia and a number of countries in which this practice exists. The purpose of the study is to analyze trends in the formation of Russian state policy in this area. The methodological basis of the research is the use of general scientific and private scientific methods of cognition, including historical and formal legal ones. The authors conclude that the termination of citizenship is a de facto sanction. Punishment in the form of revocation of citizenship can be a deterrent in conditions of constant (often uncontrolled) increase in the Russian population due to migrants. Termination of citizenship as an additional criminal law measure to the main type of punishment should be applied only by the court, accordingly, such a sanction should be fixed directly in the criminal law. The authors point to the need to modernize the legislation on citizenship of the Russian Federation, as well as to expand the list of types of penalties provided for by criminal law, provisions on termination of citizenship for committing specific crimes and actions that pose a threat to national security.

Iran in South Caucasus: Foreign Policy Strategy and Regional Relations with Russia (1991—2021)

The article examines the issues of Iran’s regional strategy in the South Caucasus and its relationship with Russia in the post-Soviet period. The important role played by these countries in the region, considering their geopolitical position and resources, is revealed. The novelty of the work stems from the upto-date analysis of events in the South Caucasus, including political and economic aspects. In light of the rapidly changing situation in the region, special attention is also given to highlighting new regional strategies and dynamics of interaction between countries. The study is conducted using methods of critical analysis of sources, a systemic approach, and comparative-historical analysis. The main facts and events related to Iran-Russia cooperation in the field of regional security, partnership relations in the energy and trade sectors are examined. When analyzing official documents, the historical context is taken into account, and regional events are considered in a logical sequence. The research results reveal the forms and methods of Iran’s policy implementation in the South Caucasus, as well as its interaction with Russia. These findings also allow for an assessment of the influence of both countries on complex political and economic processes in this region.

Tambov radio: from wired access points to Internet broadcasting

INTRODUCTION. The study focuses on regional radio, which is an important part of the modern information system due to the stable interest in radio on the Internet, ease of use, and accessible forms of informing the audience. Analysis of radio broadcasting formation in the Tambov region, identification of characteristic features of radio activity in different historical eras, assessment of the current state of development of electronic media is the goal of this study.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The study is used comparative historical analysis, a systematic method, the method of expert interviews, and analyzed extensive empirical audio material, articles in the media, and local history documents.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. The periodization of radio from the beginning of the Tambov region radioification to the development of Internet radio is presented, highlighting the key stages of the functioning of this media in the region. The experience of public and private radio broadcasting is generalized, the originality of the development of Tambov radio journalism is reflected, and the concept of viewing the media as an integral system, including structural elements and characteristic patterns is formed.CONCLUSION. The results of the study may be useful for further study of electronic media in the Tambov region in the context of the overall development of the modern media system of the region and the country as a whole.